Feb 22, 2016
Smarter, Greener GridA System Operator Perspective
Heather SandersDirector, Smart Grid Technologies and Strategy
California Independent System Operator
California Independent System Operator Corporation
A nonprofit public benefit corporation created by the state:• Manages flow of electricity, ensuring reliable operation of the grid• Facilitates market for day-ahead, real-time energy & ancillary services• Provides open and non-discriminatory access to grid supported by
comprehensive planning process• Board appointed by governor and confirmed by state senate• Regulated by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)• Main control center in Folsom; second control room in Southern CA
California ISO by the numbers• Approximately 80% of
California’s electricity load is managed by the ISO– 55,027 MW of power plant
capacity– 10,000 MW import capacity– 50,270 MW record peak
demand (July 24, 2006)– 25,526 circuit-miles of
transmission lines – 30 million people served– 230 billion annual kilowatt-hours
of electricity delivered annually
ISO Balancing AreaNon-ISO Balancing Area
California Climate Change Initiatives33% of Energy Supply
from Renewable Resources by 2020
Large Investments in Energy Conservation
Large Investments in Smart Grid (Smart
Meters, Storage, etc)
20% of EnergySupply Renewableby 2010
One Million Roof-Top Photovoltaics
Ban Once-Through Cooling Technology on all Coastal Plants by 2012 - 2024
CO2 Emission Level Rolled Back to 1990
Level by 2020
Challenges managing the greener grid• Forecasting including renewables and distributed
energy resources• Load following, ramping, and intra-hour variability• Shortage of dispatchable generation in certain time
frames• Increased transient stability issues• Reduced inertia provided by conventional generators
for frequency responseSmart Grid Technology is a key enabler to address challenges
Slide 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223240
20
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80% POE80 % minForecastactual
Time 0 Zero
Forecast
ActualForecast
Past Future
80% Confidence
Advanced Technologies contribute to decreasing forecasting error
*Meterological Instrumentation and TelemetrySolar: Skytracker, Pyranometers, PyrheliometerWind: LiDAR, SoDAR, MET Towers
*Load: Measurement of Demand Response and incentive programs (PEV Smart Charging)
*Consensus forecasting (confidence), Commodity requirements forecasting (ramping, reserves requirements)
Accurate forecasting is essential to ensure optimal unit commitment
t
MW
LoadFollowing
ActualLoad
Hourly Schedule
5-Minute Schedule
Hourly load-following requirement increases with more variable resources
Advanced Technologies enable additional resources to satisfy requirement
*Demand response enabled by real-time dispatch, BAS, HAN, Smart Meters
*Storage technologies, enabled by real-time dispatch, smart inverters
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0:00
0:41
1:22
2:03
2:44
3:25
4:06
4:47
5:28
6:09
6:50
7:31
8:12
8:53
9:34
10:1
5
10:5
6
11:3
7
12:1
8
12:5
9
13:4
0
14:2
1
15:0
2
15:4
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16:2
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17:0
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17:4
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18:2
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19:0
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19:4
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20:3
0
21:1
1
21:5
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22:3
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23:1
4
23:5
5
Meg
awat
ts
4000 MW SOLAR and 6000 MW WIND Nameplate Capacity
WIND
SOLAR
WIND + SOLAR
2,000 MW ramp down and then 2,000 MW ramp up
2,000 MW ramp down
Data based on summer production profiles
Advanced Technologies enable ramp smoothing
*Demand response shifting usage to non-critical ramp times*Storage technologies charging or discharge to decrease steepness*PEV through smart charging
Ramping challenges
0
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0:00
0:41
1:22
2:03
2:44
3:26
4:07
4:48
5:29
6:10
6:52
7:33
8:14
8:55
9:36
10:1
810
:59
11:4
012
:21
13:0
213
:44
14:2
515
:06
15:4
716
:28
17:1
017
:51
18:3
219
:13
19:5
420
:36
21:1
721
:58
22:3
923
:20
Time
Win
d Ge
nera
tion,
MW
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Sola
r Gen
erati
on, M
W
Wind Solar PV
Intra-hour variability and Regulation requirements
Advanced Technologies enable additional resources to satisfy requirement
*Demand response enabled by real-time dispatch and control, telemetry BAS
*Storage technologies, enabled by real-time dispatch control, telemetry, smart inverters
*PEV through smart charging (frequency responsive)
t
MW
Regulation
Hourly Schedule
Actual Load
5-MinuteSchedule
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
12 AM 6 AM 12 PM 6 PM
Load
/Gen
erat
ion
(MW
)
Solar
Wind
Shydro
Geo
Bio
QF
Import
Hydro
Nuclear
Tot. Non-disp.
Load (MW)
Dispatchable Generation
Load and non-dispatchable generation on May 17, 2010
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
12 AM 6 AM 12 PM 6 PM
Load
/Gen
erat
ion
(MW
)
Solar
Wind
Shydro
Geo
BioQF
Import
Hydro
NuclearTot. Non-Disp.
Load
Load and non-dispatchable generation on May 28, 2010
Shortage of Dispatchable Generation
Lack of dispatchable generation
Advanced Technologies enable mitigation of dispatchable generation shortage
*Demand response signal to increase or shift to high-generation periods*Storage technologies charging or discharge to consume energy during these periods*PEV through smart charging
Transient Stability Issues
Slide 12
Advanced Technologies enable identification and resolution
* Synchrophasors* Alerts* Automated Control Actions
Spinning mass (inertia) historically provides frequency response
Typical Frequency Response
Point A
Point C
Point B
59.860
59.880
59.900
59.920
59.940
59.960
59.980
60.000
60.020
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Time (seconds)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Advanced Technologies enable different resources to provide
response
*Demand Response*Storage*PEVs
The CAISO is developing its Smart Grid Architecture and Roadmap
• Inclusion of key research and pilots to further understand and prove technology capabilities
• Active engagement in national standards development efforts
• Implementation once proven