N.Murugesan Fr. Director General Central Power Research Institute Date: 04.12.15 Smart Generation: Resources and Potential
N.Murugesan
Fr. Director General
Central Power Research Institute
Date: 04.12.15
Smart Generation:
Resources and Potential
1.Introduction
2. Drivers for Smart grid worldwide
3.Trends and Requirements for
Electricity Generation
4.Volatile Renewable Energy Sources:
Wind and Sun.
5.Cogeneration of Heat and Power
Applying Renewable Energy Sources
6.Electric Energy Storage Systems .
7.Requirements for Controllable Power
Plants
8.Conclusions
1.Efficient transmission and distribution of
electricity is a fundamental requirement for
sustainable development and prosperity
throughout the world.
The main challenges that need to be solved are:
a) the decreasing availability of fossil and nuclear
primary energy sources (PES)
b) Accordingly, their rapidly increasing prices
c) the increasing impact of greenhouse emissions
on the environment
Introduction
The reserve expectations for primary energy and the annual world
demand
The global annual carbon emissions by fuel types
European objectives by 2020
Consequently, the European Union has set
ambitious objectives for the year
2020 to: 20:20:20
• Lower energy consumption by 20 % by
enhanced efficiency of energy use
• Reduce CO2 emissions by 20 % and
• Ensure that 20 % of the primary energy is
generated by renewable energy
resources (RES).
Potential of RES and CHP for Europe
2006, the European Commission published the ‘‘Strategic Energy
Technology Plan’’ (SET plan)
pp – power plant, 1– large hydro pp, 2– wind farm on-shore, 3– small hydro pp, 4–concentrated solar
thermal pp, 5 – biofuel pp, 6- wind farm off- shore, 7– low emission fossil pp , 8 – high voltage DC
transmission, 9– control center, 10 – micro- grid, 11 – wave pp, 12 – photovoltaic plants, 13 –
underground power transmission,14 – solar heating, 15 – hydrogen filling station, 16 – small electric
batteries,17 – thermal storage,18 – electricity storage,19 – cogeneration of heat and power, 20 – fuel cells
Power supply of the future—the vision
Energy mix in 2010 and the development targets for 2030 in Germany
Web Definition
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to
consumers using digital technology to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability.
Computer
A smart grid includes an intelligent molines for less power
loss, as well as the capability of integrating alternative
sources of electricity such as solar and wind.
Smart grid definition
“Smart Grid is defined
as a broad range of
solutions and
deployment of
Technologies that
optimize the energy
value chain. ”
“ It is evolving ”
Smart grid definition- Finally
Why Smart Grid?
1.Rising costs of capital, raw materials, and
labour
2.Aging infrastructure and workforce
3.Continuing national security concerns
4.Need for and viability of energy efficiency
caused by the expansion of the global
economy
5.Rising energy costs with viable options
6.Increasing awareness of environmental
issues, including global warming
Why Smart Grid?
7.Regulatory pressures
8.Social pressures
9.Calls for energy efficiency
10.Growing demand for energy
11.Rising consumer expectations
12.Rapid innovations in Technology
Why Smart Grid?
13. The fundamental architecture of these
networks has been developed in most
countries to meet the needs of large,
predominantly carbon-based generation
technologies.
14. Now the networks will have to integrate
decentralized and renewable power generation
(on-shore/off-shore wind, photovoltaic,
combined heat & power), also with many small
suppliers, as well as supplying power to an
increasing number of electric vehicles.
15. More flexible transport of power is needed in
response to new energy markets and energy
trading, and to the trend towards location of
bulk generation far from load.
Future network
The solutions must be scalable, increase capacity for power
transfers, reduce energy losses, heighten efficiency and security of
supply and be backwardly compatible to include the installed base.
The world’s annual electricity generation amounted to about
20,250 TWh in the year 2012 and is expected to increase to
25,500 TWh by 2020 .
By 2010, the worldwide contributions of various PESs applied
for electricity generation were :
• 67 % fossil PES (35.5 % coal, 24.5 % natural gas, 7 % oil)
• 19 % RES (16 % hydroelectric, *1.2 % biomass, *1.1 %
wind, *0.4 % solar and *0.3% geothermal)
• 14 % nuclear power.
The high amount of burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide
CO2 into the atmosphere in such volumes that its re-absorption
by plants and trees is not possible.
Trends and Requirements for Electricity Generation
Methods of electricity generation
CO2 emissions and efficiency of fossil PES and RES
Network of RES to cover the global and regional electricity
demands—the Desertec map (Source Desertec Foundation )
Wind Power Plants
The advanced variable speed principles of wind power plants a) doubly fed
induction generator, b) Synchronous generator with frequency conversion
Pinst - installedwind power
Electricity generation by solar power
plants: a) PV b) CSP
Market shares of materials for photovoltaic cells
Dependency of the power generation on the
array direction
Benefits Disadvantages
1.Environment friendly renewable
generation regarding emissions,
noise and cleanness
2.Available during the daily
demand peak
3.Generation near to the
consumers
4.Easy to install, roofs may serve
for installations, flexible in size
configuration
5.Little maintenance over 20–30
years lifetime
1.Low efficiency volatility of
electricity generation,
2.Only available when there is
daylight
3.Mechanical sensitive
4.Toxic chemical elements are
used for manufacturing,
danger of fire
5.High capital expenses
Benefits and disadvantages of PV
Most commonly applied CSP principles:
a ) reflector trough,
b ) solar power tower
Scheme of a reflector trough based CSP plant
with thermal storage
Reflector trough plant Shams 1,
Abu Dhabi ,Oil temperature 390 C
260 000 reflectors, 768 troughs
Square 2.5 km
Installed power: 100 MW
No thermal storage,
Solar power tower plant Gemasolar,
Spain Altitude solar tower 140 m
2 650 heliostats, each 10 x 10 m
Square: 0.18 km
Installed power: 20 MW
Thermal storage, liquid salt 565 C, 15 h
Pinst - installed power capacity
CHP technologies based on RES—overview
Cogeneration of Heat and Power Applying Renewable
Energy Sources
Geothermal Power Plants
The International Geothermal Association has reported that
10,715 MW of geothermal power plants were operated
worldwide in 24 countries by 2010.
The USA is leading the world in geothermal electricity
production with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power
plants followed by Indonesia with 1,904 MW of capacity.
Geothermal energy covers about 27 % of the electricity
demand in
Indonesia .
Newly erected geothermal power capacity in the period 2005–2010
The fuel cell
principle of a PEM fuel cell
Overview of the fuel cell categories
PEM FC for CHP at a swimming hall (Source EnBW,
project Edison)
Electric Energy Storage Systems
Electric Energy Storage Systems (EESS) are usually classified by two
criteria:
The rated power and time of discharge which corresponds with the
energy storage capacity.
According to these criteria three use cases of EESS may be defined:
Power Quality, Power Bridging and Energy Management.
The requested power is needed for short time intervals (in the
range of seconds and minutes) and may be rated from a few kW to
a few MW. Typical EESS for this use case may be based on the
technologies of:
• high power fly wheels,
• superconducting magnetic energy storage,
• high power super capacitors,
• several types of batteries.
Power Bridging
It is mostly used to provide an uninterrupted supply if the main
power fails. For example, this use case is applied in hospitals,
computer and telecommunication centers.
In principle, the DC power supply of the control and protection
facilities in substations belongs to the power bridging concept.
This use case may be also applied to compensate the fast
fluctuations of the wind or solar power generation.
Usually, the discharge and the availability times are in the order
of minutes. The rated power may gain tenths of MW. Typical
EESS technologies for Power Bridging are:
• high energy super capacitors,
• several types of batteries..
The EESS technologies suitable for energy management
tasks include:
• Pumped—storage hydro-electric power plants (PSHPP),
• compressed air energy storage (CAES),
• high energy batteries of various technologies,
• indirect principles like
– ‘‘power to gas’’ and
– a combination of thermal storage/electric heating to ensure
a more flexible contribution of CHP plants for energy
management.
Energy Management
Schematic constellation of a
pumped-storage power plant
Electric Energy Storage Systems
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants (PSHPP)
provide the largest-capacity form of electric energy
storage.
The world largest PSHPPs are currently operated in the
USA—Bath County with 3 GW
In China—Huizhou and Gungdong—each with 2.4 GW
installed power .
The energy efficiency of the PSHPPs varies in practice
between 70 and 80 % depending on the age, the
technology and the geographical conditions.
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants (PSHPP)
In the framework of the Smart Grid concept, the role of pump
storage plants is significantly increasing.
PSHPPs present the only economic means for the long term and
bulk storage of electric energy, and they are currently the only type
of electric storage in use that is large and dynamic enough to meet
the challenges of large scale volatile power in-feeds.
PSHPPs are able to store an excess of volatile
renewable energy and to provide energy in periods of energy and
power deficits.
Consequently, the PSHPPs cover more than 99 % of the bulk energy
storage worldwide. The global installed power capacity is about 140
GW, and approximately 74 GW of new installations are under
construction until 2020
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants (PSHPP)
Smart grid definition
Efficient transmission and distribution
of electricity is a fundamental
requirement
for sustainable development and
prosperity throughout the world.
However, the
world will have to face great challenges
in this area in the 21st century.
Smart grid definition
Efficient transmission and distribution
of electricity is a fundamental
requirement
for sustainable development and
prosperity throughout the world.
However, the
world will have to face great challenges
in this area in the 21st century.
Prof M.S.Thacker, Director, CSIR & Head Planning
Committee recommended setting up of Power Research
Institute (PRI) in Bangalore,Switchgear Testing &
Development Station (STDS) in Bhopal -1956.
1960 - Bangalore Unit with comprehensive facility
1960 - Bhopal Unit for Switchgear Testing &
Development
1992 - Regional Testing Laboratory, Ghaziabad
1993 - Ultra High Voltage Research Laboratory
(UHVRL), Hyd
1993 - Thermal Research Centre (TRC), Nagpur
2006 - Regional Testing Laboratory, Kolkata
2007 - Regional Testing Laboratory, Guwahati
Establishment of CPRI
13. Switch Gear Testing & Development
Station, Bhopal
14. Ultra High Voltage Research
Laboratory, Hyderabad
15. Thermal Research Centre, Nagpur
16. Regional Testing Laboratory, Noida
17. Regional Testing Laboratory, Kolkata
18. Regional Testing Laboratory,
Guwahati
Units of CPRI
• Contribution to enhanced reliability of
Power System components
• Testing and evaluation of power equipment
upto 1200kV rating as per National / International
standards
• Aided the growth of electrical industry by design
validation of equipment and failure analysis
• Standardization - The Scientists & Engineers are
also involved in the ugradation of National /
International Standards ( almost half
chairmanships are from CPRI)
Contribution to Indian Power Sector
Central Power Research Institute
R&D Credentials
Contd….
Over 2000 Research Papers presented and
published in National & Intl fora
Over 45 awards received for best Research
Paper Presentations, Best Young Engineer
award etc
India Power Awards 2011 bagged by CPRI for
excellence in Testing and Certification of
Power equipment
CPRI also conferred Best Research
Laboratory by NAFEN Engineers Foundation
6th Enertia Awards 2012 was received by
CPRI for being “A World class National
Institution of Excellence in India”
CPRI Performance (Last 5 years)
Sl.
No
Performance
Parameters
Perfor-
mance
2008-09
Perfor-
mance
2009-10
Perfor-
mance
2010-11
Perform
ance
2011-12
Performa
nce
2012-13
1. Revenue Earnings
(Rs. in Crores)
73.10 96.00 139.71 135.24 147.91
2 Research Papers
59
29
(88)
59
48
(107)
24
116
(140)
68
149
(217)
102
173
(279)
International /
National
3. Research projects
(Completed)
14 12 15 15 18
4. Seminar/Conference/
Workshop/Training
Programmes
organized by CPRI
19 12 47 83 81
5. Filings of Patents 2 05 03 12 7
6 Number of personnel
deployed
684 684 657 613 579
Establishment projects Under XII Plan proposals”
Major Components: A. Establishment of New Transmission Tower and Seismic Test
Facility @ Rs.130 Cr
B. Relocation and Augmentation of Thermal Research Centre
Nagpur and expansion of Nagpur Unit @ Rs.48 Cr
C. Augmentation of existing testing regional lab at Kolkata &
Guwahati and establishment of New Regional Test center @
Rs.54.42 Cr.
D. Establishment of 40 kA continuous current Temperature raise
test Facility ( Rs 15 Cr)
E. Setting up of test facility for LV,MV& Power cables at Northern
Region @ Rs.21.60Cr.
F. Setting up of test facility for LV,MV&Power Cables at western
region @Rs.115.30Cr
G. Setting up of Advanced Research facilities like Superconductive
technology,Nano,Super grid lab etc. @ Rs.48.00 Cr
H. Infrastructure improvement for business development and
protection @ Rs.43.00 Cr
Project Outlay: 475.32
Crore
Duration :5 Years
Central Power Research Institute