Smashing the stack with Hydra

SMASHING THE STACK WITH HYDRA

Pratap Prabhu, Yingbo Song and Sal Stolfo

Columbia University Intrusion Detection Systems Lab

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Overview

•  Hydraisapolymorphicshellcodeengineforx86.

•  Goal:tobypasssignature,staAsAcal,andemulator‐basedIDS.

•  IntegratesseveralobfuscaAontechniquesintooneengine.Self‐cipher,staAsAcalmimicry,fork()code,andmore...

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LOCALVARIABLE EIPLOCALVARIABLELOCALVARIABLE

Address of Calling function

INSTRUCTIONS

LOCALVARIABLE EIPLOCALVARIABLELOCALVARIABLEINSTRUCTIONS

NOPSLED PAYLOAD RETURNZONE

NOPSLED PAYLOAD RETURNZONE

“ret” jumps here

Overwrites EIP

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PolymorphicShellcode

•  IDSsignatures:“\x90\x90\x90\x90”,“/bin/sh”

•  Useanencoderandcipherthepayloadwitharandomkey.

•  Doesn’tworkiftheIDScandetectthedecoder.

•  WhataboutstaAsAcalIDSwhichlooksatbytedistribuAons?

•  Networkemulator,anddynamicdisassembly‐basedIDS?

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HydraFeatures

•  NOPinstrucAonsgenerator.•  RecursiveNOPsled.•  RandomizedregisterselecAon

andclearing.

•  RandomizedmulA‐layerciphering.

•  Inlinejunkcode/datainserAon.

•  MulA‐parAtedecoders.

•  MulA‐gramstaAsAcalmimicry.

•  Randomizedreturnzone.•  fork()’ingshellcode.•  Time‐lockedcipheringforanA‐

emulatorandanA‐disassembly.

•  Alphanumericencoding.

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NOPSledObfuscaAon

•  NOPdoesn’thavetobe\x90.‘A’,‘B’,‘C’,..,’Z’allwork

•  Hydracontainsa“NOPgenerator”thatcanbuildalibraryofpossibleNOPinstrucAons.

•  Testmethod:

–  Addcodetosetupstack/registercanaryvariables.–  AddasledbuiltwithNOPinstrucAontobetested.–  AddvalidaAoncodetocheckstack/registervariables.–  Execute.

•  FindsNOPequivalentinstrucAons.5 6

NOPSledObfuscaAon

•  Notjustsingle‐byteNOPS.MulA‐byteNOPinstrucAonsbywayofrecursiveNOP.(Phrack,CLET)

•  Findall1‐byteNOPinstrucAonsbybrute‐force,thenfindtwo‐byteNOPswhere2ndbyteisaone‐byteNOP.Repeat.

•  LargerNOPinstrucAonrecursivelycontainssmallerNOPs.ExecuAoncanlandanywhereintheinstrucAon.

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NOPSledObfuscaAon

•  HydrauAlizestwotypesofNOPinstrucAons.

1. BasicNOPequivalentinstrucAonswhichcanbeusedtobuildasledandsafelypassexecuAonintothepayload.

2. NOPswhichcanbesafelyinsertedbetweeninstrucAons.

•  Secondcase:“State‐safe”NOPsdonotcontaininstrucAonswhichmodifythestack,registers,controlflow,etc.

•  1.9MtotalNOPequivalentinstrucAonsfound.30,000state‐safeNOPs.

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RandomregisteroperaAons

•  DifferentsynonymousinstrucAonsperinvocaAon.

•  HydraprovidesalargelibraryofsuchinstrucAonsandaplamormtoaddmore.

•  ForsomeoperaAons,thekeyusedisrandomlygeneratedtofurtherobfuscatethepayload.

Twoexamplewaystocleararegister

Method1:

movreg,<key>subreg,<key>

Method2:

pushdword<key>popregsubreg,<key>

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MulA‐parAteDecoding

•  Hydrageneratesnon‐con)guousdecoders.

•  Thepaddeddecodercipherloopissplitapartandintermixedwiththeencodedpayload.

•  Currentlyonlybi‐parAtedecodingisimplemented:halfofthedecoderinstrucAonsareinfrontofthepayload,halfaperit.

•  DecoderinstrucAonsjumpbetweeneachotherwhiledecodingthepayload.

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MulA‐LayerCiphering

•  MulAplecipheroperaAons,subsetsselectedatrandomperinvocaAon.Veryusefultechnique(ADMmutate,CLET,..)

•  RandomcipheroperaAons:ROR/ROL,XOR,ADD/SUB,etc…

•  CipherorderisrandomeachAme.

•  Arandomlychosen32‐bitkeyisgeneratedpercipher.

•  Sixroundsofcipheringbydefault–usercanspecifynumber.

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InlineJunkCodeInserAon

•  HydraautomaAcallyaddsspacebetweeninstrucAons.Arbitrarydatacanbeinserted:

[instr1][junk][instr2][junk][instr3][junk][instr4]

•  Amountofdatatobeinsertedcanbespecified.

•  CaninsertNOPinstrucAons,anA‐disassemblycode,randomjunk,etc.Thecipherswillskiptheseareasduringdecoding.

•  CanalsoinsertcertainbytesforstaAsAcalmimicry.

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StaAsAcalMimicry

•  StaAsAcalIDS–typicallyworkbylearningfrequenciesfornormalcontentthendetecAngexploitsasanomalies.

•  Hydrausesmachinelearning‐basedtechniquestomakeshellcodemimicnormaltraffic.

•  LearnastaAsAcalmodelforthedistribuAonofn‐gramswithinlegiAmatenetworkcontent.

•  SamplefromthisdistribuAon,andusepaddingandinlinepadding(junkinserAon)toskewthedistribuAonofshellcodetoappearnormal.

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RandomizedAddressZone

•  Sequenceofrepeatedtargetaddresses.

•  Usedtooverwrites%ESPonthestacktopointtoNOPsled.

•  AnIDScanlookforastructuralsignaturesuchastheexistenceofNOPinstrucAonsandrepeatednumbers(sled+returnzone.)

•  Breaksignaturesbyaddingrandomoffsetstoeachaddresselementinthereturnaddresszone.

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Time‐CipherShellcode

•  EmulatorIDS?Buildstrippeddownx86emulatoranddynamicallyexecuteALLnetworktraffic.Lookforself‐decrypAonbehaviorand/orlargebasicblocks.

•  SoluAon?Usesyscall‐basedciphering.Exploitthefactthatemulatorscan’thandlefullOSfuncAonality.

•  HydrausestheAme()syscall.MostsignificantbitsusedaskeytodecodethemaincipherinstrucAons(ROR,XOR,etc).

•  Syscallnothandled?Timerunsout?Shellcodeisdecodedincorrectly–nopolymorphicbehaviorisobserved.

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Time‐CipherShellcode

•  Goodforauser‐definedperiodofAme.Usercanadjustthe“shell‐life”windowbythenumberofbitsused.

•  NetworkIDScan’temulateallpossiblesyscalls.

•  Time‐cipheredshellcodewillpassthroughtheemulatorsandarriveonthetargethostwherethesyscallscanbehandled.

•  Bypassessomeemulatoranddisassemblybasedmethods,andslowsdownhumanreverseengineers.

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ForkingShellcode

•  Exploitcouldcausethetargetprocesstohang.Notgood–couldbepickedupbyanIDS.Gracefulrecovery(SkylerCanSecWest’09.)

•  SoluAon:fork()’ingshellcode.Childexecutespayload,parenta1emptstorecovertheexploitedprocess.

•  Recoveryishard–correct%EIPisnormallylostduringexploit.

•  Needtoknowtargetprocessaddressspace–relaAveoffset.

•  Hydrafork()syourshellcodeforyouautomaAcally.17 17

AlphanumericEncoding

•  Hydraalsoincorporatesthealpha2encoder.

•  AutomaAcallyselectsalphanumericNOPsfromtheNOP‐generatortoconstructsled.Choiceofmorethan4000ASCIIinstrucAons.

•  AlphaNOPsareinsertedinbetweendecoderinstrucAonsandshellcodetofurtherobfuscatebothcontentandsize.

•  ModularnatureoftheengineallowstheAlphaencodingtocombinewithalloftheotheropAons.

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NOPSLED PAYLOAD RETURNZONE

Traditional shellcode:

Hydra shellcode:

RECURSIVESLED

PAYLOAD

RandomizedRETURNZONE

DECODERMimicryBytes

MimicryBytesPAYLOAD

DECODER

Time‐lockCipherFork()

MimicryBytes

MimicryBytes

•  Hydra is designed to be modular.

•  Shellcode and mimicry bytes intermixed.

•  Only ciphers shellcode instructions, mimicry bytes kept in the clear.

ALPHADECODER

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DEMO

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THANKYOUDEFCON

Codetobereleasedinthefuture.

PratapPrabhu([email protected])YingboSong([email protected])SalvatoreStolfo([email protected])

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•  Hydraaccept“trainingsamples”fornormaldataandlearnsmodelsfornormaltraffic.

•  Inline‐padshellcodetomakeitlookstaAsAcallysimilar.

StaAsAcalMimicry

Song, et al. Machine Learning Journal. 2009.

Markov chains and Monte-Carlo simulation.

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