Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies - Springer

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Volume 223

Series Editors

Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,Shoreham-by-Sea, UK

Lakhmi C. Jain, KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK

The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses thetopics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of theseries is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects ofsingle and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latestresults available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary researchcombining two or more of these areas is particularly sought.

The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligencein a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge and intelligence,which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environmentand the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies andinnovation strategies employed to make this happen effectively. The combination ofintelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for asynergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. Theseries will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, hand-books, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of science andtechnology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions.

High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for theseries. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure thatcontributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhereto KES quality principles.

Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH,Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP.

All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/8767

Amaresh Chakrabarti · Ravi Poovaiah ·Prasad Bokil · Vivek KantEditors

Designfor Tomorrow—Volume 3Proceedings of ICoRD 2021

EditorsAmaresh ChakrabartiCentre for Product Designand ManufacturingIndian Institute of ScienceBengaluru, Karnataka, India

Prasad BokilIDC School of DesignIndian Institute of Technology BombayMumbai, India

Ravi PoovaiahIDC School of DesignIndian Institute of Technology BombayMumbai, India

Vivek KantIDC School of DesignIndian Institute of Technology BombayMumbai, India

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)Smart Innovation, Systems and TechnologiesISBN 978-981-16-0083-8 ISBN 978-981-16-0084-5 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0084-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer NatureSingapore Pte Ltd. 2021, corrected publication 2022This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similaror dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors orthe editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for anyerrors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Conference Organisation

Steering Committee

Balan Gurumoorthy, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaCees de Bont, Loughborough University, UKJohn Gero, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USAKota Harinarayana, National Aeronautical Laboratories, IndiaPanos Papalambros, University of Michigan, USASteve Culley, University of Bath, UK

Advisory Committee

S. Saleem Ahmed, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, IndiaTracy Bhamra, Loughborough University, UKK. S. Bhanumathi, Kovair, IndiaHenri Christiaans, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South KoreaAnjan Das, Confederation of Indian Industry, IndiaU. B. Desai, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, IndiaKees Dorst, University of Technology Sydney, AustraliaSrinivasan Dwarakanath, Airbus, IndiaPrem Shankar Goel, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute ofScience, Bengaluru, IndiaAnil K. Gupta, Honey Bee Network, SRISTI and GIAN, IndiaImre Horvath, Delft University of Technology, NetherlandsJitendra Jadhav, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bengaluru, IndiaArun Jaura, Michelin, IndiaDeep Kapuria, The Hi-Tech Gears, IndiaYong Se Kim, Sungkyunkwan University, South KoreaAnanda Kumar, Elado Consulting Private Limited, IndiaLarry Leifer, Stanford University, USA

v

vi Conference Organisation

Banshildar Majhi, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design andManufac-turing, Kancheepuram, IndiaUdayant Malhoutra, Dynamatic Technologies Limited, Bengaluru, IndiaK. Rajalakshmi Menon, Centre for Airborne Systems, Defence Research andDevelopment Organisation, IndiaArabinda Mitra, Office of PSA to GOI IndiaT. S. Mruthyunjaya, Chairman Emeritus, CPDM, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaM. Muruganant, Indus University, IndiaNagahanumaiah, Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, IndiaShailesh Nayak, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science,Bengaluru, IndiaSrinivas Nidamarthi, ABB Ltd, Michigan, USASudarsan Rachuri, Department of Energy, USAP. Radhakrishnan, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, IndiaV. Bhujanga Rao, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science,Bengaluru, IndiaB. Ravi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaSofia Ritzén, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenRajkumar Roy, City, University of London, UKAl Salour, The Boeing Company, USARaman Saxena, USID Foundation, IndiaReena Sharma, Defence Research and Development Organisation, IndiaVijay Srinivasan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USAB. N. Suresh, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, IndiaKristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore

Conference Chair

Ravi Poovaiah, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Programme Chair

Amaresh Chakrabarti, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India

Vice-Chairs

Prasad Bokil, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaVivek Kant, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Conference Organisation vii

Co-Chairs

Lucienne Blessing, Singapore University of Technology and Design, SingaporeMonica Bordegoni, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyDebkumar Chakrabarti, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaJohn Clarkson, University of Cambridge, UKBenoit Eynard, University of Technology of Compiègne, FranceTim Mcaloone, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkYukari Nagai, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, JapanLuciana Pereira, Federal University of ABC, BrazilRaghu Prakash, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaSandro Wartzack, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

International Programme Committee

Shakuntala Acharya, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaSofiane Achiche, Polytechnique Montréal, CanadaRajat Agrawal, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IndiaJanet Allen, University of Oklahoma, USAManish Arora, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaSandipan Bandyopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaNiccolò Becattini, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyAlessandro Bertoni, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenMarco Bertoni, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenMehul Bhatt, Örebro University, SwedenRitwij Bhowmik, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaBraj Bhushan, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaAbhijit Biswas, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaPradipta Biswas, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaJeremy Bonvoisin, University of Bath, UKYuri Borgianni, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, ItalyDavid C Brown, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USAFrancesco Buonamici, University of Florence, ItalyFelician Campean, University of Bradford, UKGaetano Cascini, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyPhilip Cash, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkAmaresh Chakrabarti, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaJayanta Chatterjee, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaYong Chen, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaPeter Childs, Imperial College London, UKFrançois Cluzel, University of Paris-Saclay, FranceNathan Crilly, University of Cambridge, UK

viii Conference Organisation

Umberto Cugini, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyPranab K. Dan, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, IndiaAmarendra Kumar Das, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaSuman Devadula, MIT World Peace University, IndiaDebayan Dhar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaJay Dhariwal, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaJ. E. Diwakar, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaAlex Duffy, University of Strathclyde, UKRaghu Echempati, Kettering University, USAClaudia Eckert, The Pennsylvania State University, USABoris Eisenbart, Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaYvonne Eriksson, Mälardalen University, SwedenGeorges Fadel, Clemson University, USAMario Fargnoli, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyFrancesco Ferrise, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalySusan Finger, Carnegie Mellon University, USAKikuo Fujita, Osaka University, JapanL. S. Ganesh, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaGeorgi V. Georgiev, University of Oulu, FinlandDetlef Gerhard, Ruhr-University Bochum, GermanyKilian Gericke, University of Rostock, GermanyAshitava Ghosal, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaPhilippe Girard, University of Bordeaux, FranceMilane G. Goncalves, Delft University of Technology, NetherlandsRavindraGoonetilleke, TheHongKongUniversity of Science andTechnology,HongKongLapo Governi, University of Florence, ItalySerena Graziosi, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyMatthias Guertler, University of Technology Sydney, AustraliaBala Murali Gunji, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, IndiaSean Hanna, University College London, UKBisheshwar Haorongbam, National Institute of Design Assam, IndiaPeter Hehenberger, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, AustriaBen Hicks, University of Bristol, UKStephan Husung, Em Engineering Methods AG, Darmstadt, GermanyDavid Inkermann, Technical University of Clausthal, GermanyWilliam Ion, University of Strathclyde, UKAshok Iyer, Manipal Academy of Higher Education - Dubai Campus, UAESantosh Jagtap, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenR. Jayaganthan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaCamille Jean, Arts et Métiers, FranceShiva Ji, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, IndiaAnirudha Joshi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaPurba Joshi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaIestyn Jowers, The Open University, UK

Conference Organisation ix

Tero Juuti, University of Tampere, FinlandPratul Chandra Kalita, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaUdo Kannengiesser, Johannes Kepler University Linz, AustriaSougata Karmakar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaSonal Keshwani, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaMohammed Rajik Khan, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, IndiaMaaike Kleinsmann, Delft University of Technology, NetherlandsEdwin Koh, Singapore University of Technology and Design, SingaporeChristian Köhler, Saarland University of Applied Sciences, GermanySaptarshi Kolay, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IndiaLauri Koskela, University of Huddersfield, UKSrinivas Kota, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, IndiaDieter Krause, Hamburg University of Technology, GermanyVinayak Krishnamurthy, Texas A&M University, USARishikesha Krishnan, Indian Institute of Management Indore, IndiaTore Kristensen, Copenhagen Business School, DenmarkPeter Krogh, Aarhus University, DenmarkPetter Krus, Linköping University, SwedenJyoti Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaUdaya Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaSenthil Kumaran, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufac-turing, Kancheepuram, IndiaGuillaume Lamé, University of Paris-Saclay, FranceTobias Larsson, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenSang Leigh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USATorben Lenau, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkRungtai Lin, National Taiwan University of Arts, TaiwanYing Liu, Cardiff University, UKYing-Chieh Liu, Chang Gung University, TaiwanJoaquim Lloveras, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, SpainJianxi Luo, Singapore University of Technology and Design, SingaporeN Madhusudanan, Corporate Technology, Siemens, IndiaJohan Malmqvist, Chalmers University of Technology, SwedenMonto Mani, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaM Manivannan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaNicolas Maranzana, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, FranceDorian Marjanovic, University of Zagreb, CroatiaChristian Marxt, ETH Zürich, SwitzerlandYoshiyuki Matsuoka, Keio University, JapanDeepak John Matthew, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, IndiaJason Matthews, University of the West of England, UKChristopher Mccomb, The Pennsylvania State University, USAAlison Mckay, University of Leeds, UKGavin Melles, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

x Conference Organisation

Subhas Mondal, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,IndiaCharu Monga, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaPrabir Mukhopadhyay, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design andManufacturing, Jabalpur, IndiaElena Mulet, Universitat Jaume I, SpainRaguraman Munusamy, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design andManufacturing, Kancheepuram, IndiaTamotsu Murakami, University of Tokyo, JapanRamanathan Muthuganapathy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaNanki Nath, National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, IndiaOscar Nespoli, University of Waterloo, CanadaSusanne Nilsson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenJosef Oehmen, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkPrasad Onkar, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, IndiaSwati Pal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaMassimo Panarotto, Chalmers University of Technology, SwedenJitesh Panchal, Purdue University, USAKoumudi Patil, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaNeven Pavkovic, University of Zagreb, CroatiaVesna Popovic, Queensland University of Technology, AustraliaSebastien Proulx, The Ohio State University, USARavi Punekar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaK. Radhakrishnan, Central Institute of Technology, IndiaPalaniappan Ramu, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaB. S. C. Ranjan, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaBalkrishna Rao, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaN. V. Chalapathi Rao, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaP. V. M. Rao, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaN. Venkata Reddy, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, IndiaCaterina Rizzi, University of Bergamo, ItalySergio Rizzuti, University of Calabria, ItalyPaul Rodgers, University of Strathclyde, UKSerge Rohmer, University of Technology of Troyes, FranceAnna Öhrwall Rönnbäck, Luleå University of Technology, SwedenFederico Rotini, University of Florence, ItalySatyaki Roy, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaTomohiko Sakao, Linköping University, SwedenB. Santhi, National Institute of Technology Goa, IndiaGurunathan Saravana Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaBiplab Sarkar, Nokia, IndiaPrabir Sarkar, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, IndiaPeer Sathikh, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeKeiichi Sato, Illinois Institute of Technology, USAMichael Schabacker, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Conference Organisation xi

Dirk Schaefer, University of Liverpool, UKVinodh Sekar, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, IndiaHarivardhini Selvakumar, PES University, IndiaDibakar Sen, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaJoy Sen, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, IndiaAnshuman Sharma, TCS, IndiaApurbba Kumar Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IndiaArlindo Silva, Singapore University of Technology and Design, SingaporeInderdeep Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IndiaSumer Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaVishal Singh, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaRicardo Sosa, Auckland University of Technology, New ZealandMario Storga, University of Zagreb, CroatiaEswaran Subrahmanian, Carnegie Mellon University, USAShankar Subramanian, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaAbinash Swain, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IndiaPuneet Tandon, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufac-turing, Jabalpur, IndiaAsokan Thondiyath, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaAnshuman Tripathy, Indian Institute of Management Bengaluru, IndiaYasushi Umeda, University of Tokyo, JapanPaul Varghese, Trysquare Engineers and Builders, IndiaNilesh Vasa, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaGokula Vasantha, Edinburgh Napier University, UKSrikanth Vedantam, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaSrinivasan Venkataraman, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaAlok Verma, Old Dominion University, USANikola Vukasinovic, University of Ljubljana, SloveniaFedja Vukic, University of Zagreb, CroatiaParag Vyas, GrauBär Design Studios, IndiaRobert Wendrich, University of Twente, NetherlandsAndrew Wodehouse, University of Strathclyde, UKPradeep G. Yammiyavar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaYong Zeng, Concordia University, Canada

Organising Committee

Shakuntala Acharya, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaRupa Agarwal, National Institute of Fashion Technology, IndiaPrasad Bokil, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaVivek Kant, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaAjanta Sen, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaAvinash Shende, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

xii Conference Organisation

Web Admin

Roopa Narayan Sahoo, IDC, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Student Organising Committee

Abdul Mohsin Ali, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaShivalika Bansal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaApoorv Naresh Bhatt, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaKaushik Bhattacharya, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaDebajit Brahma, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaSpandan Das, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaDeepshikha Dash, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaArshiya Gahlot, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaFelnunmoi Gangte, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaAnubhav Gangwar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaDivya Gaur, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaKiran Ghadge, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaBhavana Ghanta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaPuneeth K. S., Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaAnirvina Karnala, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaIshaan Kaushal, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaShreya Kondvilkar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaJohn Kujur, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaAnurag Kumar Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaSiddharth Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaAnubhab Majumder, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaSaikat Mondal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaDeblina Pandit, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaArivukkarasu Periyasamy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaStuti Prakashkumar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaSubin Raj, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaPriyanka Rawal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaS. Madhuri, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaNishath Salma, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaPratiti Sarkar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaRounak Sengupta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaNamrita Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaShivangi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaSanjay Singh, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaParidhi Subbaian Kaliamoorthy, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaJayaSurya Sudakaran, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaCharu Tripathi, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India

Sponsors

Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science,Bengaluru, IndiaIndian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, IndiaSpringer

xiii

Endorsers

The Design Society, UKDesign Research Society, UK

xv

About the Conference

Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around as long aslife has taken up the task of purposefully changing the world around it. Researchinto design and the emergence of a research community in this area have been rela-tively new. Its development has been influenced by the multiple facets of design(human, artefact, process, organisation, the micro- and macro-economy and theecology by which design is shaped) and the associated diversification of the commu-nity depending on the facets of focus or that of their applications. Design is complex,balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders and requiring a multitude of areas ofknowledge to be utilised, with resources spread across space and time.

ICoRD’21 is the eighth in a series of conferences intended to be held everytwo years in India to bring together the international community from diverseareas of design practice, education and research. It aims to showcase cutting-edgeresearch about design to the stakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developingand extending the collective vision through emerging research challenges and ques-tions; and provide a platform for interaction, collaboration and development of thecommunity in order for it to take up the challenges to realise the vision. The confer-ence is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular, for its practitioners,researchers, pupils and educators.

The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedingsof the Eighth International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’21) heldon virtual platform during 7 to 10 January 2021 at the IDC School of Design, IITBombay, Powai, Mumbai.

ICoRD series was initiated by Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing(CPDM) at Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, in 2006. Since then, it hasbeen hosted in 2009 and 2011 (both at IISc), 2013 (at IITMadras), 2015 (IISc), 2017(IIT Guwahati) and 2019 (IISc). CPDM has pioneered design research in India forthe last two decades. IISc is one of India’s leading science and technology institutionsand is one of the Institutes of Eminence decreed by MHRD, Government of India.

ICoRD’21 has been organised jointly by IDC, IIT Bombay, and CPDM, IIScBengaluru. ICoRD’21 has been hosted on virtual platform by IDC School of Design,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. IDC School of Design hasoverseen the inception of design in a free India for the past 50 years. IIT Bombay is

xvii

xviii About the Conference

one of India’s leading technological institutions and is decreed by the Governmentof India as an Institute of National Importance. As a city, Mumbai serves as a hometo a variety of technological and service sectors.

The theme of ICoRD’21 has been ‘Design for Tomorrow’. The world as we knowit in our times is increasingly becoming connected. In this interconnected world,design has to address new challenges of merging the cyber and the physical, thesmart and the mundane, and the technology and the human. As a result, there is anincreasing need for strategising and thinking about design for a better tomorrow. Ourtheme for ICoRD’21 serves as a provocation for the design community to think aboutrapid changes in the near future to usher in a better tomorrow.

The conference contained:

• Keynote presentations from eminent (inter)national experts and practitioners• Presentations of refereed papers as podium presentations• Panel discussions to present perspectives on topics of general interest• A series of workshops on topics of special interest• Networking sessions for young researchers.

Preface

Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around ever sincelife has been engaged in purposefully changing the world around it. While somedesigns have transcended time, most designs are in a perpetual process of beingevolved. Research into design and the emergence of a research community in thisarea have been relatively new. Its development has been influenced by the multiplefacets of design (human, artefact, process, organisation, ecology, micro- and macro-economy by which design is shaped and which it shapes in turn) and the associateddiversification of the community depending on the facets of focus or that of theirapplications. Design is complex, balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders andrequiring a multitude of areas of knowledge to be utilised, with resources spreadacross space and time.

The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedingsof the Eighth International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’21) held atIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, India (this time on virtual platform), during7–10 January 2021. ICoRD’21 is the eight in a series of biennial conferences heldin India to bring together the international community from diverse areas of designpractice, teaching and research. The goals are to share cutting-edge research aboutdesign among its stakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing a collectivevision through emerging research challenges and questions; and provide a platformfor interaction, collaboration and development of the community in order for it toaddress the global and local challenges by forming and realising the collective vision.The conference is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular, for itspractitioners, researchers, teachers and students.

Five hundred and fifty-four abstracts were submitted to ICoRD’21, from which529 were accepted for full paper submission. A total of 295 full papers weresubmitted, which were reviewed by experts from the ICoRD’21 InternationalProgrammeCommittee comprising 238members fromover 149 institutions or organ-isations from 27 countries spanning five continents. Finally, 234 full papers, authoredby 460 researchers (460 unique authors, actually 606 authors’ entries in 236 papers)from 21 countries spanning five continents, were selected for presentation at theconference and for publication as chapters in this book. ICoRD has steadily grownover the last seven editions, from a humble beginning in 2006 with 30 papers and

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xx Preface

60 participants, through 75 papers and 100 participants in ICoRD’09, 100 papersand 150 participants in ICoRD’11, 114 papers and 170 participants in ICoRD’13,118 papers and 200 participants in ICoRD’15, 178 papers and 230 participants inICoRD’17 and 169 papers and 352 participants in ICoRD’19.

All papers were presented in ICoRD’21 in the podium mode. It had keynotesfrom prominent researchers and practitioners from around the world such as SteveEppinger, MIT, USA; Punya Mishra, Arizona State University, USA; ArmandHatchuel, Mines ParisTech, France; Tetsuo Tomiyama, International ProfessionalUniversity, Tokyo, Japan; Paul Hekkert, TU Delft, The Netherlands; Tomas Ramos,Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Dibakar Sen, Indian Institute of Science,Bengaluru, India, etc.

The chapters in the three book volumes together cover all three major areas ofproducts and processes: functionality, form and human factors. The spectrum oftopics ranges from those focusing on early stages such as creativity and synthesis,through those that are primarily considered in later stages of the product life cycle,such as safety, reliability or manufacturability, to those that are relevant across thewhole product life cycle, such as collaboration, communication, designmanagement,knowledge management, cost, environment and product life cycle management.Issues of delivery of research into design, in terms of its two major arms: designeducation and practice, are both highlighted in the chapters of the book volumes.Foundational topics such as the nature of design theory and research methodologyare also major areas of focus. It is particularly encouraging to see in the chaptersthe variety of areas of application of research into design—aerospace, health care,automotive, biomedical and so on.

The theme of ICoRD’21 is ‘Design for Tomorrow’. The world as we know it inour times is increasingly becoming connected. In this interconnected world, designhas to address new challenges of merging the cyber and the physical, the smart andthe mundane, and the technology and the human. As a result, there is an increasingneed for strategising and thinking about design for a better tomorrow. Our theme forICoRD’21 serves as a provocation for the design community to think about rapidchanges in the near future to usher in a better tomorrow. ICoRD’21 is organisedjointly by IDC, IIT Bombay, and CPDM, IISc Bengaluru. IDC School of Design hasoverseen the inception of design in a free India for the past 50 years. IIT Bombay isone of India’s leading technological institutions and is decreed by the Governmentof India as an Institute of National Importance. As a city, Mumbai serves as a hometo a variety of technological and service sectors.

On behalf of the Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, Organising Commit-tees and Co-Chairs, we thank all the authors, delegates, institutions and organisationsthat participated in the conference. We also thank the members of the InternationalProgramme Committee for their support in reviewing the papers for ICoRD’21,which is essential for maintaining the quality of the conference, and for their supportin putting this book together.

We are thankful to the Design Society and Design Research Society for their kindendorsement of ICoRD’21. We thank Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombayand its IDC School of Design, and Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru,

Preface xxi

and its Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing (CPDM), for their support ofthis event. We also wish to place on record and acknowledge the enormous supportprovided by the Student Organising Committee in managing the review process, inpreparation of the conference programme and this book and the conference as awhole. In particular, we wish to thank Mr. Apoorv Bhatt, Mr. Roopa Narayan Sahooand Ms. Nishath Salma for their valuable contributions. We also thank the large anddedicated group of student volunteers of IIT Bombay, IISc Bengaluru, IIT Guwa-hati and other institutions in the organisation of the conference. Finally, we thankSpringer, especially its Editor Ms. Swati Meherishi and its editorial support team,for their wonderful support, including their sponsoring of Springer book vouchersfor the Winners of Distinguished Paper Awards at ICoRD’21.

Bengaluru, IndiaMumbai, IndiaMumbai, IndiaMumbai, India

Amaresh ChakrabartiRavi PoovaiahPrasad BokilVivek Kant

Contents

Part I Design Ideation, Creativity and Synthesis

1 Developing the P.O.L.E Framework for User SubjectiveExperience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Chaitanya Solanki

2 Questionnaire-Based Investigation of Preferences in IdeaEvaluation Depending on Educational Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Yuki Taoka, Yuya Suka, Yoshifumi Nishida, and Shigeki Saito

3 Decoding Nature-Inspired Form Generation Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Shiv Kumar Verma and Ravi Mokashi Punekar

4 Practices in Bio-design: Design Research ThroughInterdisciplinary Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Assia Stefanova

5 Tool for Flood-Proof Residential Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Minu Pradeep

6 Understanding Emotion in Design Inspiration ContextsThrough the Core Affect Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Vimalkrishnan Rangarajan, Prasad S. Onkar, Alison De Kruiff,and Deirdre Barron

7 Role of Prototyping in Insight Generation for ProductDevelopment in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Ajit Gopal, Amit Kundal, and Ajay Mathrani

8 Brassiere: Modern Approach to an Age-Old Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Tushar Amin, Tanmayee Puntambekar, and Dyuti Ravisankar

9 Investigating the Use of 3D Solid-Modeling Tools in the EarlyIdea Generation Stage of Product Design: An ExploratoryStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Purba Joshi and Battula K. Chakravarthy

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10 A Case for Intuition-Driven Design Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Natrina Toyong, Shahriman Zainal Abidin, and S’harin Mokhtar

11 Recreating the Past Methodology to Design a Better Societyfor the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Natasha Narendrasingh Turkar

12 Narrative—A Vehicle to Generate Product Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Suresh Sethi

13 Development of Design Heuristics for Furniture Design . . . . . . . . . . . 161Supradip Das and Amarendra Kumar Das

14 Effect of Persona Stereotyping on Design Solutions:Observations from an Empirical Study with Novice Designers . . . . . 175Abhishek Dahiya and Jyoti Kumar

Part II Design for X (Safety, Manufacture & Assembly, Cost,Reliability, Robustness, Social Interaction, etc.)

15 Multi-inspirational Design for Additively ManufacturableProducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Pritam P. Shetty, G. Krupakhar, and Jayachandra Bingi

16 Scope of Improvement in Assembly-line of FMCG Industriesthrough Ergonomic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Gurdeep Singh and Sougata Karmakar

17 Design for X: An Iterative Approach for Design Optimizationin Pre-engineered and Pre-cast Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Arun Sekhar and J. Uma Maheswari

18 Space Design Intervention for Shivarapatna Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Md. Asic Hussain and Shivanshu Sagar

19 Non-lethal Devices for Personal Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Tushar Amin, Tanmayee Puntambekar, and Aaksha Singh

20 Design for Obsolescence Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Amel Soltane, Sid-Ali Addouche, Marc Zolghadri,Maher Barkallah, and Mohamed Haddar

21 Lightweighting in Electric Vehicles: Review of the DesignStrategies Based on Patents and Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Anton Kumanan, Sudhir Varadarajan, and Karthic Narayanan

22 Rule of Mixtures Model to Determine Tensile Strengthof 3D-Printed Kevlar-Reinforced Nylon: Thermal GravimetricAnalysis of Kevlar Filaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Anosh P. Amaria, Felipe M. Pasquali, Jason N. Armstrong,and John Hall

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23 A Framework for Improving Rural Microgrid SustainabilityThrough Integrated Socio-technical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Hailie Suk, Ayushi Sharma, Anand Balu Nellippallil, Ashok Das,and John Hall

24 Mapping Design Values Across Time for a SingleProduct Category (Two Wheelers) Using Harley DavidsonAdvertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Deepshikha Dash and Sugandh Malhotra

25 What Can Designers Learn from Failed Solutions in BOPContexts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Pankaj Upadhyay and Ravi Mokashi Punekar

26 Perceived Slip Resistance of Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Neelima Gudavalli and Phanisree Vagvala

27 Campaign Design to Nudge Men in Public Spaces in Orderto Reduce the Crime Rate Against Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Upasna Sehji and Sharmistha Banerjee

28 Photoluminescent Pigment Printed Textiles: Designing UrbanHomes for Night-Time Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Richa Sharma and Nilanjana Bairagi

29 Manufacturing to Super-Finishing Jewellery Articles: A Studyto Define Surface Quality Parameters and UnderstandingTheir Inter-relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Parag K. Vyas and Nitya Vyas

Part III Application of Design Knowledge in Practice(Automotive, Aerospace, Biomedical Devices, etc.)

30 Can You See My Pain? Evocative Objects for ComprehendingChronic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Jonathan Mathew and Vivek Kant

31 Design Thinking for Long-Term Product Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Shamit Shrivastav and Rahul Joshi

32 Sit-Stand Transfer Difficulty Among Indian Elderly: DesignGaps in Related Assistive Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Charu Maurya and Amarendra Kumar Das

33 Understanding and Finding Issues Related to Root CanalTreatment Procedure from a Design Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Priyabrata Rautray, Vikas Sahu, Nibedit Dey,and Deepak John Mathew

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34 Agro-based RC Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Kiran Kumar Tumbagi and Nishanth Pradyumna

35 Assistive Devices for One-Handed People Using DesktopManufacturing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Khyati Priya and Pankaj Upadhyay

36 Design Intervention in Farm Equipment: Using a StudioResearch Approach to Design a Sustainable, Human-PoweredSolution for Small and Marginal Indian Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Sanket Pai, Sugandh Malhotra, Selby Coxon, and Robbie Napper

37 A Design Research Study to Understand Factors AffectingTool Design for Small-Scale Rice Farming in WesternMaharashtra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461Sanket Pai, Sugandh Malhotra, Selby Coxon, and Robbie Napper

38 Design, Development and Experimental Evaluationof a Transfer Assistive Device for Paraplegic IndividualsUsing Biomechanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Kelifa Seid Mahammad and Amarendra Kumar Das

39 Effect of Different Root Canal Filling Materials in Endo-perioLesions: Design and Computational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Anupam Purwar and Pragya

40 Design of a Maternal Healthcare Monitoring Devicefor Pregnant Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Deepika Gopalakrishnan, Pramoddini Warale, and Rahul Bhaumik

41 Approach for Industrial Design and Evaluationof Product-Integrated Solar Photovoltaic (PIPV) Products . . . . . . . . 511Pranav Satpute, Ravi Mokashi Punekar, and Avinash Shende

42 Design and Development of Low-Cost Unplugged Activitiesfor Teaching Computational Thinking at K-5 Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Pranav Venkatesh, Supradip Das, and Amarendra Kumar Das

43 Design and Development of Attachment for Ceiling Broom . . . . . . . . 535Shohel Gardia, Abhishek Gupta, Swastik Subham Sith,and Swadha Krishn

44 Glame—Glass Holding Plate Accessory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545Abhishek Gupta, Akash Kaushik, and Vishwa Goswami

45 Design and Development of Mini Ginger Planter Suitablefor Hilly Region Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559Thaneswer Patel, K. N. Dewangan, B. S. K. Chhetry,Sarju Thokchom, and Bishorjit Ningthoujam

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46 Development of Al–Cu Metal Matrix Composite UsingPowder Metallurgy Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Subham Kundu and Subhas Chandra Mondal

47 Design, Additive Manufacturing and Applicationof Patient-Customized Orbital Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Samrat Sagar, Srivalli Natrajan, Suraj Naik, Bhanupratap Gaur,M. Suryawanshi Chetana, Shehbaz Ali Syed, Burhan Khambati,Rupesh Ghyar, and Ravi Bhallamudi

48 Guidelines to Design Custom 3D Printed Jig for OrthopaedicSurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Shehbaz Ali Syed, Bhanupratap Gaur, Samrat Sagar,M. Suryawanshi Chetana, Suraj Naik, Burhan Khambati,Srivalli Natrajan, Rupesh Ghyar, and Ravi Bhallamudi

49 Design and Prototyping of a Novel Head-Mounted OphthalmicDevice for Monitoring Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Arvind Bhallamudi and Nitin Khedkar

50 Design of an Expert System for Decision Making in ComplexRegulatory and Technology Implementation Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Kausik Bhattacharya, Sandipan Gangopadhyay, and Carlton DeBrule

51 Tendon-Driven Detachable End-Effector Mechanismfor Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619Mrunal Chavan, Prabhat Kumar, Rupesh Ghyar, Ballamudi Ravi,and P. S. Gandhi

52 Design, Development and Testing of a Mechanized TerraceForming Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629M. Angelus Khoh and Amarendra Kumar Das

53 Rethinking Tuberculosis Diagnostics in Low-Resource Areas . . . . . . 641Geetika Garg, Aditi Singh, and Parag Anand

54 Role of Age in Perceiving Car’s Attractiveness—A Case Studyin Indian Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Jetti Rahul and Debyan Dhar

55 From Industrial Design to HealthcareInnovation—A Comparative Study on the Roleof User-Centered Design and Stanford Biodesign Process . . . . . . . . . 665Neelarnab Dutta and Debayan Dhar

56 Design of a Heart Perfusion Device for Extending PreservationTime: A Case Study of Risk Management for a High-RiskMedical Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Deval Karia, Rohit Rathnam, Aditya Saxena, Malhar Joshi,Ashitava Ghosal, Manish Arora, and Balan Gurumoorthy

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57 Design and Development of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer SeatBase for Two-Wheelers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693Raghu V. Prakash and Monalisha Maharana

58 A Design Approach on Transmission Architecture Fashionedfrom Merge Gear Shifting Strategy for Improving DrivingComfort in Conventional Passenger Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Manish Chandra and Pranab K. Dan

59 Conceptual Design of a Robot for Cleaning Narrow Spaces . . . . . . . . 717Apala Chakrabarti

60 Requirements Capture and Validation: Adopting the LeanApproach for Task Clarification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733Komal Shah and Manish Arora

61 Introducing Visual Literacy Activities for Primary SchoolChildren in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745Swati Mittal, Satyaki Roy, Mritunjay Kumar, and Ahmed Sameer

62 On How to Add SALT: ‘PLAYGORA’—A Real-World CaseStudy and Experimentation (Out of the Lab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Robert E. Wendrich

63 Influence of Culture and Tradition in the Tribal Architectureof Meghalaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775Srinidhi Ravishankar and Shiva Ji

64 Image is a Tangible Element of Visual Communication: Roleof the Image to Increase Social Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783Bappa Das and Debkumar Chakrabarti

65 CREATED METHOD: Pedagogical Approach for Diversityin Creative Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Iko Avital and Charu Monga

66 A Study on Design of an Illustrated Book for CommunicatingMaternal and Child Health to Semiliterate Rural Womenof Kanpur, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Rohit Kumar and Shatarupa Thakurta Roy

67 SEED: Storytelling, Engagement in English LanguageDecoding. Identifying Features in Learning Tools that Aidin English Decoding for Learners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Aishwary Khobragade

68 System Mapping: Understanding the Value Chain of OrganicFarming in Sikkim, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837Neeraja Kulkarni and Mohammad Shahid

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69 An Empirical Study on Styling Trends and Concept Approachof Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849Sandipan Bhattacharjee and Bhaskar Saha

70 Changing the Traditional Lingerie Shopping ExperienceThrough Interaction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863S. Navyashree, Aasta Mawlikar, and Wricha Mishra

71 Design Thinking Approach in Identification of Service DesignBased on User Interface for Grocery Monitoring Systemin Indian Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881Leeladhar Ganvir and Pratul Chandra Kalita

72 Why Storytelling Should be the Medium of Design Education . . . . . 895Sugandha Jain and Abhishek Srivastava

73 Twenty-First Century Entrepreneurship and InnovationManagement in the Garment Manufacturing Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . 903Meeta Gawri and Shweta Sharma

74 Investigating Surface Finishing to Develop an AdvancedProcess for Super-Finish, Highlighted by Benchworkand Polish Lathe in Jewellery Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913Parag K. Vyas and Nitya Vyas

Correction to: Understanding Emotion in Design InspirationContexts Through the Core Affect Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1

Vimalkrishnan Rangarajan, Prasad S. Onkar, Alison De Kruiff,and Deirdre Barron

About the Editors

Prof. Amaresh Chakrabarti is a Senior Professor and current Chairman for theCentre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science (IISc),Bengaluru. He has B.E. in Mechanical Engineering from Indian Institute of Engi-neering Science and Technology, Shibpur, M.E. in Design of Mechanical Systemsfrom Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, and Ph.D. in Engineering Design fromthe University of Cambridge, UK. He led the Design Synthesis group at the EPSRCfunded Engineering Design Centre at the University of Cambridge before joiningIISc as an Associate Professor in 2001. His interests are in synthesis, creativity,sustainability, and informatics. He has published 16 books, over 300 peer-reviewedarticles, and has 11 patents granted/pending. He has been on the Advisory Board andthe Board of Management of the Design Society, UK; member of the CII NationalCommittee on Design India; member of the Jury of India Design Mark; and memberof the CII Smart Manufacturing Council India. He founded IDeASLab—India’sfirst Design Observatory. He is the Founding Programme chair for InternationalConference Series on Research into Design (ICoRD), Conference Chair for the 22ndCIRP Design Conference 2012 and the 3rd International Conference on DesignCreativity 2015 (3rd ICDC) and vice-Chair for AI in Design and Design Computingand Cognition Conferences. In 2014, he co-initiated India’s first Smart Factory R&Dplatform.

Prof. Ravi Poovaiah is senior faculty member at the Industrial Design Centre(IDC), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. He has backgrounds inMechan-ical Engineering, Product Design and Graphic Arts Education having studied respec-tively at IIT Madras and Bombay and at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD),Providence, USA. His current pedagogic as well as research and design interests arein fields related to InteractionDesign, NewMediaDesign, Visual Design and ProductDesign and his research interests are in areas related to Visual Language, Informa-tion Visualisation, Visual Narratives, Way Finding Systems, Interaction Devices,Collaborative Social and Learning Environments and Designing for Children. He isinvolved with building digital resources related to ‘Design Learning’, ‘Folk Tales’,‘Interactive Systems’, ‘Designing for Children’, ‘Design of Way-finding Systems’and ‘Design in India’ with free and open access to networked information. He is

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xxxii About the Editors

also the co-director of a research project named COSMIC on experimenting withSocial Media at IIT Bombay along with collaborative Institutes NTU and NUS inSingapore. Prof. Poovaiah has worked on projects with major industry leaders suchas Microsoft, Yahoo, Google India, Motorola India, Indian Oil Corporation, BharatPetroleum Corporation, Bharat Electronics Limited, Siemens India, among others.

Dr. Prasad Bokil is a mechanical engineer and communication designer withMaster’s and Ph.D. in communication design from IDC School of Design, IndianInstitute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, India. He teaches courses in typography andgraphic design at undergraduate as well as postgraduate levels. His research inter-ests are visual language, visual narratives and game design. He is currently workingtowards ‘design forwellbeing’. Dr. Bokil alsoworked as a ResearchAssistant at IDC,IIT Bombay, where he worked with a team of artisans at studio under guidance ofProf. A. G. Rao to enhance the packaging of some of the products. He is involved inseveral funded projects, including the Kanimuni project funded byMHRD under theDesign Innovation Centre at IIT Guwahati. This project aims to develop educationalgames to build interest and confidence to learn English, Mathematics, Science and21st century skills in school students. Dr Bokil has (co-)organised many conferencesandworkshops, includingTypographyDay 2013,HimalayanLanguages Symposium2016, ICoRD’17 in 2017, Type Design Workshop 2013, Game Design Workshop2015, Design Research Workshop 2015, Workshop on Software product develop-ment process in Agile environment March 2015, Informatica 2016, Kanimuni: DICGame Design Workshop 2016, etc.

Dr. Vivek Kant is an Assistant Professor at IDC School of Design, Indian Instituteof Technology (IIT) Bombay, India. He is an active researcher in the field of systemsdesign, human factors (cognitive ergonomics/cognitive engineering), sociotechncialsystems, and history and philosophy of design engineering. Dr. Kant pursued hisB.S. in Electrical Engineering from Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India in 2004,M.S. in Cognitive Science from University of Allahabad, India in 2008, M.A. inPsychology from University of Connecticut, USA in 2011, and Ph.D. in SystemsDesign Engineering fromUniversity ofWaterloo, Canada in 2015. Hewas a Postdoc-toral Fellow at the Institute of Catastrophe Risk Management, Nanyang Technolog-ical University (NTU), Singapore, and the Division of Sociology, School of Humani-ties and Social Sciences, NTU along with Future Resilient Systems, Singapore-ETHCentre. He has also worked as an Assistant Systems Engineer for Tata ConsultancyServices, India.