1 AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICK Exp. No:Date : AIM To Iind the
ultimate compressive strength oI Brick EQUIPMENT Universal testing
machine, vernier calipers, scale. THEORY
ThecompressivestrengthoImasonryUnits(bricks)isusedasanindexalongwith
thetypeoImotortoIindthebasiccompressivestrengthoIbrickmasonry.Thebricksare
tested on their Ilat Iaces, aIter Iilling the indentation on the
surIace known as Frog` by rich 1:1 cements mortar. The bricks are
kept under water and tested under wet condition. PROCEDURE (a)
Preparation 1. Using the 1:1 Cement Mortar, Iill in the Irog and
level the Ilat surIace oI the brick. 2. When setting is complete
keep the brick under water. (b) Test 1. Take the sample out oI
water. Wipe the water Irom its surIace. 2. Measure the dimension oI
the brick. 3. Determine the weight oI the brick samples. 4.
PlacethesampleunderplatensoItheUniversalTestingMachine,inbetweentwo
plywood sheets and apply compressive load at prescribed rate. 5.
Note the ultimate load. 2 ORMULA (i) Ultimate compressive strength
oI brick unitUltimate Comp. Load ( N)
Area oI Ilat surIace (mm2) OBSERVATION Bricks Edges:(Whether
skewed / truly rectangular / Sharp) Visible deIects:(iI any)
TABULATION Sl.NoDimension of Brick Average area of bed faceMax load
at failureCompressive StrengthUnitLengthBreathDepth
mmmmmmmm2kNN/mm2 1 2 3 Average CALCULATION Ultimate compressive
strength oI brick unit Ultimate Comp. Load Area oI Ilat surIace 3
i)Fcb1 ii) Fcb2 iii) Fcb3
RESULT The average ultimate compressive strength oI Brick
samples ....... 4 AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ON CUBE AND CYLINDRICAL
MOULD Exp. No: Date: AIM To determine the compressive strength oI
concrete by testing cube and cylinder specimen. EQUIPMENT
Universaltestingmachine,verniercalipers,scale,cubemouldsandcylindrical
moulds, tamping rod, trowels, Non-absorbent platIorm,hand scoop and
compression testing machine THEORY The compressive strength oI
concrete is determined by testing 150 mm size concrete cubes under
compression, 28 days aIter curing. The rate oI loading is kept at
14/mm2/min. the Iailure oI the specimen is called as hour glass`
type oI Iailure. This happens because oI lateral restraint provided
by the plates to the cubes. PROCEDURE A) Preliminary 1.
Asperthegivenproportion,thequantitiesoIcement,aggregateandwatershallbe
determined by weight, to an accuracy oI 0.1 oI the total weight oI
the batch. 2. The quantity oI concrete to be prepared shall be
about 10 excess oI the volume oI the desired number oI test
specimens to account Ior losses. 3. The interior surIaces oI the
properly assembled mould shall be thinly coated with mould oil to
prevent adhesion oI concrete. 4. The concrete shall be mixed by
hand, or preIerably, in a laboratory mixer machine, which are
described below. 5 B) Mixing 1.Machine
mixingThesequenceoImaterialstobeIedintothehand-loadedconcretemixingmachineis:it
shallbechargedwithaboutone-halIoIthecoarseaggregate,thenwiththeIineaggregate,
then with the cement, and Iinally with the remaining quantity oI
coarse aggregate on the top.
ThewatershallbeaddedimmediatelybeIorestartrotatingthedrum.TheperiodoImixing
shall not be less than two minutes and shall continue till the
resulting concrete is uniIorm is appearance. 2.Hand mixing i) The
cement and Iine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the mixture is
thoroughly blended and is uniIorm in colour. ii) The coarse
aggregate shall thenbe added andmixed with the cement andIine
aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniIormly distributed
throughout.
iii)Thewatershallthenbeaddedandmixeduntiltheconcreteappearstobehomogenous
and has desired consistency. C) Specimen preparation 1. Test
specimensshallbemade as soon as practicable aItermixing. The
concrete shallbe Iilled in to the moulds in layers approximately 50
mm deep using hand scoop. 2. In placing each scoopIul oI concrete,
the scoop shall be moved around the top edge oI the mould as the
concrete slides Irom it, in order to ensure a symmetrical
distribution oI the concrete within the mould. 3. Each layer oI
concrete can be compacted either by hand compaction or by
vibration. 4.
AIterthelastlayerhasbeencompactedwithoverIlowingconcrete,thesurIacemaybe
Iinishedwithtrowel.Bykeeppressingthetrowel,itmaybemovedIorwardand
backward to give additional compaction to the toplayer concrete and
the surIaceis also Iinished simultaneously. Cylinder specimens
shall be capped with a thin layer oI stiII and neat cement paste
aIter two to Iour hours oI moulding. 5.
AIterIinishingthespecimens,theyshallbekept
inmoistairenvironmentIor24hours.
AIterthisperiod,thespecimensshallbedemoulded,markedandsubmergedinclean
water. Specimens shall be kept in water till testing at the
appropriate ages. . At the appropriate age the specimens are
removed Irom water and surIace water is wiped oII. The dimensions
are measured and their weight shall be noted. 7. Immediately aIter
Iinding the weight the specimens have to be tested beIore they
become dry. specimens shall not be tested in dry condition. 8. In
the case oI cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the Compression
testing machine such that the load is applied through the sides oI
the cubes as cast and not through the top and bottom.9. The maximum
(crushing) load applied to the specimen shall be recorded and any
unusual Ieatures noticed in the type oI Iailure shall be reported.
ORMULA Compressive strength Crushing load Cross sectional area
OBSERVATION 1) Cube Length BreadthDepth 2) Cylinder LengthDiameter
TABULATION (a) Cube strength
Sl.NoDate of casting Date of testing Age of
testWeightDensityCrushing Load Compressive strength
UnitDayskgkg/m3kNN/mm2 Average 7 (b) Cylinder strength
Sl.NoDate of casting Date of testing Age of
testWeightDensityCrushing Load Compressive strength
UnitDayskgkg/m3kNN/mm2 Average CALCULATION (a) Cube compressive
strength (i) Fcu1 (ii)Fcu2 (iii)Fcu3 8 (b) Cylinder compressive
strength (i) Fcy1 (ii) Fcy2 (iii) Fcy3 GRAPH Plot the stress -
strain curve with strain on X- axis and strain on Y- axis RESULT
Compressive strength(i) Cube
(ii) Cylinder
9 AXIAL TENSION TEST TO OBTAIN STRESS - STRAINCURVE AND THE
STRENGTH Exp.No: Date: AIM To conduct a tensile test on a mild
steel specimen and determine the Iollowing: 1. Limit oI
proportionality 2. Elastic limit 3. Tensile yield strength 4.
Ultimate tensile strength 5. Young`s modulus oI elasticity .
Percentage oI elongation 7. Percentage oI reduction in area
EQUIPMENT Universal testing machine, extensometer, meter scale,
vernier, caliper and Iiles. THEORY
Withinproportionallimitthestressbearsaconstantratiowithstrain.Atyieldpoint
theloadindicatingpointerstopsIoramoment,whichsigniIiesincreaseinstrainunder
constantstress.OnIurtherloadingtheultimateloadisreachedwhichisindicatedbythe
pointer reading back. A necking is Iound to develop in the specimen
at this load level. PROCEDURE 1. The diameter oI the rod is
measured using vernier calipers at least at places and the average
is taken. 2. The gauge length is calculated and marked on the
specimen3. The specimen is gripped between the top and middle
crosshead oI the machine tightly and the length oI the rod between
the grips is measured 10 4. Extensometer is clamped on the
specimen. 5. Initial reading oI the extensometer is noted. . Adiust
the machine Ior a suitable range. 7. Load is gradually increased at
convenient multiples and corresponding extensometer readings are
noted. When the elastic limit is reached the extensometer is
removed. 8. The yield load, ultimate load and breaking loads are
noted down. 9. As soon as the rod Iails, release the load. 10.Fit
the broken places together and measure the distance between the
gauge length11. Measure the average diameter oI the rod at broken
end OBSERVATION 1.Material2.Original dimensions Length Diameter
Area ad2
4 3.Final dimensions Length Diameter Area ad2
4 TABULATION Diameter of specimen L.C. Sl.NoM.S.RV.S.CV.S.R
V.S.C X L.CCorrected reading M.S.R + V.S.R Unitmmdivmmmm 11 Stress
Vs Strain Reading Sl NoLoad (P)Deformation ()Stress (o)Strain
(e)Young`s modulus (E) UnitkNmmkN/mm2No unitN/mm2 CALCULATION Load
at limit oI proportionality (i) Limit oI proportionality Original
area oI cross section Load at elastic limit (ii) Elastic
limitOriginal area oI cross section 12 Yield load (iii) Yield
strength Original area oI cross section Maximum tensile load (iv)
Ultimate strength Original area oI cross section
Stress below the proportionality limit (v) Young`s modulus E
Corresponding strain Final length (at Iracture) - Original length
(vi) Percentage oI elongation Original length 13
Original area - Area at Iracture (vii) Percentage reduction in
area Original Area GRAPH Plot the stress - strain curve with strain
on X- axis and strain on Y- axis RESULT (i) Limit oI
proportionality (ii) Elastic limit(iii)Yield strength (iv)Ultimate
strength (v) Young`s modulus (vi) Percentage oI elongation (vii)
Percentage reduction in area 14 TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD
Exp.No: Date: AIM
ToconducttorsiontestonmildsteelspecimenstoIindoutmodulusoIrigidityandstiIIness
EQUIPMENT Torsion testing machine, Vernier caliper, mild steel
specimen THEORY
AtorsiontestisquiteinstrumentalindeterminingthevalueoImodulusoIrigidity
(ratiooIshearstresstoshearstrain)oIametallicspecimen.ThespecimenisoIcylindrical
steel with grooves on either side. An angel oI twist oI 1H is
applied to the specimen and Irom the torque applied the modulus oI
rigidity can be calculated. PROCEDURE 1.
SelectthedrivingdogstosuitthesizeoIthespecimenandclampitinthemachineby
adiusting the length oI the specimen by means oI a sliding spindle.
2. Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average
value. 3. Choose the appropriate range by capacity. Change lever.
4. Set the maximum load pointer to zero. 5. Set the protector to
zero Ior convenience and clamp it by means oI knurled screw. .
Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction.
7. Load the machine in suitable increments, observing and recording
strain readings. 8. Then load out to Iailure as to cause equal
increments oI strain reading. 9. Plot a torque-twist (T - 0) graph.
10.ReadoIIco-ordinatesoIaconvenientpointIromthestraightlineportionoIthetorque-
twist (T - 0) graph and calculate the value oI G by using the
relation. 15 ORMULA Torsion equation T/J Fs / R G0 / L G TL J0
Where T Torque applied J Polar moment oI inertia G Modulus oI
rigidity 0 Angle oI twist L Gauge length OBSERVATION Gauge length
oI the specimen L ...mm Diameter oI the specimen, d .....mm Polar
moment oI inertia,J a d4
32 TABULATION Sl No Torque Angle of twist01Angle of twist
02Angle of twist 01 `` 02 Rigidity Modulus
UnitNmDegreeradianDegreeradianradianN/mm2 Average 1
CALCULATIONRigidity modulusG TL J0 (i) (ii) (iii) GRAPH Plot a
torque-twist (T - 0) graph with torque on X-axis and twist on
Y-axis.
RESULT Modulus oI rigidity oI the material oI the specimen
----------- 17 BENDING TEST Exp.No: Date: AIM Plot the load
deIlection curve to obtain Young`s modulus oI the material using
beam simply supported at the ends carrying central concentrated
load. EQUIPMENT
TwokniIeedgesupports,Dialgaugewithmagneticstand,DeIlectmeter, Load
hanger, Weight, Steel beam, Vernier caliper THEORY
ThecrosssectionoIbeammuststrongenoughtoresistthebendingandshearstress
whichareproducedbyvariousloads.ThemaxdeIlectionmustnotexceedagivenlimitin
thebeam.ThenthestiIInessoIbeamisinverselyproportionaltothesecondvariationoI
beamismeasuredataresistanceoIIeredbythebeamdeIlectionstressitsoriginalposition.
PROCEDURE 1. Adiust cast iron block along the bed. So that they are
symmetrical with length oI bed 2. Place the beam on the kniIe edges
on the blocks. So as to proiect equally beyond each kniIe. See that
the load is applied at central position between the two supports oI
the beam. 3.Note the initial reading oI dial gauge by placing it in
the central position between the two supports oI the beam. 4. Add a
weight and again note the reading oI dial gauge5. Go on taking
reading by adding weights in increments each time till maximum six
readings. . Find the deIlection in each case. 18 7. Draw a graph
between load and deIlection .Choose any convenient points and
between thus points Iind the corresponding values oI weight and
deIlection 8. Calculate the value oI E by using the given Iormula.
9. Calculate stress Ior diIIerence loads as given in the table
ORMULA Moment oI inertia I bd3 12 Where I Moment oI inertia (mm4) b
Breadth oI beam(mm) d Depth oI beam (mm) Young`s modulus E WL3 48 I
WhereWload on beam(kg) L length oI the beam (mm) DeIlection(mm) I
Moment oI inertia ( mm4 ) OBSERVATION Specimen Breadth oI cross
section (B) .....mm Depth oI cross section (D) ......mm Length oI
specimen (L) .....mm19 TABULATIONSl No Type of material Load (W)
Deflection ( ) Mean deflection () Young`s modulus (E)
UnitKgNmmmmmmN/mm2
Average CALCULATION Young`s modulus E WL3 48 I (i)E1
(ii) E2
20 (iii) E3 (iv)E4 (v) E5 GRAPH
Draw a graphbetweenload (W) and deIlection (). On the graph
choose any twoconvenient points and between these points Iind the
corresponding values oI (W) and (). Putting these values in the
relation, E WL the calculate value oI E 48 I
RESULT For simply supported central loaded beam Modulus oI
elasticity (E) ....... 21 VERIICATION O MAXWELL`S RECIPROCAL
THEOREM Exp.No: Date: AIM To veriIy the Maxwell Reciprocal theorem
and to Iind the value oI young`s modulus oI the material with
simply supported at the ends carrying a concentrated load EQUIPMENT
TwokniIeedgesupport,Dialgaugewithmagneticstand,DeIlectometer,Load
hanger, weighs, Steel beam and Vernier caliper THEORY The cross
section oI beam must strong enough to resist the bending and shear
stress
whichareproducedbyvariousloads.ThemaxdeIlectionmustnotexceedagivenlimitin
thebeam.ThenthestiIInessoIbeamisinverselyProportionaltothesecondvariationoI
beam is measured at a resistance oIIered by the beam deIlection
stress its original position. PROCEDURE 1. Adiust cast iron block
along the bed. So that they are symmetrical with length oI bed 2.
Place the beam on the kniIe edges on the blocks. So as to proiect
equally beyond each kniIe. See that the load is applied at 1/3
position Irom the leIt support oI the beam
3.NotetheinitialreadingoIdialgaugebyplacingitinthe2/3positionIromtheleIt
support oI the beam4. Add a weight and again note the reading oI
dial
gauge5.Goontakingreadingbyaddingweightsinincrementseachtimetillmaximumsix
readings. . Find the deIlection in each case. 22 7. Draw a graph
between load and deIlection .Choose any convenient points and
between thus points Iind the corresponding values oI weight and
deIlection 8. Calculate the value oI E by using the given Iormula.
9. Calculate stress Ior diIIerence loads as given in the table 10.
Repeat the experiment by changing the position oI loading to the
2/3 position Irom the leIt support oI the beam and measure
deIlection at 1/3 position oI the beam Irom leIt support
11.VeriIythevaluesobtainIorMaxwellreciprocatingtheorem(ie)thedeIlectionmust
be same Ior the same loading applied at diIIerent points ORMULA
Placing the load at 1/3 position oI length and the dial gauge at
2/3 position oI the length E Wba(L2 - b2 - a2 ) IL Where a Length
oI the 1/3 position oI the beam Irom leIt support (mm) (Position oI
load)b Length oI the 2/3 position oI the beam Irom leIt support
(mm) (Position oI the dial gauge) I Moment oI inertia (mm4) W load
on beam (kg) L length oI the beam (mm) DeIlection (mm) TABULATION
Case (i)1/3 rd load and 2/3 rddeIlection Sl No Type of material
Load (W)Deflection()Mean deflection () Young`s modulus
(E)LoadingUnloading UnitKgNmm mmmm105N/mm2 23
Average
Case (ii)1/3 rd deIlection and 2/3 rd load Sl No Type of
material LoadDeflectionMeandeflection () Young`smodulus (E)
LoadingUnloading UnitKgNmmmmmmN/mm2
Average
CALCULATION Young`s modulus EWba ( L2 - b2 - a2 ) IL
Case (i) 1/3 rd load and 2/3 rddeIlection (i) E1
24 (ii)E2
(iii) E3
(iv) E4
(v) E5
Case (ii) 1/3 rd deIlection and 2/3 rd load (i) E1
25
(ii) E2 (iii) E3
(iv) E4 (v) E5
2 GRAPH
Drawagraphbetweenload(W)anddeIlection().Onthegraphchooseanytwo
convenient points and between these points Iind the corresponding
values oI (W) and () Ior both case (i) and case (ii).
Puttingthesevaluesin the relation E Wba (L2 - b2 - a2 )calculate
the value oI E I L
From graph (i) StiIInessK1 (ii) StiIIness K2 RESULT
Thus Maxwells Reciprocal theorem was veriIied. K1 K2
COMPRESSION TEST ON OPEN COIL HELICAL SPRINGS Exp.No: Date: AIM
To determine the stiIIness oI the spring, rigidity modulus oI
spring wire, spring index oI the given spring by applying the
compressive Iorce. EQUIPMENT Spring testing machine, Vernier
caliper, Screw gauge, Open coil spring THEORY
ThehydraulicoilisIilledintheoiltank,duetoelectricalpowertheoilpump
generatortheoilwhichgoestothebottomoIthecylinder.IIthespecimenisplacedin
between the bottom and stationary cross heads Iorces will be
compressive. II the specimen is Iixed in b/w the stationary and top
cross heads, the Iorce will be compressive the movement
oIthepistoniscontrolledbythecontrolvalve.Thehighpressureoilentersintobourdon
27
pressuregaugecausestheUtubeanddialreadsthereadinginthepressuregauge.The
deIlection oI the spring can be taken Irom a scale Ior the
corresponding loads. PROCEDURE 1. Measure the spring coil diameter
and spring wire diameter using vernier caliper and screw
gaugerespectively 2. Count the no oI coil is given spring 3.Place
the open coil helical spring in between bottom cross heads and
stationary cross head 4.Switch on the electric motor and apply the
Iorce gradually on the spring by adiusting the control valve 5.For
each 25 Kg load, deIlection was noted . Calculate the spring
stiIIness, rigidity modulus and spring index by using Iormula 7.
Draw the graph Ior load vs deIlection compare the value with the
theoretical value. ORMULA 1.Spring stiIIness K w/( N/mm) 2.
DeIlection 4 WR3 n sec u|cos2 u 2 sin 2 u | (mm) d4 G E
3. Shear stress T 1 WR (N/mm2)ad3 4. Strain energy stored U
W
5. Spring index C D d Where Wload applied (N) DeIlection, (mm)
28 D Coil diameter oI the spring (mm) d Wire diameter oI spring
(mm) Dm Mean coil diameter (D m ) (D - d) mm N No oI turns oI coil
in the spring (Nos) OBSERVATION Diameter oI coil(D) ....mm Diameter
oI spring (d)......mm No oI turns(N) ....mm Applied load (W)
.....kg Length(L) .....mm TABULATION CALCULATION Sl.NoCumulative
deflection () Actual deflection () Load Mean load (P)
LoadingUnloading UnitmmmmNNN Average 29 From graph (i)StiIInessW /
(ii)DeIlection 4 WR3 n sec u|cos2 u 2 sin 2 u| d4 G E
(iii) Shear stress T 1 WRad3 30 (iv)Strain energy U W (v) Spring
Index C D d GRAPH Plot the graph between load and deIlection, with
load onX-axis and deIlection on Y-axis RESULT 1. Mean stiIIness oI
spring ( R) 2. Rigidity modulus oI spring3. Shear stress 4. Strain
energy stored 5. Spring Index
TENSION TEST ON CLOSED COIL HELICAL SPRINGS Exp .No. Date: AIM
To determine the stiIIness oI the spring rigiditymodulus oI spring
wire springindex oI the given spring by applying the tensile Iorce
31 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT 1. Spring testing machine 2. Vernier
caliper 3. Screw gauge THEORY The hydraulic oil is Iilled in the
oil tank, due to electrical power the oil pump generator the oil
which goes to the bottom oI the cylinder .This high pressure oil
insidethecylindercausesthepistontomoveup.Whenthepistonmovesupthe
bottomandthetopcrossheadsarealsomoveupIIthespecimenisplacedin
betweenthebottomandstationarycrossheads.ThedeIlectionoIthespringcan
be taken Irom a scale Ior the corresponding levels PROCEDURE
1.Measurethespringcoildiameterandspringwirediameterusingverniercaliper
and screw gauge respectively 2.Count the no oI coil is given spring
3.Placetheopencoilhelicalspringinbetweenbottomcrossheadsand
stationary cross head
4.SwitchontheelectricmotorandapplytheIorcegraduallyonthespringby
adiusting the control valve 5.For each 25 Kg load, deIlection was
noted
.CalculatethespringstiIIness,rigiditymodulusandspringindexbyusing
Iormula 7. Draw the graph Ior load vs. deIlection compare the value
with the theoretical value. ORMULA 1.Spring stiIIness K w N/mm
2.Modulus oI rigidity 4 WR3 n N/mm2
32 cd4 3.Shear stress 1 WRN/mm2 n d3 4 Strain energy stored U
W
5.Spring index C D md WhereWload applied (N) DeIlection, (mm)
DCoil diameter oI the spring, mm d- Wire diameter oI spring, mm nNo
oI turns oI coil in the spring OBSERVATION
Diameter oI coil (D) Diameter oI spring (d)No oI turns (N )
Applied load (W) Length(L) TABULATION Sl No Deflection Cumulative()
Load(N) Mean load Rigidity modulus Stiffness (K) Shear stress
Strain energy Spring index (cm) (mm) Loading un loading (N) N/mm2
N/mm N/mm2 N/mm 33
MEAN Result1. Mean stiIIness oI spring (R) 2. Rigidity modulus
oI spring3. Shear stress 4. Strain energy stored 5. Spring
Index
34 Exp. No Date:ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST AIM To determine the
Rockwell hardness number Ior hard and very hard materials. MATERIAL
AND EQUIPMENT
Rockwell hardness testing machine, Specimen THEORY This test is
used Ior Iinding the hardness oI hard and very hard materials. For
hardmaterialslikemildsteel,BrassandAluminiumtheindenterusedishardsteel
ballindenter. The diameter oI the ballinballindenteris 1/1.
TheloadappliedIor thesematerialsis 100kg and the time oI
applicationis 5 toseconds. For veryhard materials like hardened
steel and tool steel, diamond cone indenter is used. The apex angle
in cone indenter is 120. The cone is made oI industrial diamond.
The load to be applied is 150 kg and the time oI application isto 8
seconds. PROCEDURE 1. To be tested with 0.0. Emery paper 2. Place
the Specimen on the anvil oI Polish the specimen the machine 3.
Depending on the material oI the specimen, select the indent and
the corresponding load 4. Rotate the avail and raise the worktable
till the specimen is brought to contact and mark the set position
5.Apply the load Ior the speciIied time aIter the pointer . Release
the load, in the dial comes to rest and the Rockwell hardness
number can be directly read Irom the dial 7. Repeat the procedure
to obtain two more sets oI readings Ior each specimen8.Take the
average oI three readings which gives the Rockwell hardness number
35 OBSERVATION (i)Thin steel - load 0 kgI , Diamond indenter (ii)
Deep case hardened steel - load 150 kgI , Diamond indenter (iii)
Malleable iron- load 150 kgI , 1 / 1 inch ball indenter
TABULATION
Sl No Material Load applied Type of indent Scale Rockwell
Hardness Number Average RHN Unit (Kg) RESULT Rockwell Hardness
number (i) Steel(ii) Brass (iii) Aluminium 3 BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
Exp. No. Date: AIM To Iind the surIace hardness oI the given
specimen using Brinell hardness tester EQUIPMENT Brinell hardness
testing machine, ball indenter, Brinell- Microscope THEORY
The thickness oI the test specimen shallnot beless then a times
the depth oI the
indentationh`DepthoIindentationhP/DxHB.WherePisappliedinkgD
diameteroIballinmm.Edgedistance2.3timesdiameteroIindentation.Distance
betweenthecentersoItwoadiacentindentations4-timesdiameteroIindentation
Test Load 30 D2 - 15 D2
PROCEDURE 1. Polish the specimen with 0.0 emery paper 2. Place
the Specimen on the anvil oI the machine 3. Depending on the
specimen material and the diameter oI the ball indenter, select
theproperload;SelectaloadoI3000kgIandasteelballindenteroI10mm
diameterIorhardmateriallikesteel.Selectaload1500kgIandasteelball
indenter oI 10mm diameter Ior soIt material (Aluminium &
brass). Duration oI loading is 10 seconds Ior hard material and 30
seconds Ior oIt materials 4. Insert the ball indenter in the holder
5. Rotate the anvil and bring the specimen in contact with the
indenter . Apply the load Ior the speciIied time 7. Release the
load and remove the specimen Iorm the anvil 8.
MeasurethediameteroItheimpressionmadebytheindenterusingBrinell
microscope 9. Repeat the same procedure and take two more readings
Ior each specimen 37 ORMULA BHN P H D/2 \ (D- (D2-d2)
Applied load (in kg) SurIace area oI indentation (inmm2) SurIace
area oI indentation aD/2 \ (D- (D2-d2) Where D Diameter oI ball
used in mm d diameter oI indentation in mm P load in kg TABULATION
Material of thespecimen Diameter of the indentation (d) Average
diameter (d) Applied Load (P) Mean hardness mmmmkg Aluminium 1 2 3
Brass 1 2 3 Steel 1 2 3 RESULT Brinell`s Hardness number38 1.Steel
2.Brass 3. Aluminium
VICKERS HARDNESS TEST Exp. No. Date: AIM To determine the
Vickers`s hardness number Ior the given specimen EQUIPMENT Vickers
hardness testing machine, Diamond paint penetration THEORY
Thehardness-testingmachinehasacshapedbody.Thelowerpartcarriesa hand
wheel, which is held in a thrust bearing. A spindle is screwed in
the centre hole oI
thehandwheel.Thespindleisadiustable.TheturrettowhichoIthethrustpieceand
theverticalilluminantoItheproiectionasIastenedisarrangedabovethetable.The
thrust piece holds the penetration and the obiective, is held in
the vertical illuminant the obiective is exchangeable.
TheeyepieceandtheprisonoItheproiectionarescrewedinthetopoIthe
plunger. ThehangersareIastened to thelever, with aIork. They
consist oI a rod with the plate and the weights. PROCEDURE 1.
Polish the surIace oI the specimen. 2. Place the specimen on the
supporting table. 3. Inset the penetration and Vickers diamond
pyramid applicable to the test and the derived loadstage in the
thrust piece. 4. Adiust the required load stage by actuating the
corresponding push button. 39 5. The lamp Ior the proiecting device
lights up. .Insert the standard hardness test specimen. Turn the
hand wheel clockwise until the surIace oIthe specimen is sharply
displayed on the Iocusing screen oI the measuring equipment.
7.Actuate the push button and do not release until the hand lower
most upward. Then releases the push button waits the hand lever
stops loading time in 30 sec. 8. When the period oI Iorce action is
over, push the hand lever until the stop device engages. 9.Now the
impression can be measure using the measuring device. 10.Turn the
measuring equipment so that the diagonal oI the Vickers impression
is parallel with the continues cross line oI the scale oI the
measuring equipment. 11. As the magniIication is 140 Iold, the mean
diagonal in mm will be, measure diagonal in mm divided by 2. 12.The
Vickers hardness number can be Iound out using the table. RESULT
The Vickers hardness oI the given specimen is ------------------ 40
DOUBLE SHEAR TEST Exp. No. Date: AIM To determine the shear
strength oI the given mild steel rod. EQUIPMENT Universal testing
machine and double shear specimen. PROCEDURE 1.The given specimen
is cleaned well with 0-0 emery papers 2.The diameter oI the rod is
measured using vernier caliper at three places. 3.Theshearbox
consists oIaslidingblock whichis used to shear the specimen. The
suitable die is chosen depending on the diameter oI the specimen
and is tested in the shear box. 4.The specimen is held inside the
dies in position. 5.The whole set-up is placed in the Universal
testing machine and a compressive load is applied. .When the
compressive load is applied on the sliding block oI the shear
attachment, it will shear the specimen along two parallel planes.
7. Note shear strength oI specimen is given by Shear Strength
Failure load
2 x Area oI cross section ORMULA Pu 1.Ultimate shear stress 2A P
u Ultimate load(N) A Cross sectional area (m2) 41 2. Breaking shear
stress P b 2 A P b breaking load in N A Cross sectional area (m2)
OBSERVATION Average diameter oI the rod ......... mm Area oI cross
section oI the rod ........ mm2 Failure load ........ kgI
TABULATION Sl.NoM.S.RV.S.CV.S.R V.S.C X L.CCorrected reading M.S.R
+ V.S.R Unitmmdivmmmm SI.No Dia of Specimen (d) Area ofspecimen (A)
Ultimate load (Pu) Breaking load (Pb) Ultimate shear strength (u)
Breaking shear strength (b) Unitmmmm2kNkNkN/mm2kN/mm2 42
CALCULATION 1) Ultimate shear stress Fu Pu 2A i) Fu ii) Fu
2)Breaking shear stress Pb
2A
i) Fb ii) Fb RESULT: 1. The ultimate shear stress oI the Mild
steel specimen ... N/mm2 2.The breaking shear stress oI the Mild
steel specimen..... N/mm2 43
IMPACT TEST A) CHARPY IMPACT TEST
Exp. No. Date : AIM To determine the impact strength ( Charpy
Specimen) oI a given specimen. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Impact
testing machine, standard impact strength specimen THEORY Themodes
oIIailure observed underconditions oIloads canbe classiIied as
(I)Brittle(II)Ductile(III) Intermediate.Most
oIthematerialsexhibitschangeIrom
ductiletobrittlebehaviour,whichoccursatatransitiontemperature.This
embrittlement oI the material can be accessed by this impact test.
PROCEDURE 1. Set the pointer to the maximum reading oI the dial. 2.
Release the lock and allow the pendulum to swing. 3. Record the
energy absorbed due to Iriction, which is indicated by the pointer
on the dial. Call it A. 4. Lock the pendulum in its original
position. 5. Keep the specimen truly horizontal in the vice such
that the notch in the specimen is kept on the opposite side oI the
blow. . Release the lock and allow the striking edge oI the
pendulum to strike the specimen. 44 7. The reading shown (Call it
B) in the dial is the energy absorbed by the specimen, which
includes the energy absorbed due to Iriction. 8. ThereIore, actual
strain energy absorbed by the specimen equals BA Strain energy
absorbed 9. Charpy impact strength oI the given specimen Resisting
area oI the notch OBSERVATIONS Strain energy absorbed due to
Iriction (A) .....Joules Strain energy absorbed by the specimen
Friction (B) ...... Actual strain energy absorbed BA ......
Resisting area at the keyhole notch ...... In mm2. Impact
strengthActual strain energy absorbed B - A Area oI resisting
sectionArea TABULATION
Sl.No Material Energy absorbed friction Cross sectional area
below the notch a (mm2) Impact StrengthIk
(1/ mm2) A(1) B(1) 45 CALCULATION IkB-Aa PRECAUTIONS 1. Pendulum
must swing Ireely over the horizontal axis oI rotation. 2. Friction
EIIorts must be accounted. 3. Operator should not stand inside the
swinging zone oI the pendulum. 4. Only standard pendulum must be
used. RESULT 1. Impact strength oI the given specimen ........
J/mm2. 2. Report on the nature oI the Iracture surIace. 4 IMPACT
TEST B)IZOD IMPACT TEST Exp. No.Date AIM To determine the impact
test oI a given specimen. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Impact testing
machine, Izod Specimen THEORY
ThemodesoIIailureobservedunderconditionsoIloadscanbe
classiIiedas(I)Brittle(II)Ductile(III)Intermediate.Most
oIthematerialsexhibits change Irom ductile to brittle behavior,
which occurs at a transition temperature. This embrittlement oI the
material can be accessed by this impact test. PROCEDURE 1. Set the
pointer to the maximum reading oI the dial. 2. Release the lock and
allow the pendulum to swing. 3. Record the energy absorbed due to
Iriction, which is indicated by the pointer on the dial. Call it A.
4. Lock the pendulum in its original position. 5. Keep the specimen
truly horizontal in the vice such that the notch in the specimen is
kept on the opposite side oI the blow. . Release the lock and allow
the striking edge oI the pendulum to strike the specimen. 7.The
reading shown (Call it B) in the dial is the energy absorbed by the
specimen, which includes the energy absorbed due to Iriction.
8.ThereIore, actual strain energy absorbed by the specimen equals
BA
Strain energy absorbed 47 9. Izod impact strength oI the given
specimen Resisting area oI the notch OBSERVATIONS Strain energy
absorbed due to Iriction (A) .....Joules Strain energy absorbed by
the specimen Friction (B) ...... Actual strain energy absorbed BA
...... Resisting area at the keyhole notch ...... In mm2. Impact
strengthActual strain energy absorbed B-A Area oI resisting
sectionArea TABULATION
Sl No Material Energy absorbed friction Cross sectional area
below the notch (a) Impact Strength Ik
A(1) B(1) Unit1olusmm2(1/ mm2) CALCULATION IkB-A a RESULT 1.
Impact strength oI the given specimen .. .....J/mm2. 2. Report on
the nature oI the Iracture surIace. 48 SPECIIC GRAVITY O CEMENT
Exp. No. Date: AIM To determine speciIic gravity oI cement sample
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED SpeciIic gravity bottle, Kerosene
Iix Irom water, Weighing balance THEORY
Inconcretetechnology,speciIicgravityoIcementismadeuseoIindesign
calculations oI concrete mixes, and it is also used to calculate
its speciIic surIace. The
speciIicgravityisdeIinedastheratiobetweentheweightoIagivenvolumeoI
cementandweightoIanequalvolumeoIwater.ThemostpopularmethodoI
determining,S.G.oIcementisbytheuseoIkerosenewhichdoesn`treactwith
cement PROCEDURE 1. Weigh the speciIic gravity bottle dry (W1) 2.
Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh the bottle(W2) 3.
Dry the speciIic gravity bottle and Iill it with kerosene and
weigh(W3) 4.
PoursomeoIthekeroseneoutandintroduceaweighedquantityoIcement(say
about 0 gms) into the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in the
inclined position until no
IurtherairbubblerisetothesurIace.Fillthebottletothetopwithkeroseneand
weight it(W4) OBSERVATION 1. Weight oIempty dry bottle (W1) gms 2.
Weight oI bottle water (W2) gms 3. Weight oI bottle kerosene (W3)
gms 4.Weight bottle cement kerosene(W4) gms 49 5. Weight oI cement
(W5) gms CALCULATION SpeciIic gravity oI keroseneg W3 -W1 W2 - W1
SpeciIic gravity oI cementG W5 (W3 - W2)
( W5W3-W4 ) (W2 - W1 ) G W5 xg (W5W3-W4) RESULT SpeciIic gravity
oI cement
50 SETTING TIME O CEMENT Exp No.Date : AIM
To Iind out the initial setting time cement. EQUIPMENT AND
MATERIAL REQUIRED 1. Vicat apparatus with all its accessories
THEORYInactualconstructiondealingwithcementpaste,mortar,concrete,certain
timeisrequiredIormixing,transportingandplacing.Duringthistimethecement
mixtureshouldbeinplasticcondition.ThetimeintervalIorwhichthecement
productsremaininplasticconditionisknownassettingtime.Normallyaminimum
oI 30 minutes called initial setting time and maximum oI 10 hours
called Iinal setting time Ior OPC PROCEDURE 1. BeIore doing I.S.T ,
F.S.T , normal consistency , (p) oI cement paste is required NORMAL
CONSISTENCY 1. Take 400gms cement and prepare a paste with a
weighed quantity oI water (say 24 ) 2. Fill the paste in the mould
with in 3 to 5 minutes 3. Shake the mould to expel air 4. A
standard plunger 10mm dia , and 50 mm long is attached and brought
down to touch the surIace oI the paste in the test block and
quickly release it to sink in to the paste by its own weight 5.
Note down the depth oIpenetration oI the plunger . Conduct the
second trail (25 oI water ) and Iind out the depth oI penetration.
7. Conduct number oI trails till the plunger penetrates Ior s depth
oI 3335mm Irom top 51 8. The particular percentage oI water which
allows the plunger to penetrate to a depth oI 3335mm is known as
the oI water required to procedure a cement paste oI standard
consistency INITIAL SETTING TIME 1. Prepare a neat cement paste
with 0.85 times the water required to give a standard consistency
2. Note down the time at which the water is added 3. Fill the vicat
mould with the cement paste with in 3- 5 minutes 4. Smooth the
surIace oI the paste , making it level with the top oI the mould 5.
Lower the needle gently into the surIace oI the paste and quickly
released allowing it to sink into the paste by its own weight .
Repeat the procedure until the needle Iails to pierce the block Ior
above 5mm7mm measure Irom the bottom and note down the time in stop
watch 7. The diIIerence between the two timings will give the
initial setting time. OBSERVATION NORMAL CONSISTENCY Needle used
plunger size 10mm x 5mm Sl. No Weight of cementPercentage of water
Amount of water Reading of the pointer from bottom 52 INITIAL
SETTING TIME Needle used Needle with 1 sq. mm Amount oI water 0.85
P. Sl. No Time in minutesReading of the pointer INAL SETTING TIME
Needle used Needle with a circular attachment RESULT Initial
setting time oI cement 53 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CEMENT Exp No.Date :
AIM To determine the compressive strength oI the given cement
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Mould oI size 7.0 cm x 7.0cm , Wide
base plate , C.T.M THEORY
StrengthoIthehardenedcementismostimportantIorstructuraluse.This
strengthdependsuponthecohesionoIthecementpasteonitsadhesiontothe
aggregateparticles.SeveralIormsoIthistestaredirecttension,compressionand
Ilexure.ThisstrengthdependsuponthetemperatureandhumidityconditionsoIthe
room,curingchamberetc.Itincreaseswithage,strengthretrogressionmightbea
sign oI unsoundness or other Iaults in cement PROCEDURE 1. Find out
the consistency oI the given cement by using Vicat apparatus 2.
take 555g oI standard sand ( Ennore sand ) and 185 gms cement (ie)
( C : m) in ratio 1:3 3. Mix them in a nonporous enamel tray Ior
one minute 4. Then add water oI quantity P 3 oI combined weight oI
sand and4 Cement . ( where p-percentage water required Ior standard
consistency) 5. Mix well to get a uniIorm colour. . Time oI mixing
should not be less than 3 minutes not more than 4 minutes 7. Then
Iill the mould oI size 7.0cm 8. Compact the mortar by hand
compaction in a standard manner 9. Keep the compacted cube in the
mould at a temperature 27 2 CIor 24 hours54 10.AIter 24 hours the
cubes are removed Irom the mould and immersed in clean Iresh water.
11.Then these cubes are tested Ior compressive strength at the
periods mentioned below (OPC)Ordinary Portland cement 3 & 7
days (RHC) Rapid Hardening cement 1 & 3 days (LHC) Low heat
cement3, 7 & 28 days This average compressive strength shall
not be less than the values given in the table Sl No Duration of
time OPC RHC LHC Unitkg/cm2kg/cm2kg/cm2 1.1 day 24 hours-10-
2.3days (72 hrs)10275100 3.7days (178hrs)220-10
4.28days(72hrs)--350 OBSERVATION Size oI the mould Weight oI cement
Weight oI sand Percentage oI water Ior standard consistency Amount
oI water added P 3 4 55 Sl. No Cast onTested onailure
loadCompressive strength CALCULATION Area oI the mould Compressive
strengthLoad at IailureArea 5 RESULT Compressive strength oI cement
SOUNDNESS TEST Exp No. Date. AIM To detect unsoundness in cement
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Le-chatlier mould with all its
accessories THEORY
UnsoundnessincementisduetothepresenceoIexcessoIlime, magnesia or
sulphates . Because oI this it undergoes an appreciable change in
volumeaItersetting.ThetestingoIsoundnessoIcementtoensurethatthe
cement does not show any appreciable subsequent expansion PROCEDURE
1.Mixcementthoroughlywith0.78p(wherepisthepercentageoIwater
required Ior standard consistency) 2.Fill the Le-chatlier mould
kept on a glass plate. 3.Cover the mould on the top with another
glass plate 4.Immerse the whole assembly in water at 2732 C Ior 24
hours 5.Measure the distance between the indicator points .Submerge
the mould again in water
7.Heatthewaterandbringtoboilingpointin25-30minutesandkeepit boiling
Ior 3 hours 8.Remove the mould Irom the water, allow it to cool and
measure the distance between the indicator points. 9.This must not
exceed 10 mm. 57 OBSERVATION Weight oI cement Water required Ior
standard consistency Amount oI water added Distance between the
indicator pointsBeIore boiling AIter boiling RESULTUnsoundness in
cement 58 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OR UNHARDENED OR HARDENED SPECIMEN
Exp. No. Date : AIM To Iind hardness number and impact strength Ior
unhardened, hardened specimen or Quenched and tempered specimen and
compare mechanical properties. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Unhardened
specimen, Hardened or Quenched and tempered specimen, muIIle
Iurnace,Rockwell testing machine, impact testing machine. PROCEDURE
Case (i) - Unhardened specimen Choose the indenter and load Ior
given material. Hold the indenter in indenter holder rigidly Place
the specimen on the anvil and raise the elevating screw by rotating
the hand wheel upto the initial load oI 10 kgI (i.e. short hand and
long hand showed read 3 Apply the maior load gradually by pushing
the lever and then release it as beIore. Note down the readings in
the dial Ior corresponding scale. Take min 5 readings Ior each
material. Case (ii) - or unhardened specimen Keep the specimen in
muIIle Iurnace at temperature oI 700 to 850 Ior 2 hours The
specimen is taken Irom muIIle Iurnace and quenched in water or oil
59 Then above procedure is Iollowed to test hardness Case (iii) -
or Tempered specimen Keep the specimen in muIIle Iurnace at
temperature oI 50 Ior 2 hours Allow the specimen Ior air cooling
aIter taking Irom muIIle IurnaceThen same procedure is Iollowed Ioe
the specimen OBSERVATION Cases for hardness Cross sectional area
SI.No Material Selected Temperature (C) Selected Load (N) Indenter
detail Scale RHN Trial 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Mean 1 Deep case Hardened
steel 2. Deep case Hardened steel 3. Mild steel 4. Mild steel 0
CHARPY TEST SI.No Material and Condition Energy absorbed
Cross-sectional area below the notch Impact strength Unit1oulsmm2
1/ mm2 1. Mild steel-unhardened 2. Quenched RESULT 1. Hardness in
(i) Deep case hardened steel(a) Unhardened(b) Quenched (ii) Mild
steel (a) Unhardened(b) Quenched 2.Impact strength in(i) Deep case
hardened steel1 (a) Unhardened (b) Quenched
BEHAVIOR O BEAM UNDER BENDING Exp. No. Date : AIM To veriIy
strain in an externally loaded beam with the help oI a strain gauge
indicator and to veriIy theoretically. APPARATUS Strain gauge
indicator, weights , hanger , scale , verniar caliper ORMULA I My I
THEORY When a beam is loaded with some external loading, moment
& shear Iorce are setat each strain. The bending moment at a
station tends to deIlect the beam & internal stressestend to
resist its bending. This internal resistance is known as bending
stresses . Following are the assumptions in theory oI simple
bending. 2 1. The material oI beam is perIectly homogeneous and
isotropic (i.e have same elastic properties in all directions) 2.
The beam material is stressed to its elastic limits and thus
Iollows Hook`s law 3. The transverse section which are plane beIore
bending remains plane aIter bending also 4. The value oI young`s
modulus oI elasticity E` is same in tension and compression The
bending stress at any section can be obtained by beam equation I
(M/ I) y Where , M moment at considered section I Extreme Iiber
stresses at considered section I Moment oI inertia at that section
y Extreme Iiber distance Irom neutral axis I max maximum stress at
the Iarthest Iiber i.e. at ymax Irom neutral axis Digital strain
indicator is used to measure the strain in static condition . It
incorporates basic bridge balancing network , internal dummy arms ,
an ampliIier and a digital display to indicator strain value In
resistance type strain gauge when wire is stretched elastically its
length and diameter gets altered. This results in an overall change
oI resistance due to change in both the dimensions. The method is
to measure change in resistance , which occurs as a result oI
change in the applied load Strain can be calculated analytically at
the section by using Hook`s law. Distrain indicator is used to
measure the extreme Iiver at particular section. It basically
incorporates basic bridge balancing net work, internal dummy arms ,
ampliIier & digital display to indicate strain value 3 Two -
Arm bridge requires two strain gauge and will display the strain
value two times oI actual . Four - Arm bridge requires Iour strain
gauge and will display the strain value Iour times oI actual
PROCUDURE 1. Mount the beam with hanger , at the desired position
and strain gauges , over it supports properly and connect the
strain gauges to the digital indicator as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the digital indicator to 230(/- 10 ) colts 50 Hz single
phase A.C power supply and switch ON` the apparatus 3. Select the
two / Iour arm bridge as required and balance the bridge to display
a 000` reading 4. Push theGS READ` switch and adiust the gauge
Iactor to that oI the strain gauge used (generally 2.00) 5. Apply
load on the hanger increasingly and note the corresponding strain
value OBSERVATION TABLE Sl.NoLoad applied on the hanger P Moment at
the mid span section f max (M/I)Ymax Theoretical strain fmax E
Observed strain on the display Unitkg(kg cm) PL/4 SAMPLE
CALCULATION
For reading NoLoad applied on the hanger P (kg) Moment at the
mid span section (kg cm ) PL/4 4 I max (M/I) Y max Theoretical
strain O Imax E Observed strain on the display RESULT From
observation table , it is seen that , the theoretical and observed
value oI strain is same.