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MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT
SMALLHOLDER DAIRY COMMERCIALIZATION PROGRAMME(SDCP)
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SMALLHOLDER FARMERS GUIDE TO DAIRY FARMINGAS A BUSINESS
PREFACE
Farming as a business is a relatively new concept for small-scale farmers who have
traditionally farmed as a way of life to provide for their subsistence needs. Commercial
farming was previously associated with industrial crops and large-scale farms. The
current approach involves a deliberate choice of farm enterprises with an aim of
maximizing on the benefits that farmers gain from their activities. It involves a change in
the way smallholder farming is perceived. This is because farming is a profitable venture
which provides gainful employment and a source of livelihood for many people.
SDCP has an overall objective of increasing the income of poor rural households that
depend substantially on production and trade of dairy products for their livelihood. This
is being achieved through the two programme purposes. First, improving the financial
returns of market oriented production and trade activities by small operators, through
improved information on market opportunities, increased productivity, cost reduction,
value addition and more reliable trade relations. Second, enabling more rural households
to create employment through, and benefit from expanded opportunities for market
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREAMBLE ...................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv
INTRODUCTION TO FARMING AS A BUSINESS ....................................................... 1
MY FARM BUSINESS ...................................................................................................... 5
FARM LEVEL DAIRY ENTERPRISE PLAN ............................................................ 10RECORD KEEPING ........................................................................................................ 13
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 16
MONEY ........................................................................................................................ 16
SAVING ....................................................................................................................... 17
INVESTMENT ............................................................................................................. 18
CREDIT ........................................................................................................................ 18
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... i
INDIVIDUAL COW RECORD ...................................................................................... i
GENERAL HEALTH RECORD ..................................................................................... i
VACCINATION RECORD............................................................................................ ii
MILK PRODUCTION RECORD ................................................................................. iii
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INTRODUCTION TO FARMING AS A BUSINESS
What is a business?
A business is an organization that buys or sells products or services for money. It can
also be defined as an activity in which a person earns a profit from providing a service or
from supplying goods.
A business involves buying and selling something. The buyer wants to meet a need. He
therefore pays some money for the goods or services he requires to meet that need. The
seller produces products or offers services that are needed by customers. He does this in
order to meet the needs of customers and earn profit in the process. Profit is the amount
left after subtracting the cost of giving a service or supplying goods from the amount paid
for the service or goods by the customer who buys them, i.e. Profit = Income Expenses
Similarities between farming and other businesses
Farming is similar to other businesses that we are familiar with. In our local market there
are businesses like kiosks, furniture shops, tailoring and others. These businesses help us
to get what we need. They provide their owners with income and provide employment to
those who work there.
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Like other businesses farming is affected by seasonal patterns. Business like tailoring
and carpentry are also influenced by seasonal patterns such as demand for school uniform
and desks at the beginning of the year and demand for new clothes during the Christmas
season. Likewise a farmer must plan knowing that there are seasonal variations in
availability of feeds and other seasonal patterns such as high supply of milk in the wet
season. He may conserve feeds for the dry season to ensure that his cows have enough to
eat and produce milk throughout the year. He may also choose to have a contract with
those who buy from him so that the amount of milk sold and the price are determined
beforehand.
Importance of business
There are many benefits that businesses bring to a community and individuals. Some of
them are listed below.
1. A business is a source of employment for the business operator and his employees.2. A business is a source of income. This helps in meeting the needs of the business
operator, his/her family and those who depend on the business.
3. A business helps in meeting the needs of the community through providing goods andservices close to where they are.
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4. Businesses promote economic development and promote the welfare of thecommunity.
5. By creating employment, providing income generating opportunities and promotingdevelopment in rural areas, businesses help in reducing rural-urban migration and the
accompanying problems such as mushrooming of slums.
Importance of farming as a business
Subsistence farming involves producing just enough for consumption by the farmer and
his family. Farming as a business on the other hand involves carrying out farming with
the aim of making profit. It involves planning and choosing farming enterprises that will
enable farmers to earn profit. It also involves having the market in mind when making
decisions about what and when to produce.
In order to engage in farming as a business the farmer invests so that he can make more
money. He may spend money to buy good quality animals, use A.I. services, provide
better feeds, engage in good husbandry practices and add value to what is produced
because these help him to earn more income.
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Record keeping is an important business practice because it helps the businessman to
know how the business is performing. Farmers ought to keep records to help them assess
if they are making profit from their activities. The records also provide them with useful
information for decision making.
Besides farm records, the farmer will need to seek information on the opportunities
available and how best to carry out his business so that he can get more profit from his
farm. He can get information on how to improve on his farm business from extension
officers, field days, radio programmes, agricultural shows, magazines, brochures and
booklets.
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MY FARM BUSINESS
Now that we have seen that dairy farming is a business like any other there is need to
consider how the business is performing and what we can do to improve it.
Example
Sotet farm is on a 3 acre plot and has 2 cows which are in milk and a calf. One of the
cows produces an average of 5 litres and the other 3 litres of milk per day. The family
consumes 3 litres while the other 5 are sold through New KCC Ltd
Below is a statement showing the income and expenditure of the farm in the year 2009.
Sotet Farm
Income and expenditure of dairy enterprise for the year 2009Kshs. Kshs.
Income
Sale of milk to New KCC (5 lts @ 21/-*300 days) 31,500
Sale of manure (24 bags @ 600/-) 14,400Milk consumed at home (3 lts*365 days*21/-)* 22,995
Gross Income 68,895
Expenditure
Labour (1 farm hand paid 2,500 monthly) 30,000Dairy meal (2Kg*2cows*300days/90kg*1 800/-) 24 000
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With a total expenditure of Kshs.158,940 the farmer would need to sell at least 7,569
litres of milk at 21/- to avoid making losses. This is an average of 21 litres per day
throughout the year. The amount at which the business does not make a profit or a loss is
referred to as the break even point. The farmer needs to operate above that level in
order to make a profit.
There are actions that the farmer can take to change this so that the dairy enterprise can
give him profit.
In order to increase profit he can
i. Increase income without raising costs by the same amountii. Maintain the same level of income while reducing the costs
iii. Increase income and reduce cost at the same time
Income Expenses
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spoilage. Losses can also be reduced by using appropriate containers to avoid spillage
during transportation.
Investing in quality cows and good husbandry practices for increased profit
ii. Selling where prices are higher.F id tif lt ti k t th t hi h i ith t th
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iv. Selling by-products.Farmers can sell manure and other farm by-products that other people require and are
willing to pay for. Farmers can produce surplus hay which they can sell during the dry
season when animal feed is in high demand and fetches high prices.
Reducing cost in order to increase profit
Another approach is to identify the respective costs and consider what can be done to
reduce them without reducing the level of milk production. In the previous example the
farmer can reduce costs by growing high quality feeds on the farm to reduce the
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Planning
The first step in running a successful business is to have a plan. Planning involves
identifying ones goals and the necessary steps to achieve them. The farmer should plan
his farm to cater for the enterprises chosen in a way that will optimize the production.
The farmer will identify opportunities available based on market demand for various
products and consider the activities he will implement to take advantage of them. The
resources required to carry out the activities are then identified. The farmer plans for
how the resources will be availed and provide a timeframe for the implementation. A
plan is an important management tool because it guides what is to be done to achieve the
goals set and helps to monitor progress made.
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Below is a sample farm plan
FARM LEVEL DAIRY ENTERPRISE PLAN
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Name of farmer: Mfugaji Bora Gender: M
Date: May 15, 2010
District: Mashariki
Location: Katikati
Farm size: 3 acres
Description of general features of the farm:
StructuresFarmers house: Semi-permanent
Housing for cattle: None save for enclosure with barbed wire fence
Fencing: Barbed wire fence surrounding entire farm
Paddocks: NoneWater harvesting and storage: None
Slopegentle slope Soilsloamy clay Water availability: Water is fetched from a stream 500 metres from the farm
Current farm sketch
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therefore the farm ismaking a loss
2 Maize Acre 1.5 12,300 18 bags/acre
Opportunities identified for improvement of dairy enterprise
Measures to increase income1. Adoption of good husbandry practices
2. Increasing the herd to 4 dairy cows
3. Replacing the current herd with higher yielding cows
Measures to reduce costs and cut losses
1. Fodder establishment to reduce amount spent on feed purchases
2. Baling of hay and silage making for dry season feeding
3. Investing in proper milk handling equipment to prevent spillage and spoilage
Proposed activitiesOpportunity Action Resources
required
Cost Source of the
resources
Time frame Remarks
Adoption of
good
husbandry
practices
Establishment
of zero grazing
unit
Wood
Iron sheets
Cement
Sand
Murram
Blocks
Labour
-
5,000
8,000
4,000
1,400
5,000
6,000
Savings and
sale of farm
produce.
Wood from
farm
October to
November
2010
Acquiring
high qualitybreeds
Scouting for
and purchasinggood cows with
the assistance
of livestock
i
Transport
Funds forpurchase
of cows
5,000
200,000
Proceeds
from sale ofherd
50,000.
Loan from
Bidii
Loan
processingSeptOct
2010.
Acquisition of
Cows to be
bought afterzero-grazing
unit is complete
Target is cows
d i
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Opportunity Action Resources
required
Cost Source of the
resources
Time frame Remarks
Proper milk
handling
Purchase of
milk equipment
Buckets
Milk cans
Sieves
Towels
1,000
15,000
100
500
1,600 from
savings, cans
from milk
sales
January 2011 Cans will be
acquired from
Society and
paid for on
check off
Proposed farm plan
Live fences of fodder trees will be planted to provide complementary feed. Sorghum,
oats lucerne desmodium and napier grass will be planted in the former grazing field
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RECORD KEEPING
Introduction
Recording keeping is an important practice for any business.
Records are written information about what has been done, bought, sold, etc
Importance of records
They help us to stay in control of resources. They help us in decision making. They help in monitoring performance. They communicate about the farm business to other parties. When we are dealing
with other parties they may require information and evidence from records kept e.g.when seeking business development assistance or when we approach financial
institutions for a loan.
Our minds cannot store all the important information which we may need to refer to later.
We may also not remember all the important information instantly as and when required
even if we have a good memory. It is therefore necessary to document information for
reference by the farmer and other parties who work with him.
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c. Inputs such as feeds and drugs, showing the quantity, value, usage, date of purchased
Input purchase record
Date Type of input Quantity Value
d. Breeding and calving records
Cow identification: ..
Date of last calving: .
Lactation no:
Dates on heat
Service dates
AI/Bull
BreedPregnancy test: Date and result
Date to dry
Date to calve
e. Animal health records
Treatment record
Date Illness/events Treatment Cost Remarks
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g. Activity record
Activity Start date Completion date Resources used Cost Remarks
There are other records which a farmer can keep to aid him in obtaining information
about his business, making decisions, assessing performance and obtaining external
assistance. These records provide information which is used to generate financialstatements such as profit and loss account and balance sheet.
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
MONEY
Money is a medium of exchange. Before money was used for exchange there was barter
trade where parties exchanged the commodities they needed. Money is preferred as a
medium of exchange for several reasons:
1. It is widely acceptable.2. It can be held in various denominations making it divisible.3. It is easy to carry.4. It facilitates trade in different areas and commodities.
Importance of money
Money is important because it enables us to pay for the things that we need such as: food,
clothes, shelter, school fees, medicine, utilities such as telephone and other necessities of
life. Money is used for investment e.g. plots of land, poultry, sheep, goats, dairy cows,
shares, equipment, business and rental houses. People also save money to meet futureneeds and leave inheritance for their children.
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SAVING
A clay money bankused for keeping savings
Purpose of saving
1. Daily financial management: to manage and deal with day-to day expenses andoccurrences as well as emergencies.
2. Consumption smoothing: dealing with seasonality by holding over income from oneperiod to another.
3. Accumulation: building up savings to meet large future expenses such as purchaseof land, equipment, payment of school fees, etc.
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income patterns and the purpose for which he is saving. The circumstances of the farmer
will also determine how frequently he saves.
When deciding on where to keep savings there is need to consider safety, ease of
withdrawal when there is need to access money, closeness to avoid high travelling costs,
high interest rates on savings and simplicity of procedures.
INVESTMENTInvestment is putting aside money in something that will increase in value or increase the
ability to earn additional income in future. People invest for various reasons. Some of
them are:
To increase income so that one is able to meet future needs and aspirations. Wealth and employment creation. Security for old age and to create a reserve for use in times of emergencies. Leaving inheritance for children.
There is need to consider the feasibility of an investment. One should not put money in a
venture which will not generate sufficient returns just because someone else has invested
in the same. Get-rich-quick ventures such as the pyramid schemes result in losses and
should therefore be avoided.
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Sources of loan funds
There are various places where people can obtain loans. The availability of loans varies
from place to place as well as with the circumstances of the person seeking the loan.
1. Groups which have merry-go-roundwhere members can save and also get loansbased on their level of savings.
2. Savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCO) which give loans to members.3. Banks. Some of the banks have specialized products to meet the needs of clients.
E.g. Cooperative bank (maziwa loan) and Equity bank (mifugo loan) for livestock
farmers.
4. Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC).5. Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) e.g. K-REP, Faulu Kenya, Kenya Women
Finance Trust (KWFT), SMEP, SISDO, KADET, etc.
6. Youth Enterprise Fund.7. Women Enterprise Fund.8. Traders who give goods and services on credit.
The different sources have advantages and disadvantages. The farmer should therefore
choose the source that meets his needs and is convenient to his circumstances.
Features of a loan
Principal: This is the amount of money borrowed
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logbooks, equipment, warehouse receipts and group guarantee are some of the forms
of security which are commonly used.
Preliminary expenses e.g. application fees, agreement fees.When taking a loan it is important to understand the terms and conditions. It is also
important to know various costs that will be charged e.g. application fees, agreement
fees, management fees and the amount of principal and interest that are due each month.
Whenone takes a loan he should realize that it is not free money. It is money that comes
at a cost and which must be repaid at a future date. Failure to repay may have legally
enforceable consequences resulting in loss to the borrower.
Borrowing money as a group
There are various loans available for different purposes such as development, school fees,
purchase of shares, household items, dairy cows, farm equipment and construction of
farm structures. Loans are available to individuals and groups. A group may have a
proposed investment project but may lack sufficient funds to implement it. They may opt
to finance the project using a loan. Members are responsible for repaying the loan.
Group guarantee is one of the ways of securing money advanced to group members.
Under this method members commit themselves to repay funds owed to the lender when
the borrower defaults. The method is increasingly popular because borrowers who lack
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4. The defaulter may lose credibility depending on the reasons for default. Theguarantors may not want to guarantee him in future while to the lender the credit
rating will be negative making it difficult to access a loan in future
When borrowing one should remember that the money belongs to someone else. The
borrower should therefore be a good steward and use it for productive purposes and repay
it as agreed with the lender. If it becomes difficult to raise the instalments as agreed, the
borrower can consider the options available to him including negotiating with the lender
to accept lower instalments or extending the loan period.
With the many possible sources of credit a borrower may find himself over-burdened
with loans. The borrower should therefore protect himself by making sure that he is not
over-exposed.
When taking a loan
1. Make sure that you borrow an amount that you are able to repay2. Consider the cost of the loan. The investment being funded by borrowed funds
should give profit that is more than the amount paid for borrowing in the form of
interest, application fees, processing fees and other costs associated with using
borrowed funds.
3. Consider the expected cash-flows and whether they will meet the requirements forpayment of instalments and leave a surplus that justifies taking the loan.
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MARKETING
Farming as a business involves production with the market in mind. It is driven by what
is being demanded by consumers. The farmer should therefore identify his market so thathe can know what to produce, when to produce and how much of it. Marketing is
important to farming as a business because it involves the processes that move products
from the farm to the consumer and translates it into income. Four key components of
marketing should be considered when making decisions. These are: product; price;
place; and promotion.
Product
The product to be sold will be determined by the customers needs, tastes and
preferences. The dairy farmer has the option of selling fresh milk or milk products if
there is a market for them and they can be produced and sold at a profit. The products
should be well packaged and labelled for them to be attractive to customers.
Price
The price of the product will be influenced by production costs, the price being offered
by the buyers, the level of supply and demand, the price of similar products or substitutes,
desired profit margin and the bargaining power of the farmer among other factors.
Place
This involves decisions on how the product will reach the consumer. There different
ways of reaching consumers depending on the people involved in the marketing chain.The farmer may take milk to a collection centre or engage a transporter to carry the milk
for him, sell it direct to consumers or sell through middlemen. The decision of how the
d t ill h th ill d d th di t t i l d f
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APPENDICES
INDIVIDUAL COW RECORD
TAG/TATTOO NO: REGISTER NO:
COW
NAME
DATE BORN HOW DISPOSED REASON FOR DISPOSAL
SIRE SIRE DAM SIRE
DAM DAM
BREEDING RECORD
WEIGHT AT FIRST SERVICE (KGS) AGE AT FIRST CALVING (DAYS)
AGE AT FIRST SERVICE (DAYS) AGE AT CONCEPTION (DAYS)
HEAT
DATES
DATE OF
A.I./BULLSERVICE
PREG.
DIAGNOSISDATE
DATE
TODRY
DATE
DUETO
CALF
DATE
CALVED
CALF CALVING
INTERVAL(DAYS)
REMARKS
SEX NO.
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iii
MILK PRODUCTION RECORD
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total
milk
Av./
day
Comment
JAN a.m.p.m.
FEB a.m.
p.m.
MAR a.m.
p.m.
APR a.m.
p.m.
MAY a.m.
p.m.
JUNE a.m.
p.m.
JULY a.m.
p.m.
AUG a.m.
p.m.
SEP a.m.
p.m.
OCT a.m.
p.m.
NOV a.m.
p.m.
DEC a.m.
p.m.
Year total
Milk Number of days
Lactation total