Smart City Benchmark

Advancing Sustainability [email protected]+44 7710 039337

Smart City Benchmark

March 2011

This report was commissioned by Bristol City Council and funded by the Department of Climate Change as part of its Local Carbon Framework programme. It covers an international analysis of smart city activities. A further report that assesses existing Bristol smart city activities together with an analysis of how smart technologies can help Bristol achieve its carbon reduction and economic development objectives can be downloaded at http://www.slideshare.net/Bristolcc/bristol-smart-city-report

For further information on Bristol’s smart city activities please contact:

Lorraine HudsonBristol Futures [email protected]

Tel: +44 (0)117 9224470

About this report

While Advancing Sustainability LLP considers that the information, opinions and recommendations given in this work are sound and reasonable, users of the report must rely upon their own skill and judgement when interpreting or applying it. Other than those held by contract, Advancing Sustainability cannot, and does not, accept liability for losses suffered, whether direct or consequential, arising out of any reliance on the findings presented.

About Advancing Sustainability LLP

Disclaimer

Advancing Sustainability has experience in developing organisational strategy, reporting, metrics, target setting, climate change, application of smart technologies, risk assessment, governance, thought leadership, stakeholder dialogue, media, public affairs and international industry collaboration. 

More information is available at advancingsustainability.com

Methodology and statistics

Green and/or Smart?Cities can be green without being smart, and/or smart without being green.

This report focuses on green and smart with a particular emphasis on

reducing carbon emissions.

WasteWaterEnergyBiodiversityOrganic

EducationHealthRetailSafetyUtilitiesTransport

Methodology

Drawn from:• Signatories to the European Green Digital

Charter• Smart 2020 city case studies • City case studies highlighted by

corporations active in this space such as IBM, Accenture and Cisco

• ICT4EE 2010 conference case studies• Living Lab case studies• General web browsing

>100 Cities

Assessed against:• Energy Infrastructure• Transport Substitution• Transport Low C vehicles• Transport System Efficiency• Integrated Information Flows

Interim review point and narrowing of analysis

46 Cities

Specific Focus on:• smart grids (including

meters)• transport• city dashboard

Desk Research Report

Analysis1

Data

Case studies

1. This presentation

Initial top level trawl of global smart city

activities.Detailed analysis with

focus on three key areas.

Presentation of findings at three

levels.

46 global cities

StatisticsCity case study distribution by category

Demand side management

Energy efficiency schemes

Low carbon generation

Smart grid

Smart meters

Home working

Work centres

Remote maintenance

Security / health / education

Electric Vehicles

Mobility on demand

Deliveries - eg e-commerce

Field Force Automation

Logistic flows

Telematics

Integrated Transport

City dashboard

Other data integration

5 10 15

StatisticsCity case study distribution by sector impacted

Note: Some case studies covered more than one sector.

Domestic

Commercial

Public Sector

Mobility

10 20 30 40 50

StatisticsCity case study distribution by maturity of deployment

Researching refers to something in the planning or early prototype stage. Implementing refers to a larger scale project under implementation. Complete means fully up and running but could still be subject to further development.

30%

38%

33%ResearchingImplementingCompleted

StatisticsCity case study distribution by scale of deployment

16%

34%51% Street

DistrictCity

Reflections

Why deploy IT to be green?

UbiquityCommunication infrastructure is now ubiquitous. In the UK fixed line broadband, mobile phone coverage, GPS etc are all reaching 100% coverage. Urban areas are also very well served by 3G.

AutomatesIT can automatically optimise systems in real time.

Hidden complexityWhen implemented well IT systems can manage hugely complex problems in the background and deliver simple interfaces to the user.

Data RichIT creates extensive data that allows multiple systems to interact and can inform better decision making.

New Solutions to Old ProblemsSmart solutions can provide more cost effective ways to solve old problems but require people to adapt to change.

The Macro-Economic CaseThere is a strong macro-economic case for smart city deployment.

The Smart 2020 report identified potential energy and carbon savings across the global economy from deployment of smart technologies. The figures below show how the Smart 2020 findings scale to Bristol at 2010 values based on a GDP ratio.

Potential Savings (£m pa)

Smart Grid 20

Smart Transport* 69

Smart Buildings** 53

* Transport savings are disproportionately higher due to the much higher levels of duty and taxation. ** Smart Buildings don’t necessarily require connectivity and most of the savings arise from standalone technology including building management systems, lighting control, voltage optimisation etc.

The Business OpportunityGoldman Sachs estimates smart grids will be worth $750 billion globally for equipment makers, with Europe making up a quarter of that total. In total they say Europe could spend $187 billion through the next 30 years on transmission, distribution and metering systems.http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68T2T020100930, Sept 2010

Cumulative global investment in smart grids, including smart meter implementations as well as upgrades to the transmission and distribution infrastructure, will approach $46 billion by 2015, according to the latest forecasts from ABI Research.http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1688-Smart+Grid+Spending+Will+Top+$45+Billion+by+2015

Ofgem estimates that £32 billion of extra investment will be required in the next decade in the [UK] electricity networks. The Net Present Value (NPV) of the reinforcement costs avoided in a ‘smart’ system with a 50% penetration of electric cars and heat pumps could be between £2.4 and £8.1 billion.Smart Grids: Commercial Opportunities and Challenges for the UK, Knowledge Transfer Network .

Early Days

By far the majority of case studies examined were in the research or pilot stage. There are very few examples of smart technology city deployment at scale. This may be because currently there is no commercially realisable, self sustaining business model. This means that projects tend to cease once the funding runs out and that projects are often opportunistic in the sense that they are driven more by the requirements of the funding than as part of a long term carbon reduction plan of the city.

Key sources of funding are:

• European Commission eg FP7, Elena, Intelligent Energy Europe• UK eg LCNF, Plugged in Places• Economic stimulus packages, eg USA, South Korea• Corporate investment, eg Cisco Connected Urban

Development

Barriers to IT deployment• New ways of thinking

Engineers, planners, architects etc have often not been trained to consider IT solutions to their problems.

• Breaking down the silos

IT solutions can require a more holistic approach.

• Chicken and Egg

Some smart solutions will only work when deployed at scale. Small scale pilots often fail.

• Business Case

There is very little hard data available which makes it difficult to establish the business case for action at an individual project level.

• Retrofit

It’s often difficult to retrofit smart solutions into existing buildings, systems and infrastructure.

• Standards

A lack of agreed technical standards is delaying the implementation of smart technologies.

Smart Grids

The UK government has plans to deploy smart meters to 26 million UK homes by 2020 – a project that the Department of Energy and Climate Change forecasts will cost the UK £9.2 billion.

As of January 2010 there were estimated to be in excess of 170,000 domestic smart meters installed in the UK. British Gas, is considered to be leading the rollout of the new technology, and is expected to have at least 2 million meters installed by end 2012. This energy supplier is reportedly installing on average 1,000 new smart meters every day. 1

The world's largest smart meter deployment was undertaken by Enel SpA, the dominant utility in Italy with over 27 million customers. Between 2000 and 2005 Enel deployed smart meters to its entire customer base.2

Smart Meters

1. Opcit DECC Impact Assessment Rollout of smart meters in the domestic sector 20102. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter

1. Demand management◦ Balancing the grid by controlling level of demand

2. Grid energy efficiency◦ Improve efficiency of electricity distribution system

3. Information◦ Changes behaviour through transparency of usage

4. Low carbon generation◦ Enables increased levels of intermittent supply

5. Capacity Enhancement◦ Extends traditional system capacity, storage

6. Low Carbon economy◦ Deployment of electric vehicles, heat pumps etc.

Smart Grids Enable:

1. Demand ManagementMartha’s VineyardA GE pilot project. 120 Profile smart appliances in 35 households, $800,000 grant from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

New YorkLarge retrofit of Empire State Building. Demand control ventilation using CO2 sensors to determine occupancy

Washington DCSmart metering pilot project tested behavior of customers to dynamic pricing; more than 90% saved money by cutting their consumption. Customers reaction was strongest to "critical peak pricing," which hiked electricity rates to five times over normal for about 60 hours during the year. Rates reflected slight discounts during the rest of the year.

2. Grid Energy EfficiencyBoulder, ColoradoA fully network-connected system that identifies all aspects of the power grid and communicates its status and the impact of consumption changes to automated decision-making systems on that network.

MaltaIntegrating both water and power systems, will be able to identify water leaks and electricity losses in the grid. 250,000 interactive meters will monitor electricity usage in real time, set variable rates, and reward customers who consume less.

3. InformationJutlandEnergiMidt (energy supplier Jutland) is deploying the NES system from Echelon to its 176,000 electricity customers. Special meters in the NES smart grid infrastructure allows the grid to be managed as one integrated system. Customers follow their energy consumption online and a new application called My Energy allows consumption display via iphone.

New YorkLarge retrofit of Empire State Building. Tenant energy management –submetering provides online info allowing tenants to benchmark themselves against each other.

4. Low Carbon Generation

South WalesLCNF winner. Observes in real time what happens to the networks when microgeneration, such as PV solar panels, comes online. Involves over 100,000 customers – around 10 per cent of the South Wales population. Some will have a voltage monitor fitted in their home. Installs monitoring equipment at over 1,000 distribution substations, from high density urban areas to rural hamlets.

5. Capacity EnhancementOrkneyThe installation of a smart grid cost ‘substantially less’ than a new interconnect cable with the mainland (£30m) and allowed the Orkney Isles to increase the amount of electricity generated from renewable sources by 15MW. The technology manages multiple renewable generators against multiple grid bottlenecks.

East LincolnshireLNCF winner “Low Carbon Hub”. Solutions to maximize renewable generation. Essentially an electricity generating plant connected to a distribution network rather than the transmission network.

6. Low carbon economy

LondonLCNF winner “Low Carbon London”. Links to Plugged in Places scheme with 25,000 EV charging points by 2015 supporting 100,000 EVs. Incorporates Sainsbury’s electric delivery vehicles.

Large scale demonstrator

SingaporeThe Intelligent Energy System (IES) pilot will involve around 4,500 customers in various residential, commercial and industrial locations, including the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) campus, the CleanTech Park at Jalan Bahar and the Punggol Eco-Precinct. 1st phase 2010-2012: enabling infrastructure for IES. Phase 2 (2012-2013) smart grid applications.

The total budget is $30 million, funded by the Government and Singapore Power. Accenture is lead partner working with ST Electronics (Info-Comm Systems), Oracle, Hewlett Packard, Power Automation, Control4 and Greenwave

Large scale demonstrator

MalagaThe Malaga Smartcity main goal is to achieve an optimal integration of renewable energies into the power grid. It includes new models of distributed energy resources management, smart meters for remote management, battery storage systems for air conditioning, street lighting and electric transportation. EURO 30m budget over 4 years with aim to reduce energy consumption by 20%emissions

Large scale demonstratorSouth Korea1. Development of Korean Energy Management System2. Development of Intelligent Transmission Network Monitoring and Operation System3. IT Based Control System for Bulk Power Transmission 4.Development of Prototype for Advanced Substation Automation System based on the Digital Control Technology5. The Development of Power Equipment Monitoring System using Active Telemetrics. 6. Development of Intelligent Distribution Management System 7. Development of Power Line Communication (PLC) Ubiquitous Technology 8. Power Semiconductor for Dispersed Generation and Industrial Inverter Application 9. Development of integration EMS for the microgrid and application technology to site 10. Consumer Portal System for IT-Based Energy Services Business

Transport

1. Reducing congestion◦ Congestion charging, traffic signal control, parking assistance

2. Personal mobility on demand◦ Bikes, cars

3. Public transport on demand ◦ Mini bus service on request

4. Information◦ Real time information systems

5. Integrated logistics◦ Extends traditional system capacity, storage

6. Electric vehicles◦ Charging / payment points, vehicle diagnostics, media etc.

7. Travel Substitution◦ Homeworking, telecentres

Smart Transport Systems:

1. Reducing CongestionHamburgElbe tunnel - used by up to 150,000 vehicles a day. An automated system controls surface lights to direct vehicles as they approach.

LisbonIBL Intermittent Bus Lane involves temporary creation of a bus lane as the bus approaches and then reverts back to normal road usage.

1. Reducing Congestion

PortlandTraffic signal optimization ensures maximum green light times for the heaviest traffic flows and allows signal cycle time to adjust based on changing demands. First established in 2004. Won many awards. Portland claim to have eliminated more than 157,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions over six years. The priority traffic signalling programme has been applied to buses and freight reducing waiting time but also reducing wear and tear of the roads near traffic lights and intersections. In addition, Portland has deployed advance information systems to reroute travellers in real time around accidents to alternative routes.

1. Reducing CongestionSan FranciscoSmart parking meters and parking wireless sensors installed in pilot areas across the City in 2010 feeding into data hub. Real-time parking data to be available, both on SFpark.org and as open source data feed. Allows demand-responsive pricing. Designed to cut down number of vehicles circling for parking.

London, StockholmCongestion charging schemes with number plate recognition systems. London feeds traffic flow data into London Congestion Analysis Project turning it into valuable journey time information.

2. Personal Mobility on Demand

London, Paris, MontrealAutomated, self serve bike hire schemes. Real time smart phone / web applications indicate system capacity.

City Car Club14 Cities in the UK whereby a member may rent a car or van on an hourly basis. Membership card read by reader mounted on dashboard to unlock car; internal computer activates vehicle when correct pin entered. Vehicle must be returned to same parking bay.

3. Public Transport on Demand

HelsinkiMetropol is a university research project investigating on demand shared mini bus booking system where amount paid depends on stated priority of journey time. Higher fare (which is always less than a taxi) = fewer passengers and more direct route.

4. Real Time Information

San FranciscoThe Connected Bus pilot has high speed wireless Internet access for all passengers. “NextMuni” real-time travel information (location, routes, wait times, and more) via onboard touch screens plus “Green Gauge” calculator that provides information on the bus’s environmental impact. Part of Cisco Connected Urban Development (CUD) program.

5. Integrated Logistics

Bilbao, Helmond, Krakov, LyonAll partners in the Freilot, EC funded project (€4m). Project is a mix of smart and green. IT components include traffic signal priority for HGVs including in-cab display showing time to green signal, and delivery space booking.

The Delivery Space Booking service in Bilbao enables a request for a parking zone for a specified identification card (Chip card), performed via Web or Toll machine next to the delivery zone. The system will confirm the reservation and specify the bay reserved. The parking zone operator knows in real time the status of each reservation made. If an illegal vehicle is detected a message is sent to the enforcement services. Sensors in the road (similar to cats eyes) on edge of zone flash green when available, red when booked, but are turned off when occupied.

6. Electric Vehicles

Many cities are introducing EV charging points, often encouraged by EC or national funding schemes such as Plugged in Places.

Many first generation charging points in public places delivered the power for free. This will not last and charging points will have connectivity to cover payments and may included other services such as the vehicle providing service status reports to the manufacturer and options to deliver content to the cars media system.

7. Travel Substitution

AmsterdamSmart work centres including full Cisco Telepresence. Space can be booked through http://www.w-smartwork.nl.

Ipswich30 employee homeworking study measuring carbon emission reduction. Energy monitors where deployed into households and offices.

City Dashboard

The concept of a ‘city dashboard’ covers the aggregation and interpretation of multiple data sets, and their presentation through one or more user interfaces. At an ideal level this would bring together city information on energy, transport, waste, water, etc. into a unified display portal.

It has not been possible to identify an example of a full city dashboard. However, the following examples illustrate some of the possible building blocks.

City Dashboard

Open DataHelsinkiOnline services to allow users to search and utilise open public-sector data. Beta version will be launched at start of 2011. Afterwards, developed further using a user-centric approach based on testing and learning. The target is to have a significant portion of the data for the Helsinki region accessible by 2012.

A number of cities have open data access sites:• http://data.london.gov.uk/• http://opendata.paris.fr/• http://data.dc.gov/ (District of Columbia)

Transport Data WarehouseLondon, York, KentTakes feeds from multiple transport related data sources. Transport for London example shown below.

Hotel DashboardNebraskaIntelligent energy management solution designed to reduce energy costs installed in Oct 2010 in the 74 bedroom hotel Comfort Suites, Nebraska. An interactive dashboard integrates in-room electronic systems and status including occupancy, locks, safes, lighting and energy management. It allows the hotel to manage subsystems remotely over the hotel LAN or web-based connection.

Eco-mapSan Francisco, AmsterdamCity district level dasboard of energy, waste and transport usage designed to reduce carbon emissions whilst fostering economic growth in a community. First launched by Cisco in 2009 and further developed in Amsterdam.

Novel SensorsCopenhagenHybrid e-bikes that also function as mobile sensing units. Captures energy dissipated while cycling and braking and saves it for when you need a bit of a boost. It also maps pollution levels, traffic congestion, and road conditions in real-time. Uses apps in mobile to feed pollution data etc. into city dashboard.

BordeauxLED-based street-lighting that dim in response to changing environmental conditions. Embedded sensors measure the light, temperature, intensity of current and detect motion. Light are connected to the internet enabling remote control and maintenance. EU funded.

Final Thoughts

Making Connections

DATA CONSOLIDATOR

SMART GRID

SMART TECHNOLOG

Y

SMART TRANSPORT

data optimisation

city dashboard

apps creation

Drive efficiencies into a system and commodities (eg energy) can become cheaper and / or existing constraints are diminished (eg reduced road congestion)

In either case there is a real danger consumption will increase to fill the void

To prevent a rebound the system must adapt quickly to capture the carbon reduction

Beware the Rebound

“Sustainability is the single biggest business opportunity of the 21st

century… it will be the next source of competitive advantage”

(Lee Scott, CEO of Wal-Mart, Oct 2005)