Small Scale Quarry and Its Effects on the Livelihood of the People in Ga-East Municipality in Ghana.

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SMALL-SCALE STONE QUARRYING: IT’S CONTRIBUTION TO PEOPLE’S

LIVELIHOODS. A CASE STUDY OF GA EAST MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLY

BY

John Mbah Aduku

&

Fred Awaah

ABSTRACT

Stone quarrying is an economically important and widespread activity in Ghana and has

existed since historical times. However, in spite of its remarkable contribution towards

economic development, some adverse impacts have been noticed, especially where

extraction is carried out without proper planning and use of modern technology and

scientific methods. The main objective of the study is to assess the contribution of small

scale stone quarrying towards the people’s livelihoods in the Ga-East Municipality of

Ghana. In all 190 respondents were contacted out of which 180 were made out of stone

quarry workers and 10 stakeholders. Questionnaires administration records obtained from

the communities revealed notable deteriorations in the health of the people as a result of

the quarrying activities in the area. Notable among these is the prevalence of malaria

though not related to dust emissions; it results from mosquitoes breeding in the stagnant

pools of water found in pits created as a result of the mining activity. Other common

health cases recorded were acute respiratory tract infection, ear and eye infections, cough

and pneumonia. In view of this, the study recommends official recognition of small scale

quarrying so as to enhance sustainable development in harvesting of a non-renewable

natural resource.

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1.0 Introduction

Quarrying is the process of obtaining quarry resources, usually rocks, found on or below

the land surface (Banez, 2010). The difference between mining and quarrying is that

quarrying extracts nonmetallic rocks and aggregates while quarrying excavates the site

for metallic mineral de-posits. Some of the stones extracted are stones, lime-stone,

perlite, marble, ironstone, slate, granite, rock salt and phosphate rock. The suitability of

the stone for quarrying depends on its quality, the possibility of cheap and ready

conveyance to a large market; and its inclination and depth below the surface.

Rock quarrying and stone crushing is a global phenomenon, and has been the cause of

concern everywhere in the world, including the advanced countries. Quarrying activity is

a necessity that provides much of the materials used in traditional hard flooring, such as

granite, limestone, marble, stones, slate and even just clay to make ceramic tiles.

However, like many other man-made activities (anthropogenic factors), quarrying

activities cause significant impact on the environment (Okafor, 2006). In particular, it is

often necessary to blast rocks with explosives in order to extract material for processing

but this method of extraction gives rise to noise pollution, air pollution, damage to

biodiversity and habitat destruction.

The significant contribution of small scale stone quarry to the world production was

noted early on by quarrying engineers (Noestaller, 2009). These quarries are part of the

burgeoning informal or ‘unorganised’ sector of third world economies; however the term

‘informal’ is often used synonymously with ‘illegal’. The strong anti-quarrying

movements led by pro-environment groups have generally focused on three main areas:

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the negative aspects of unregulated mineral extraction; not differentiating between small

scale and large-scale quarrying and overlooking the question of livelihoods of the large

numbers of people involved and their livelihoods in Small Scale Quarrying (Bhanumathi,

2004).

The official attitude is often to regulate, regularize and formalize the supply chains and

links especially in the high value mineral products such as gold and diamonds (CASM,

2005). It is well-known that Small Scale Quarry (SSQ) comprise a significant part of the

labour force in the informal income-generating activities and SSQ workers do indeed

constitute a large segment of workers in the informal mines all over the world. This study

examines this area of work and livelihoods of SSQ workers, the regional focus being

South Asia. The patriarchal social structure of South Asian societies tends to obscure the

contributions made by the SSQ workers in these mines, and the roles and livelihood

concerns of SSQ workers.

This study presents a review of the emerging issues related to livelihoods around quarries

in the Ga-East Municipality in Ghana and addresses a gap in existing knowledge in Small

Scale Quarrying and on gender roles in the informal mines. It is part of a wider,

exploratory and ongoing research based on the case study method by several partners and

myself in selected locations. Although a large number of lives depend on the incomes

generated from small-scale quarry extraction, and community members perform a range

of productive or income-generating activities around these mines including those at

home, this study focuses only on the contribution small scale quarry impacts on the

livelihood of SSQ workers working in Small Scale Quarrying business.

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In the Greater Accra Region of Ghana in particular where the land mass is already over-

populated, commercial gravel extraction to supply aggregates to the construction industry

has been on the increase in recent years. This has to a large extent contributed to land

degradation and desertification through the destruction of economically important trees,

mostly indigenous in nature. This practice leaves behind bare soil and a large expanse of

gullies which can collect water during rainy seasons. This can result not only in health–

related problems for neighbourhood communities, but can cause negative impacts on the

environment as well (Warhurst, 2009, 2012).

The Ga East Municipal Assembly is located at the northern part of Greater Accra Region.

The Administrative capital of the District is Abokobi. The municipality forms part of

sixteen (16) Metropolis, municipalities and Districts in the Greater Accra Region. The

Municipality shares boundaries with Akuapim South Municipal to the North, Ga East

Municipal to the West, Adentan Municipal to the South and La-Nkwantanang-Madina to

the East.

This is due to the enabling factors for development coupled with the infrastructural set-up

and the municipality’s proximity to the nation’s capital, Accra. Most people in the

municipality engage in four main economic activities including commerce, agriculture,

service provision and industry.

Nonetheless, gravel sites from the study area are a particularly attractive source of

aggregates as they are relatively well sorted, easily accessible and cheap to extract (Sear

& Archer, 2008). This has potentially adverse impacts on the natural environment,

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society and cultural heritage, the health and safety of mine workers, and communities

based in close proximity to operations (Moody & Panos, 2007) and dislocation (Akabzaa,

2000). While the people in general are familiar with the need and importance of stone and

gravel quarrying for construction material, the awareness of the negative impact this has

on the environment, biodiversity and food security may not be as commonly known.

Again, like many other man-made activities, quarrying involves the production of

significant amounts of waste. Some types of quarries do not produce large amounts of

permanent waste, such as stone and gravel quarries, whereas others will produce

significant amounts of waste material such as clay and silt (Wang, 2007).

The good news is that they are generally inert and non-hazardous, unlike the waste from

many other processes. However, there is still potential for damage to the environment

particularly with water contamination. Plants are major components of the ecosystem – a

complex interaction between the biotic and abiotic entities of the environment. The

industry, unfortunately discharge dust that settles not only on land, plants and trees but

also on surface waters used for drinking and other domestic chores by the community

(Osha, 2006).

The green plants especially, by virtue of their photosynthetic activities occupy an

important position in the existence of life because of their ability to maintain a balance in

the volume of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide which leads to the purification of the

environment. They supply man with food, drugs, fibres, fuel, building and other raw

materials and serve as ornamentals. The plants, by their activities, influence and

determine to a large extent, the type of fauna to be expected and any change or tilt in their

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composition either vegetation, affects the animal life in terms of food, shelter, security

and comfort. Such vegetation changes are the main concern of environmental botanists

and ecologists in recent years who have advocated the careful and cautious approach to

activities promoting such changes (Wang, 2011).

Air pollution generally and especially dust from quarry sites are known to be responsible

for vegetation injury and crop yield loss and thus become a threat to the survival of plants

in industrial areas (Iqbal & Shafig, 2011). Such dusts reduce plant cover, height and

number of leaves. Apart from the dust emitted, toxic compounds such as fluoride,

Magnesium, Lead, Zinc, Copper, Beryllium, Sulphuric acid and Hydrochloric acid are

injurious to the vegetation.

1.2 Problem Statement

Most studies Aboagye (2006), Midamba and Ekechi (2005) show the prevalence of the

informal sector in urban areas. Odongo (2011) acknowledges the significance of the

sector in Ghana which supports close to 800,000 enterprises; and provides employment to

an estimated population of 1.5 million people, which amounts to about ninety percent of

the non-farm workers. However in spite of the high underemployment and

unemployment rates in the rural areas where most of the youth are found, most studies

relating to the informal sector have been carried out in the urban areas (MLSW, 2011).

Recent studies by Bryceson (2011, 2012), Ellis (2008, 2010), Gordon and Craig (2011)

among others have shown that rural economies are not only based on agriculture.

Evidence from this documented information shows the need to acknowledge non-farm

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activities as a source livelihood to rural households. This is especially relevant to Ghana,

where close to 88 percent of the population is rural based and depends on agriculture as

the main source of income (Adjei, 2011).

While quarries can cause significant impact to the environment, with the right planning

and management, many of the negative effects can be minimized or controlled and in

many cases, there is great opportunity to protect and enhance the environment, such as

with the translocation of existing habitats or the creation of new ones. Therefore to

achieve the equilibrium between natural ecosystems, project planning, formulation and

implementation is needed.

In spite of the dangers of the dust emission resulting from limestone quarrying, there has

not been any study on the effects of this activity on the environment and the health of the

people living in this community. The objectives of this study are therefore to assess the

contribution of Small Scale Quarrying activities towards the livelihood of the people of

Ga East Municipality. It is hoped that the results of this study will not only help

environmental scientists but also politicians in policy formulation.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to assess the contribution of small scale stone

quarrying towards the people’s livelihoods in the Ga-East Municipality of Ghana.

However the study seeks to achieve the following specific objectives:

1. Find out why people engage in small scale stone quarrying in the Ga-East

Municipality.

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2. Identifying the constraints associated with small scale stone quarrying in relation

to the vulnerability context.

3. Assessing the effects of processes, institutions and policies on small scale

quarrying in Ga-East Municipality.

4. Exploring the outcomes of small scale stone quarrying activities in Ga East

Municipality.

1.4 Research Questions

1. Who are involved in stone quarrying and why are they engaged in small scale

stone quarrying, particularly Ga-East Municipality?

2. What constraints limit small scale stone quarrying and what coping strategies do

the workers use?

3. Do laws, policies or institutions hinder or enhance stone quarrying?

4. How have culture and gender roles affected quarrying activities and consequently

livelihood outcomes of the stone workers?

5. What livelihood outcomes have the workers attained from engaging in stone

quarrying the in Ga-East Municipality?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The result of this study will therefore help to identify contribution small scale stone

quarrying to people’s livelihoods in the Ga-East Municipality and the effects of quarry

activities on the livelihood of stone quarry worker and recommend alternative solutions

that will help improve small scale quarry business in Ghana.

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The study will also be of immense contribution, to knowledge and will provide a

background for further studies in assessing the extent to which contribution small scale

stone quarrying has affected people’s livelihoods in the Ga-East Municipality and to the

Ghanaian economy as a whole.

On the general level, such an investigation has implications for developing country

governments and policy makers who are trying to establish effective strategies to assist

the stone quarry sector of their economy and for academics interested in understanding

the relevance of stone quarry extraction as a means of increasing market value of quarry

sector in developing economies such as Ghana.

2.0 Methodology

The researcher adopted descriptive survey design and a case study in the mentioned

locality. Descriptive research method is an approach to research to systematically

investigate people, group or pattern of behaviours. The main purpose of using descriptive

research method is to obtain first hand data from respondents. Also, due to the flexibility

of this method it can use either qualitative or quantitative data or both, hence it was

considered for this study. A case study method is an approach to studying a social

phenomenon through a thorough analysis of an individual case. This study broadly

examines the contributions of Small Scale Quarrying activities towards the livelihood of

the people in the Ga East Municipality, and hence the choosing of the case study

approach.

Two hundred (200) residents in Ga East Municipality were selected for this study. This

large number respondent represents the sample size. The large sample size helped in

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minimizing sampling error and the results represents the true views of the entire

population. The study used the non probability sampling technique, that is, the quota

sampling and the purposive sampling method was used to choose respondents on random

basis as they have similar characteristics.

The completed questions were collected, checked and properly edited before data entry

was carried out. The data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Scientist

(SPSS). Descriptive statistics such percentages and frequencies were used to represent the

data in the form of tables.

3.0 Results and Discussion

This section deals with the presentation and discussion of the results as provided by the

respondents. Two hundred (200) respondents were targeted but only one hundred and

ninety 190 responded representing 95% of the respondents.

Table 4.1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Respondents Age in Years No of Respondents Percentage

Under 20 5 2.63

20 - 30 40 21.05

31 - 40 125 65.79

41 - 50 10 5.26

51 and above 10 5.26

Education

Primary 120 63.16

JHS 21 11.05

SHS/voc/technical 5 2.63

No education 44 23.16

Marital Status

Single 15 7.89

Married 40 21.05

Divorced 25 13.16

Widower 72 37.89

Separated 38 20.00

Family Size

1-3 12 6.32

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4-6 81 42.63

7-9 65 34.21

10 and above 32 16.84

Sex

Female 150 78.95

Male 40 21.05

Column Totals 190 100

Source: Field Survey 2014

The study reveals that out of 190 residents interviewed 150 were males representing

78.95% of the respondents, and the remaining 40 were females representing 21.05%. As

can be seen from the table majority of the respondents are in the age range of 31-40 years

representing 65.79% of the respondents. This agrees with the results obtained in the 2000

national population and housing census, indicating that the communities are

economically less developed. Only 2.63% of the respondents are below 20 years. Also

the high number of people ranging between ages 20-30 must be as result of the influx of

the stone wining activities. The 5.26% of elderly signifies low life expectancy.

The study also revealed that, 21.05% of the respondents are married with only 7.89%

who are single. The table also shows that 13.16% of the respondents are divorced and

37.89% are widows or widowers. The remaining 20% of the respondents are separated. It

can therefore be inferred that majority of the respondents are married with the minority

either being widows or widowers. This may be as result of the nature of the quarry

activities in the community. It can be deduced that majority of the respondents have a

family size ranging from 4-6 which forms 42.63% of the participants.

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The table shows that majority of people questioned had formal education but with

different levels of educational backgrounds. It is clear from the table that out of the 190

residents interviewed 120 people, representing 63.16% had primary education with

11.05% and 2.63% attending JHS and Secondary/Vocational/Technical/Commercial

School respectively. Almost 23.16% respondents have not had formal education. The

high proportion of respondents with primary level of educational background might be

due to poverty.

3.1 Reason why People Engage in Stone Quarrying Activities in the Ga East

To understand the underlying causes why people take part in stone quarrying activities as

a livelihood the study sought to explore the people’s knowledge about the business. The

result is presented in the table below.

Table 3.2: Respondents Knowledge on Stone Quarrying

S/N Response Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 188 99

2 No 2 1

Column Total 190 100


It was discovered that nearly all (99%) participants claim they are fully aware of stone

quarrying activities in the area. From the table it can be concluded that respondents are

fully aware of stone quarrying activities in their communities.

Table 3.3: Perceived intensity of the stone quarrying activities

S/N Response Frequency Percentage

1 High 126 66.31

2 Moderate 49 25.78

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3 Low 15 7.89



The perception of the respondents as presented in the table shows that stone quarrying

activities are highly intensive. About 66.31% acknowledged that, stone quarrying

activities are intensive, with 25.78% and 7.89% of the respondents saying that the

activities are moderate and low respectively. This agrees with the statement that, stone

quarrying is very lucrative. This may largely account for its intensity. Despite the

devastating nature of stone quarrying which the respondents complained of, it is severe

because people care less about their environment.

Table 3.4: Main factors contributing to stone quarrying

S/N Duration Frequency Percentage

1 Lucrative 156 82.10

2 Land not Fertile 10 5.26

3 Increase in Estates 22 11.58

development

4 Poor Weather Pattern 2 1.05



The study reveals that there is ready market for stone and the business is highly lucrative

as well. Increase in estate development had a significant influence on the rate of stone

quarrying. This shows that the ready market for stone work together with its lucrative

nature as the main contributing factors for stone quarrying in Ga East Municipalities.

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Table 3.5: Effects of Stone quarrying on the livelihood of the people

S/N Factors Frequency Percentage

1 Stone quarrying will lead to

hunger

134 70.52

hunger

2 Renders farmers jobless 33 17.36

3 Results in poverty among

residents

21 11.05

4 Increase in cost of living 1 0.52

Residents

5 Lead to diseases 2 1.05



The table displays the various effects of stone quarrying on the livelihoods of residents. It

reveals that majority of respondents representing 70.52% believe stone quarrying will

lead to hunger .17.36% of participants complained that it results in rural urban drift with

most people responding that it renders farmers jobless. Some of the communities claimed

there were no farmlands at all and farmers had to depend on other neighboring

communities for farmlands. 11.05% of participants said it results in poverty among

residents. Only 1.05% of the respondents said it may also lead to increase in food prices,

malaria and respiratory diseases.

Table 3.6: Effects of Stone quarrying on the Environment

S/N Effects Frequency Percentage

1 Air Pollution 127 66.84

2 Noise 10 5.26

3 Create Pits 41 21.57

4 Make soil not fertile l2 6.35



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The pits dug during stone quarrying may serve as breeding place for mosquitoes and dust

from stone may result in the above disease respectively. Almost 0.52% stressed that the

activity will bring about increase in cost of living. This point buttresses the issue of

hunger raised by majority of respondents. Despite all the negative and positive effects

raised it can be concluded that stone quarrying could in the long term lead to food

insecurity.

The table below shows the effects stone quarrying has on the environment according to

the respondents. Majority of the respondents representing 66.84% complained that air

pollution is the main environmental defect that comes out of stone quarrying. Almost

5.26% said noise, whiles 21.57% of the participants said it create pits as an effect of stone

quarrying has on the environment.

Table 3.7: Effects of Stone quarrying on farm and food production

S/N Effects Frequency Percentage

1 Food shortage 143 75.27

2 Loses of soil fertility 17 8.94

3 Increase in food prices 28 14.74

4 Reduction in food production 2 1.05



The table reveals that 75.27% of the respondents claim that stone quarrying leads to food

shortage. 8.94% of the group relates the issue as the cause of loses of soil fertility with

about 18.74% saying that the act may result in the reduction on availability of fertile land

for farming. About 27 % also said that the stone quarrying will ultimately lead to an

increase in food price.

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4.4 Regulatory Bodies for Stone Quarrying

Table 3.8: Existence of regulatory bodies to regulate the activities of stone winners

S/N Respose Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 56 29.47

2 No 134 70.53



The table above shows that over 60 percent of the respondents are not aware of any

regulatory body controlling stone quarrying activities in the Ga East while 35.9 percent

claim they are aware of such bodies.

Table 3.9: Stone quarrying regulatory bodies in the study area

S/N Regulatory Bodies Frequency Percentage

1 Police 121 63.69

2 EPA 33 17.37

3 Mineral Commission 2 1.05

4 Municipal Assembly 34 17.89



The table reveals that 63.69% of respondents are of the view that the police are the main

regulatory body with 17.37% and 10.5% of the respondents are of the view that, the EPA

and the Minerals commission are responsible. Whiles 17.89% said the municipal

assembly is responsible. The police happen to be the main regulatory body because they

are most frequently seen in the pits.

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Table 3.10: Role played by the regulatory bodies

S/N Roles Frequency Percentage

1 ensure proper contractual documentation 52 27.37

2 regulates the depth at which stone quarrying

activities 18 9.47

3 arrest and persecute contractors without permit 118 62.11

4 ensure payment of reclamation fees upfront 2 1.05



Table 3.10 shows that, 27.27% of the respondents believe that regulatory bodies ensure

proper contractual documentation while just 9.34% claim that they regulates the depth at

which stone quarrying activities. 62.11 believe that the police arrest and persecute

contractors without permit while 1.05 percent also believes that the regulatory bodies

ensure payment of reclamation fees upfront. This amount will serve as a guarantee for

reclamation and when contractors default the amount is given to the land owners.

Table 3.11: Intensity of the stone quarrying regulations

S/N Level Intensity Frequency Percentage

1 Intensive 56 62%

2 Moderate 10 11%

3 Not Intensive 22 25%

4 less than a week 2 2%

Column Total 90 100%


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The table shows that majority of the respondents are of the view that the intensiveness of

the actions taken by regulatory bodies is moderate. 25% and 12.5% of the participants

believe that the actions taken by regulatory bodies to control stone wining activity is not

intensive and very intensive respectively. This may account to the rate at which farm

lands are being destroyed by land contractors.

4.0 Conclusion

In assessing the contribution of stone quarrying to people’s livelihoods with reference to

Seseme community in the Ga East Municipality, it can be deduced that:

In an effort to enhance the livelihoods of the rural poor, other livelihood strategies

such as small scale mineral extraction in addition to agriculture need to be

developed. Amidst the natural and economic shocks that affect agricultural

productivity, such activities can be used as used as a coping strategy by the and

hence support rural households.

Small scale stone quarrying enhances the growth of other livelihoods both in the

community and in the stone workers’ home town. Because such activities are fast

profit yielding, they can be used as a basis to enhance rural development, since

they promote infrastructural development. This can be referred to as social equity

or social sustainability in relation to the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach.

Findings from this study show that, small scale stone quarrying contributes positively to

livelihoods of rural dwellers. However these benefits are rather minimal because of the

several constraints encountered.

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As a recommendation, there is need to encourage value added products which fetch more

money to strengthen the local or regional market (ibid).Recognizing the importance of

small scale quarrying activities will help address the needs of the workers and provision

of necessary assistance. Legalizing the activities is one of the strategies to reduce

environmental degradation.

The researcher believes under an association, the workers can deal directly with the

clients to avoid exploitation by middlemen. Through the association, workers can be

trained how to invest their earnings in other income generating projects such as poultry

and livestock rearing. These will be sources of income to the stone quarry workers even

after stone quarrying is no more. It is worth mentioning that the association, will not only

help them to solve internal problems that are common at the quarry but the association

will also make it easy for them to present these constraints to concerned authorities for

external intervention.

Lack of financial capital was identified by the workers as a main hindrance to their

activities. Given the different types of people with varying socio-economic backgrounds,

financial assistance to individual workers may not be easily accounted for. With this at

hand, the workers could invest in other forms of capital such a land, livestock or

buildings which in the long run can serve as collateral in acquiring bigger loans in the

future.

Apart from financial assistance, the workers can also be supported in kind, through hiring

of extractive equipments which are less strenuous. This equipment can also be used to

make designs or rock sculptures which can fetch more money because of the added value.

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Small Scale Quarry and Its Effects on the Livelihood of the People in Ga-East Municipality in Ghana.

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