Smart Grid

PREPARED BY SUBMITTED TOPriyanka Gupta Mr. Jameel Ahamad

Shreya Bhatnagar Seminar In-Charge

Shampa Srivastava EE Deptt.

III EE

A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital technology to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency.

Self healingEmpower and incorporate the consumerTolerant of attackProvides power quality needed by 21st

century consumersAccommodates a wide variety of

generation options (like green energy)Fully enables maturing electricity marketsOptimizes assets

VARIABLE TARIFF-BASED LOADvariable price profile given to the customer day

aheaddifferent price profile for each dayautomatic home management device coupled to an

energy meter

ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND FEEDBACKdisplay of energy consumptioncomparisons to average consumption patternsuggestions on how to further lower consumption

REAL-TIME PORTFOLIO IMBALANCE REDUCTIONBalance Responsible Party (BRP) which plan

or forecast the energy production and consumption

Imbalance cost for the BRPs on deviation from the energy plan

OFFERING RESERVE CAPACITY TO THE TSOEnergy generated by consumers sold back

to the grid

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONGESTION MANAGEMENTloads shifted away from periods at which

congestion occursusage data provided by the consumers proves

to be very helpful

DISTRIBUTION GRID CELL ISLANDING IN CASE OF HIGHER- SYSTEM INSTABILITYinstable system operated separatelytransition to island mode automatic

BLACK START SUPPORT FROM SMART HOUSESafter black-out local grid is out of operationstart-up quickly in island modethen reconnect with up-stream network

INTEGRATION OF FORECASTING TECHNIQUESforecasting a necessary tool due to volatility of

production level of distributed generatorslowest forecasting error means most efficient

operation

Independent processors in each component at each sub-station and power plant

Sensors are connected to all other components in the system

Own state and of all other components are known and communicated

On addition of new devices to the system device parameters are automatically updated

The new component also has a built-in processor

TYPICAL BLACK-OUT SEQUENCEa sudden outage of major lines occursfurther outage due to overload leaves the

system imbalancedfrequency declines with large generation load

imbalance generation is taken off-lineisland blacks outlong time taken to restore power

• emergency imposed on the system• frequency & load/generation imbalance is determined and total outage is prevented

Distribution system needs many changes to come in sync with requirements for the implementation of smart grid

DESIRED OPTIMISATIONSDEMAND OPTIMISATIONDELIVERY OPTIMIZATIONASSET OPTIMIZATIONRENEWABLES OPTIMIZATION

Refers to monitoring, control & communication functions

Important aspects of DA are in areas of protection and switching

Helps in quickly reconfigure interconnected network of feeders

Can detect fault current and voltages

Can help in self-healing of the grid

Can communicate with one another

DISTRIBUTED ASSET OPTIMIZATION MODEL

Developed to provide an engineering basis for predicting hourly loading at any point between the sub-station & customer

Calculates power flowing through each transformer

Provides insights required to make better planning and operating decisions

DATA COLLECTION

DATA INCLUDES

Customer information & billing data Customer hourly consumption dataDistribution transformer characteristicsFeeder characteristicsConnectivity data for the distribution system

DATA VALIDATION

Total annual customer energy validated with annual energy measured at the sub-station

ESTABLISH WEATHER SENSITIVITY

Data obtained is weather-sensitiveTuned with the weather parameters to obtain

the actual data

Data obtained from users matched with Load-Shape library

Customers assigned best matching hourly or daily load-shape

CALIBRATIONTo compensate for unaccounted energy

calibration process applied

Residential, Small Office & commercial building sector responsible for over 50% of total electricity consumption

Homes, offices and commercial buildings treated as an interconnected network instead of single units

Able to communicate, interact & negotiate with both customers & energy devices in local grid

Grid operated more efficiently as consumption is better predicted

SMART HOME NETWORK

MICROGENERATIONSmall homes can generate wind and solar power

which if in surplus amount can be sold back to the distributor

SMART METERSWith their help user consumption can be

measured, monitored and controlledSmarter decisions made by consumers can be

communicated back to gridLOCAL STORAGE UNITS

Enables smart homes to store energy for future use

Introduces a holistic concept & technology for smart homes

Smart homes & buildings treated as proactive consumers also known as prosumers

Prosumers negotiate & collaborate as an intelligent network

A communication technique to automatically collect the meter readings & other relevant data from meters

AMR has benefits beyond meter readingIt provides crucial data on an insight into

other areas of operation

For small commercial customers monthly consumption read is sufficient

For large commercial and industrial customers daily consumption read is required

Remote monitoring devices attached to meters store hourly consumption profile

Accurate bills provided to customers are more satisfying than estimated bills

RF COMMUNICATIONMost widely accepted method of

communication between meter and data collection

A wake-up signal is sent by data collection system to the RF devices

Devices send back the latest meter read & other information

RADIO-EQUIPPED HAND-HELD COMPUTER

DRIVE-BY OR MOBILE DATA COLLECTION

FIXED NETWORK DATA COLLECTION

Meter reader carrying a hand-held computer equipped with radio receiver walks-by homes, without actually entering the premises

Manual error reduced

Radio transreciever installed in a utility vehicle

Root information downloaded from the utility billing system

Loaded into radio transrecieverVehicle drives along the route and collects

the readings through RF communication

Fixed network installed over saturated areas where advanced metering data, variable reads, unscheduled reads required

Used where daily reading or reading several times a day is required

INBOUND SYSTEMSModules call a central master data

collection computer at pre-scheduled timeProvides hourly consumption data

OUTBOUND SYSTEMSMaster station calls the remote meter

module to collect data

Usage reporting device at each customer site is called a SMART METER

Computerised replacement of electrical meters

Contains a processor, non-volatile storage & communication facilities

Can track usage as a function of time-of-day, disconnect a customer via a software or send out alarms in case of problems

Interface directly with smart appliances to control them

Necessary to support major applications & systems such as demand response, wide area measurement & control, electricity storage & transportation.

TRUST

Necessary to know whether appropriate user is accessing accurate data created by right device at proper time

And the data hasn’t been modified

Data transfer now taking place through digital medium like internet

Chances of data theft and modification very high

Hackers can immediately manipulate their energy costs or fabricate false readings

PRIVACYElectricity use pattern could lead to disclosure

of when people are at home or work or travelling

This could support criminal targeting of homes

Most effective solution for securing smart grid based on PKI technologies

PKI TECHNICAL ELEMENTSPKI standardsSmart Grid PKI toolsDevice Attestation

PKI STANDARDSProvide a mechanism for defining naming

convention and certificate policyThey don’t specify how these standards

should be usedThey only provide a high-level framework for

digital certificate usage and for implementing a PKI

PKI TOOLSThey tell how to work on the PKI standardsEase the management of PKI components in

the Smart Grid application

DEVICE ATTESTATION

Device attestation certificates are used only to assert the device manufacturer, model, serial no. and that the device has not been tampered with

Renewable resources affect the reliability of grid due to their volatility

Demand response and electric storage provide economics of grid

Grid reliability can be improved by mitigating peak demand and load variability

Reliability problem arises due to faults occurring in the system

FUNCTIONS THAT RESOLVE THESE PROBLEMS

Fault diagnosis and alarm processing function

Fault location functionService restoration function

FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND ALARM PROCESSING FUNCTION

Automatically triggered after occurrence of a fault

Also detect missing remote control signalAnalysis of the fault presented to the operator

FAULT LOCATION FUNCTIONTo find the location of faultsQuickly determine the faulty section of feeder

SERVICE RESTORATION FUNCTIONRestores the power to the non-faulted section

of the feeder