Smart Grid trasmission by Afzal.pptx

Smart GridPresented by

Muhammad Afzal

Outline

• Introduction• Application• Smart Grid Architecture• Wireless Technologies for Smart Grid • Challenges to Apply Wireless Technologies in

Smart Grid• Conclusion• References

Grid

• The term grid is used for an electricity system that may support all or some of the following four operations:

• Electricity generation• Electricity transmission• Electricity distribution• Electricity control

Traditional power grids

• The traditional power grids are generally used to carry power from a few central generators to a large number of users or customers.

Traditional Power grid

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Smart Grid• Uses information technologies to improve how

electricity travels from power plants to consumers• Allows consumers to interact with the grid• Integrates new and improved technologies into the

operation of the grid

SMART GRID

• Smart Grid is the “convergence of information and operational technology applied to the electric grid allowing sustainable options to costumers and improved security, reliability, and efficiency to utilities”.

Several Potential Application areas exist

• Electricity Distribution

• Electricity Markets

• Renewable Energy

• Energy Storage• Transport• Industrial Energy

Efficiency • Building Energy

Efficiency

10Source: http://www.renesas.eu/ecology/eco_society/smart_grid/

Outline



APPLICATIONS Smart Grid can be used in many applications:• Generation• Transmission• Distribution• Metering• Customer facilities/appliances• Transmission line loading • Substation equipment monitoring• Distribution power flows• Voltage measurement• Automated meter reads• Turn-on/turn-off services• Emergency grid management

Outline



Smart Grid Architecture

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in proposed that SG architecture be supposed to include the following entities:

Customers Service providers Markets Operations Transmission Bulk generation Distribution

The NIST Conceptual Model for SG

Customer Area

• This NIST architecture is fully illustrated and organized architecture among in-hand or in literature.

• This architecture further classified customer area into following three categories

1. Neighborhood Area Network(NAN) 2. Building Area Network (BAN) 3. Home Area Network (HAN)

Neighborhood Area Network(NAN)

• Different Building Area Networks (BANs) combined together to form Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs).

• A NAN includes one or more 3G support stations and number of BANs.

• The NAN Gateway (GW) can observe how much energy is being distributed to any particular neighborhood.

Building Area Network (BAN)

• Different Home Area Network’s (HAN) apartments combine to form Building Area Networks (BANs).

• Every building linked to the power grid maintains its own BAN.

• The BAN gate way (GW) can be used to supervise the power usage and requirement of the building of residents.

Home Area Network (HAN)

• Each apartment or home has their own Local Area Network (LAN) that is referred to Home Area Networks (HANs).

• Within a home, different appliances, devices or meters can communicate in Home Area Network.

• The HAN gateways are can be used to facilitate Machine to Machine (M2M) communications in the smart grid framework.

• These networks either wireless or wired networks, depends on scenarios.

• These networks support smart metering, messaging among devices, energy controlling devices, applications and consumers.

• These network also driven communication and applications from Building Automation and control network (BACnet), Home Energy Management System (HEMS) or some other energy management systems .

Outline



Wireless Technologies for Smart Grid

• Due to infrastructure-less topology, low power consumption, low cost of deployment, flexible, auto-managed and easy availability, wireless technologies are becoming promising communication technology for smart grid.

• Currently, we have numerous wireless technologies for long range smart grid applications like Satellite communications, Cellular mobile communications, Radio Frequency (RF) and with lots of short range communications like Infrared (IR), Bluetooth, ZigBee, Near Field Communication (NFC), Ultra Wide Band (UWB) etc.

• This section illustrates the opportunities and limitations for different wireless technologies for achieving a range of applications for smart grid technology.

• ZigBee • Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) • Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access

(WiMAX) • Cellular Communications • Wireless Mesh Network

1. ZigBee • According to NIST the most suitable standard for smart grid Home Area

Network (SG-HAN) is ZigBee and ZigBee SEP.

• This wireless technology is reliable, low cost, low power consumer and more suitable for home appliances communications, energy monitoring, home meter reading and home automation.

• Devices that use ZigBee protocol can easly communicate with ZigBee smart meters and ZigBee SEP specially design to send information of smart meters to the HAN owner to check timely their home energy level .

• This technology developed by ZigBee Alliance working on an open standard but having compatibility with IEEE 802.15.4 standard.

• It has unlicensed frequency range that vary 864MHz, 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz and follow DSSS modulation scheme.

• ZigBee devices mostly have limited memory and processing capability that hinder its utilities other than HAN.

• The data rate of ZigBee ranged 20-250 Kbps and coverage area is approximate 10-100m .

2. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

• The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is truly needed for major wireless communication technology for future smart grid that provides vigorous, high speed and fast, point to point (P2P) and point to multipoint (P2M) communications.

• The WLAN belongs to IEEE 802.11 standard family, moistly follow spread spectrum technology for providing high bandwidth to multiple users simultaneously engage the same band of frequency.

• Spread spectrum can also minimize the interference among users .

• In smart grid the WLAN can be used for monitoring and distribution of sub-stations.

• WLAN should be the best choice for the region where wired links are very difficult.

3. Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

• WiMAX technology belongs to 802.16 series standards that is a family of Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN).

• Wi-MAX technology recognized as local loop that allows receiving of data by microwave signals and broadcast signal by radio waves.

• It has both types of spectrum, licensed and un-licensed,

licensed spectrums are 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz and un-licensed spectrum operates at 5.8GHz frequency.

• It support data rate approximately 70 Mbps with coverage area up to 48Km.

• Due to its coverage range and high data rate this technology is best fit in smart micro grid and AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure).

• For any monitoring purpose, WiMAX technology should be first choice in smart grid communication networks.

• The deployment of WiMAX is bit costly due to its tower, intelligently places the tower may reduce its cost.

4. Cellular Communications

• A cellular communication network, such as 3G (WCDMA, CDMA-2000), 4G, and GSM are based on radio network dispersed over land surface areas known as cells, served by base station.

• It is speedy and cost effective to establish data communications exposure over a big geographic area .

• The licensed frequency bands of 3rd Generation (3G) or 4th Generation (4G) cellular technology perform its operation on 824-894MHz or 1900MHz.

• The cellular communication has 60-240Kbps data transmission rate.

• Distance coverage is not fix, depends on the cellular service availability.

• For smart grid cellular communication has vital role, it has already strong structure that may be used in smart grid applications.

5. Wireless Mesh Network

• A network that is based on mesh topology, nodes are communicating through radio links are called a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN), emerging as an essential wireless technology.

• IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 are actively working on developing new specifications for WMNs.

• WMN is actually a self organized and easily self configured, this property of WMN is essential for smart grid communication system automation.

• This feature also enables electric or power utilities to deal with new connectivity requirements determined by customer demands.

HIGHER EFFICIENCY

• There are two fundamental approaches to achieving higher efficiency in the transformation, distribution, and use of electricity.

• Substation and Distribution Automation (DA)• Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI)

DA SYSTEMS • Implementation of Substation and Distribution Automation (DA) systems

will improve utility operational efficiency by the application of intelligent equipment devices (IEDs) to remotely monitor, measure, coordinate, and operate distribution capacitors, switches, transformers, and feeders over a secure, robust telecommunication network.

• An advanced DA system allows inter-device messaging between substations and the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system using the IEC61850 standard for equipment interoperability (among equipment made by different vendors).

AUTOMATED METERING SYSTEMS (AMI)

• Implementation of advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) will allow the electric utility to communicate directly with customers and create new opportunities for service.

• State regulators in many states across the country have embraced and authorized the implementation of AMI, and many utilities are purchasing and installing millions of new electronic, two-way meters and the required broadband communication system to support them.

• Two-way meters commonly utilized to support the FTTH or HFC rural broadband infrastructure BSI will deploy are referred to simply as “hardened modems”, and are economical and proven technology.

Outline



Challenges to Apply Wireless Technologies in Smart Grid

• Indeed wireless technologies have emerged as a key breakthrough in fixed wired technologies, in smart grid.

• it can be changed messy wired connections of power grids into clean, manageable and flexible atmosphere.

• Implementation of this wireless technologies take various performance, security and other technical challenges.

• The key technical challenges and issues of wireless technologies in smart grid applications should be summarized as follows.

• Recourse Constrains • Scathing environmental Conditions • High Bit Error Rates • Secure Communications

1. Recourse Constrains

• In general we can observe that mostly wireless technologies have inadequate battery power supply.

• The most frequent constraints, that wireless technologies observed are energy, memory and processing capacity constraints.

• These are few very important considerations that limit the migration of smart grid wired technologies to wireless technologies.

2. Scathing environmental Conditions

• Wireless communication has directly affected by their surroundings and harsh environment may disrupt the proper communications.

• In smart grid applications, wireless communications may agitate by highly caustic environments, vibrations, humidity levels, dust, radiations and various unseeing noises.

3. High Bit Error Rates

• The bandwidth and latency at each link of wireless are location dependent and varying continuously that make wireless communication difficult to meet quality of service requirements.

• Due to noisy environment of electric power systems and obstructions, wireless communication observes high bit error rates.

4. Secure Communications

• wireless technology prone to security attacks specially denial of service (DoS) attack, ciphering, wormhole attacks, black-hole attacks etc.

• presence of these dangerous attacks, wireless technologies always at high security risk.

• Wireless technologies are on air that’s why security is a major concern for this technology and may be the biggest challenge for deploying in smart grid.

• Secure data storage and information exchanges are enormously vital for energy utilities, particularly for smart billing and power grids control .

Outline



Conclusion • The smart grid technology has been envisaged as an evolution of

traditional electric power systems.

• The integration of information technology with smart grid, make it to manage information over grids.

• The main objective of smart grid is to enhance efficiency, safety, reliability of the tradition power grid with two way communication of energy.

• This paper highlighted wireless communication technologies and their requirements for future smart grid technology and also emphasized that in many situations wireless technologies are better idea in place of wired technologies in smart grid.

• This paper has provided a comparative study among various wireless technologies that may be the first choice for smart grid communications.

• This study may provide a way of thinking towards step up wireless technologies for smart grid.

References

• A Comparative Study among Possible Wireless Technologies for Smart Grid Communication Networks by Kashif Laeeq

• Smart Grid – The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey by Xi Fang, Student Member, IEEE, Satyajayant Misra, Member, IEEE, Guoliang Xue, Fellow, IEEE,and Dejun Yang, Student Member, IEEE

• Some other Related martial of SG from diffent presention and website.

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Thank you.

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Smart Grid trasmission by Afzal.pptx

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