Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Illinois Institute of Technology Smart Grid Tutorial: Smart Grid Tutorial: What? Why? How? What? Why? How? and Who? and Who? Donald J. Chmielewski Associate Professor Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology
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Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Economic Model Predictive Control Economic Model Predictive Control
,
min max
min g , ,
. . ( , , )
( , , )
( )
t T
x ut
x u w d
s t x f x u w
z h x u w
z z z
, ,g x u w
Economic Objective
- (Instantaneous Profit)
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Literature on EconomicLiterature on Economic MPCMPC
32
Conceptual Development and Stability Issues: Rawlings and Amrit (2009); Diehl, et al. (2011); Huang and Biegler (2011); Heidarinejad, et al. (2012)
Process Scheduling: Karwana and Keblisb (2007); Baumrucker and Biegler (2010); Lima et al. (2011); Kostina et al. (2011)
Building HVAC Systems: Braun (1992); Morris et al. (1994); Kintner-Meyer and Emery (1995); Henze et al. (2003); Braun (2007); Oldewurtel et al. (2010), Ma et al. (2012); Mendoza and Chmielewski (2012)
Power Scheduling: Zavala et al. (2009); Xie and Ilić (2009), Hovgaard, et al. (2011), Omell and Chmielewski (2013)
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
EMPC Applied to IGCC with Dispatch EMPC Applied to IGCC with Dispatch
2 2
max
2 2
max
min
. . /
0
0
G
t T
e GP
t
H H G
H H
G G
C P d
s t M P
M M
P P
( )eC t is the cost (or value) of electricity
33
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
34
EMPC Applied to IGCC withEMPC Applied to IGCC with DispatchDispatch
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
20
40
Energ
y V
alu
e
($/M
Whr)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
500
1000
1500
Genera
ted P
ow
er
(MW
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
500
1000
Time (days)
H2 in
Sto
rage (
tonnes)
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
What is the smart grid?
Why would the chemical industry be interested?
How does one participate in the smart grid?
Power Generation Example
HVAC Example
Chemical Plant Example
Who should participate in the smart grid?
35
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
HVAC Power ConsumptionHVAC Power Consumption
Cooling is mainly required during the hottest times of a day…
Outside Temperature. August 3 - 6, 2001. Pittsburg, PA.
3 4 5 6 760
70
80
90
100
Time (days)
Tem
per
atu
re (
F)
36
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Traditional HVAC SystemTraditional HVAC System
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
• Heat is removed from the building by a chiller
• Chiller consumes electric power
• Heat removal correlated with real-time electricity prices
37
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Correlation Between Cooling Load and Correlation Between Cooling Load and
Energy Prices Energy Prices
3 4 5 6
70
80
90
Time (hours)
Tem
per
atu
re (
F)
3 4 5 60
50
100
150
Time (days)
Ele
ctri
city
Pri
ce (
$/M
Wh
r)
August 3 - 6, 2001. Pittsburg, PA.
38
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
TES helps time
shift electricity
consumption to
periods of low
electricity prices.
39
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Impact of ThermalImpact of Thermal Energy StorageEnergy Storage
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
TES
Thermal
Energy Storage
Heat to
Chiller
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
Chiller
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Qc
Qr
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)H
eat
Flo
w (
KW
e)
Qc
Qr
23 24 25 26
2000
4000
6000
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Heat to Chiller Heat from Room
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
TES
Thermal Energy Storage
Heat to
Chiller
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Qc
Qr
40
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
EMPC SimulationEMPC Simulation with TESwith TES
41
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 14020
30
40
Time (hours)
Ou
tsid
e
Tem
peratu
re (
C)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
40
60
80
100
120
140
Time (hours)
Ele
ctr
icit
y
Pric
e (
$/M
Wh
r)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
200
400
600
Time (hours)
Hea
t to
C
hil
ler (
kW
T)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-2000
-1000
0
Time (hours)
En
erg
y i
n
Sto
ra
ge (
MW
hr T
)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
200
400
600
800
Time (hours)H
ea
t fr
om
R
oo
m (
kW
T)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 14020
22
24
26
Time (hours)
Tem
peratu
re
in R
oom
(C
)
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
TES
Thermal
Energy Storage
Heat to
Chiller Note: EMPC Prediction Horizon is
12 hours
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
What is the smart grid?
Why would the chemical industry be interested?
How does one participate in the smart grid?
Power Generation Example
HVAC Example
Chemical Plant Example
Who should participate in the smart grid?
42
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
A Chemical PlantA Chemical Plant
43
P1
P2
P3
P4
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
P1
P2
P3
P4
Utility Plant
Steam Utilities Steam Utilities
44
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
P1
P2
P3
P4
Utility Plant
Electric Grid
Possible Electric UtilitiesPossible Electric Utilities
45
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Flexible UtilitiesFlexible Utilities
46
Steam PlantSteam
Bank
Electric
Node
fuelsp
es1es2es3
es4
ee1ee2ee3
ee4
eg
Steam
Utilities
Electric
Utilities
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Option ofOption of CoCo--generationgeneration
47
Steam PlantSteam
Bank
Electric
Node
Co-Generation
Plant
fuelsp
fuelcog
es1es2es3
es4
ee1ee2ee3
ee4
eg
Steam
Utilities
Electric
Utilities
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology 0 0.5 1 1.5 2-2
0
2
4
time (days)
Po
wer f
ro
m G
rid
(G
J/s
ec)
Operation with RealOperation with Real--time Electric Pricestime Electric Prices
48
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
5
10
time (days)
Pric
e o
f E
lectr
icit
y (
$/G
J)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
5
10
time (days)F
uel
En
erg
y t
o
Ste
am
Pla
nt
(GJ
/sec)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
5
10
15
time (days)
Fu
el
En
erg
y t
o
Co
-Gen
era
tio
n
Pla
nt
(GJ
/sec)
Electricity
Price ($/GJ)
Fuel to Steam
Plant (GJ/s)
Fuel to Co-Gen
Plant (GJ/s)
Power from
Grid (GJ/s)
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
5
10
time (days)
Pric
e o
f E
lectr
icit
y (
$/G
J)
0 0.5 1 1.5 220
30
40
50
time (days)
Inst
an
tan
iou
sP
ro
fit
($/s
ec)
Revenue with RealRevenue with Real--time Electric Pricestime Electric Prices
49
Electricity
Price ($/GJ)
Instantaneous
Revenue ($/s)
Average revenue found to be $32.3/sec
A 22.8% increase wrt baseline $26.3/sec
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Material StorageMaterial Storage
50
P1
P2
P3
P4
S4S5
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
51
Revenue with RealRevenue with Real--time Pricingtime Pricing and Storageand Storage
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
5
10
time (days)
Pric
e o
f E
lectr
icit
y (
$/G
J)
0 0.5 1 1.50
1
2
time (days)
Ma
ss F
low
(b
bl/
sec)
1
12
13
14
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
5000
10000
15000
time (days)
Ma
ss i
n
Sto
ra
ge (
bb
l)
M4
M5
0 0.5 1 1.5 220
30
40
50
time (days)
Inst
an
tan
iou
sP
ro
fit
($/s
ec)
RTO EMPC
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
5
10
time (days)
Fu
el
En
erg
y t
o
Ste
am
Pla
nt
(GJ
/sec)
RTO
EMPC
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
10
20
time (days)
Fu
el
En
erg
y t
o
Co
-Gen
era
tio
n
Pla
nt
(GJ
/sec)
RTO
EMPC
0 0.5 1 1.5 2-4-202468
time (days)
Po
wer f
ro
m G
rid
(G
J/s
ec)
RTO
EMPC
30% increase wrt baseline
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
What is the smart grid?
Why would the chemical industry be interested?
How does one participate in the smart grid?
Who should participate in the smart grid?
52
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
WhoWho should participate in the Smart Grid?should participate in the Smart Grid?
Those with revenue gains larger
than investment costs!
53
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Impact of ThermalImpact of Thermal Energy StorageEnergy Storage
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
TES
Thermal
Energy Storage
Heat to
Chiller
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
Chiller
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Qc
Qr
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)H
eat
Flo
w (
KW
e)
Qc
Qr
23 24 25 26
2000
4000
6000
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Heat to Chiller Heat from Room
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
TES
Thermal Energy Storage
Heat to
Chiller
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Qc
Qr
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Capital Cost of Thermal Energy StorageCapital Cost of Thermal Energy Storage
55
??$$$
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology
Design Questions Design Questions
• What are the energy expenditures?
• What is the appropriate size of the TES?
• Is there a benefit to changing chiller size?
Heat from
BuildingBuilding
Heat from
Environment
Power
Consumption Chiller
Heat to
TES
Thermal Energy Storage
Heat to
Chiller
23 24 25 26
200
300
400
500
600
Chiller Cooling Load (Qc)
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Qc
Qr
23 24 25 26
2000
4000
6000
Time (days)
Hea
t F
low
(K
We)
Heat to Chiller Heat from Room
56
Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Illinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Institute of Technology