Paul Chang Rohde-Schwarz, Taiwan LTE Small Cell RCT
Paul Chang
Rohde-Schwarz, Taiwan
LTE Small Cell RCT
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 2
Contents ı LTE Small Cell Marketing Information
ı LTE Small Cell RCT
I 3GPP 36.141
I Transmitter Testing
I Receiver Testing
I Performance Testing
ı Measurement Instruments for LTE Small Cell RCT
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 3
2013/2014 2009/2010
Technology evolution path GSM/
GPRS
EDGE, 200 kHz DL: 473 kbps
UL: 473 kbps
EDGEevo DL: 1.9 Mbps
UL: 947 kbps
HSDPA, 5 MHz DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 2.0 Mbps
HSPA, 5 MHz DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
HSPA+, R7 DL: 28.0 Mbps
UL: 11.5 Mbps
2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012
HSPA+, R8 DL: 42.0 Mbps
UL: 11.5 Mbps
cdma
2000
1xEV-DO, Rev. 0
1.25 MHz DL: 2.4 Mbps
UL: 153 kbps
1xEV-DO, Rev. A
1.25 MHz DL: 3.1 Mbps
UL: 1.8 Mbps
1xEV-DO, Rev. B
5.0 MHz DL: 14.7 Mbps
UL: 4.9 Mbps
HSPA+, R9 DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps
DO-Advanced DL: 32 Mbps and beyond
UL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond
LTE-Advanced R10/11 DL: 1 Gbps (low mobility)
UL: 500 Mbps
Fixed WiMAX
scalable bandwidth 1.25 … 28 MHz
typical up to 15 Mbps
Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e
Up to 20 MHz DL: 75 Mbps (2x2)
UL: 28 Mbps (1x2)
Advanced Mobile
WiMAX, 802.16m DL: up to 1 Gbps (low mobility)
UL: up to 100 Mbps
VAMOS Double Speech
Capacity
HSPA+, R10/11 DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps
LTE (4x4), R8+R9, 20MHz DL: 300 Mbps
UL: 75 Mbps
UMTS DL: 2.0 Mbps
UL: 2.0 Mbps
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331 LTE networks commercially launched in 112 countries 280.4 million LTE subscriptions worldwide: Q2 2014
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Small Cells: Definition by Informa I Femtocells:
Primarily deployed in consumer and enterprise environments
I Picocells:
Deployed in indoor public areas (airports, train stations, shopping
areas)
I Microcells:
Usually deployed in urban areas or in cases where the footprint of
a macrocell is not necessary
I Metrocells:
Deployed in urban areas to alleviate capacity bottlenecks.
Technology (single / multi-mode)
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Small Cell Market forecast - revenues (Informa, Feb. 2013)
ı Total revenues:
US$22bn during 2016
ı Public-area and Enterprise
small cells will generate the
lion’s share (> 85%)
Public area and enterprise small cells (outdoor and higher end Indoor Small
Cells) require higher effort for Testing!
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Small Cell Market forecasts - volumes ABI Research (Feb. 2012) Small-Cell Market I 2012: 4.3 million small cells (including femtocells, picocells and microcells and all
technologies)
I 2016: Forecast to 36.8 million shipments (valued at $20.4 billion)
I 2012: residential models (62%) and enterprise models (30%) dominate small cell
shipments
I 2016: Shipment vs. Revenue:
I indoor small cells will make 94% of total shipments, but only 36% of revenue
I outdoor small cells will make 6% of total shipments, but 64% of revenue
I 2016: 80% of outdoor small cells estimated to be multi-mode (WCDMA + LTE)
vs. 20% LTE-only
Public area and enterprise small cells (outdoor and higher end Indoor Small
Cells) require higher effort for Testing also in production!
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 9
Contents ı LTE Small Cell Marketing Information
ı LTE Small Cell RCT
I 3GPP 36.141
I Transmitter Testing
I Receiver Testing
I Performance Testing
ı Measurement Instruments for LTE Small Cell RCT
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E-UTRA
Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating
band
Downlink (DL) operating
band
FUL_low – FUL_high [MHz] FDL_low – FDL_high [MHz]
1 1920 – 1980 2110 – 2170
2 1850 – 1910 1930 – 1990
3 1710 – 1785 1805 – 1880
4 1710 – 1755 2110 – 2155
5 824 – 849 869 – 894
6 830 – 840 875 – 885
7 2500 – 2570 2620 – 2690
8 880 – 915 925 – 960
9 1749.9 – 1784.9 1844.9 – 1879.9
10 1710 – 1770 2110 – 2170
11 1427.9 – 1447.9 1475.9 – 1495.9
12 699 – 716 729 – 746
13 777 – 787 746 – 756
14 788 – 798 758 – 768
17 704 – 716 734 – 746
18 815 – 830 860 – 875
LTE/LTE-A Frequency Bands (FDD) E-UTRA
Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating
band
Downlink (DL) operating
band
FUL_low – FUL_high [MHz] FDL_low – FDL_high [MHz]
19 830 – 845 875 – 890
20 832 – 862 791 – 821
21 1447.9 – 1462.9 1495.9 – 1510.9
22 3410 – 3490 3510 – 3590
23 2000 – 2020 2180 – 2200
24 1626.5 – 1660.5 1525 – 1559
25 1850 – 1915 1930 – 1995
26 814 – 849 859 – 894
27 807 – 824 852 – 869
28 703 – 748 758 – 803
29 N/A 717 – 728
30 2305 – 2315 2350 – 2360
31 452.5 – 457.5 462.5 – 467.5
32 N/A 1452 – 1496
10
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LTE/LTE-A Frequency Bands (TDD) E-UTRA Operating
Band
Downlink (DL) / Uplink (UL) operating band
Flow – Fhigh [MHz]
33 1900 – 1920
34 2010 – 2025
35 1850 – 1910
36 1930 – 1990
37 1910 – 1930
38 2570 – 2620
39 1880 – 1920
40 2300 – 2400
41 2496 – 2690
42 3400 – 3600
43 3600 – 3800
44 703 - 803
11
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LTE Release 8
FDD / TDD
Enh. DL
Control CH
Network
Energy Saving
CoMP
UL / DL
In-device
co-existence
RAN enh. for
Diverse Data
Application
RAN overload
control for MTC
feICIC
(further eICIC)
Service Continuity
for eMBMS
CA
enhancements
NW-based
positioning
(UTDOA)
MDT
Rel-11
Rel-10
Relaying
SON
enhancements
Carrier
Aggregation
DL MIMO
8x8
Enhanced
SC-FDMA
eICIC
UL MIMO
4x4
Rel-9
eMBMS
enhancements
Positioning
Dual Layer
Beamforming
Multi carrier /
Multi-RAT
Base Stations
Home
eNodeB
Self Organizing
Networks
Public Warning
System (PWS)
LTE Evolution
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LTE/LTE-A Carrier Aggregation Bands I Intra-band contiguous
CA bands
I Inter-band contiguous
CA bands
I Intra-band non-
contiguous CA bands
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Aggregated Channel Bandwidth for intra-band CA
ı CA bandwidth
I BWChannel_CA = Fedge_high - Fedge_low [MHz]
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LTE BS Transmitter Tests 6.2 BaseStation Output Power
6.2.6 Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA
6.2.7 Home BS with Adjacent LTE
6.2.8 Home BS with co-channel LTE
6.3 Output power dynamics
6 Transmitter Tests
6.3.1 RE power control dynamic range
6.3.2 Total power dynamic range
6.4 Transmit ON/OFF power
6.5 Transmitted signal quality
6.5.1 Frequency error
6.5.2 Error vector magnitude
6.5.3 Time alignment error
6.5.4 DL RS power
6.6 Unwanted emissions
6.6.1 Occupied bandwidth
6.6.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio
6.6.3 Operating band unwanted emissions
6.6.4 Transmitter spurious emissions
6.7 Transmitter intermodulation
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Interference Issues from Output Power of Home BS ı Home BS must have capability
I To tune the transmitter output power to minimize the
interference level on the adjacent channels licensed BS
I To be optimize the coverage rate
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Interference Issues from Output Power of Home BS I Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA
I CPICH Ê c --- code power of the Primary CPICH from WCDMA
I Ioh --- total received power density
I Home BS with Adjacent LTE
I CRS Ê s --- Reference Signal Received Power per resource element
I Ioh --- the total received power density from downlink
I Home BS with co-channel LTE
I CRS Ê s --- Reference Signal Received Power per resource element
I Ioh --- the total received power density from downlink
I Iob --- the uplink received interference power, including thermal noise,
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How to Measure the Output Power of Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA
I LTE test model” TM 1.1
I WCDMA test model: TM1
2
3
4
1
Test Case PCPICH (dBm) Ptotal (dBm) PAGWN (dBm)Carier/Noise
(dB)Pout (dBm) Limits
-80 -70 -50
-90 -80 -60
-100 -90 -70
-100 -70 -50
-20
≤ 20
≤ 10
≤ 8
≤ 10
+2.7 dB ( f ≤3 GHz)
+3 dB ( 3 GHz ≤ f ≤4.2 GHz)
I Home BS with adjacent W-CDMA
signal
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Test Configuration for Output Power of Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA
I Test setup for Home BS
with Adjacent W-CDMA
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How to Measure the Output Power of Home BS with Adjacent LTE
I Wanted signal: TM1.1
I Downlink: TM1.1
I Home BS with adjacent LTE
signal
2
3
4
1
Test Case Ptotal (dBm) PAWGN (dBm)Carier/Noise
(dB)Pout (dBm) Limits
-65 -50 -15
-75 -60 -15
-90 -70 -20
-90 -50 -40
≤ 20
≤ 10
≤ 8
≤ 10
+2.7 dB ( f ≤3 GHz)
+3 dB ( 3 GHz ≤ f ≤4.2 GHz)
Test Requirements for home BS with adjacent LTE signal
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How to Measure the Output Power of Home BS with Co-Channel E-UTRA Protection
I Wanted signal: TM1.1
I Downlink: TM1.1
I Uplink: FRC1
I Home BS with Co-channel EUTRA
protection
2
3
4
1
Test Case Ptotal (dBm) PAWGN (dBm)Carier/Noise
(dB)Pout (dBm) Limits
-65 -50 -15
-75 -60 -15
-90 -70 -20
-90 -50 -40
≤ 20
≤ 10
≤ 8
≤ 10
+2.7 dB ( f ≤3 GHz)
+3 dB ( 3 GHz ≤ f ≤4.2 GHz)
Test Requirements for home BS with adjacent LTE signal
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Transmitter Intermodulation I To measure TX capability to inhibit the nonlinear from
I The own transmit signal, and
I An interfering signal reaching the transmitter via the antenna
I Signal for TX intermodulation
I Test Requirement
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Test Setup for Transmitter Intermodulation ı Calculating the measurement regions for the
intermodulation product
3rd order
Order of intermodulation products Center frequency Intermodulation width
2F1 ± F2
Measurement regions calculation
5th order
2F2 ± F1
3F2 ± 2F1
3F1 ± 2F2
4F1 ± F2
4F2 ± F1
2*BWChannel + 1*5 MHz
2*5 MHz + 1*BWChannel
3*BWChannel + 2*5 MHz
3*5 MHz + 2*BWChannel
4*BWChannel + 1*5 MHz
4*5 MHz + 1*BWChannel
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Test Setup for Transmitter Intermodulation
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LTE BS Receiver Tests
7.2 Reference sensitivity level
7.3 Dynamics range
7 Receiver Tests
7.4 In-channel selectivity
7.5 Adjacent channel selectivity
7.6 Blocking
7.7 Receiver spurious emissions
7.8 Receiver intermodulation
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Receiver Spurious Emissions ı Receiver spurious emissions power is from TX
I at the BS receiver antenna connector
ı Test Requirement
Receiver spurious emission test requirement
Frequency range Maximum level Measurement Bandwidth
30MHz - 1 GHz -57 dBm 100 kHz
1 GHz - 12.75 GHz -47 dBm1 MHz
-47 dBm1 MHz12.75 GHz - 19 GHz
Notes
Only band 42, 43
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Receiver Spurious Emissions ı Receiver spurious emissions power is from TX
I at the BS receiver antenna connector
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Receiver Intermodulation
ı Measure the throughput performance of receiver
ı Signals in at the receiver port of BS
I LTE signal with QPSK modulation
I A CW signal
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Receiver Intermodulation ı Measurement requirement
Intermodulation Performance for Home BS
E-UTRA
channel
bandwidth
[MHz]
1.4
Type of
Interfering
Signal
CW
1.4 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1 RB
3
5
10
15
20
Wanted signal
mean power
[dBm]
-84.8
-81
-79.5
-87.5
-79.5
-79.5
Interfering
Signal mean
power [dBm]
-36
-36
-36
-36
-36
-36
Interfering RB centre
Frequency offset from
the channel edge of the
wanted signal [MHz]
±2.1
±4.9
±4.5
±10.5
CW
3 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1 RB
CW
5 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1RB
CW
5 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1RB
CW
5 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1RB
CW
5 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1RB
±7.5
±17.5
±7.375
±17.5
±7.25
±17.5
±7.125
±17.5
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Receiver Intermodulation I CW interferer with the internal AWGN option of the SMx.
I Test Setup
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LTE BS Performance Tests
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Noise
(AWGN)
Channel Characteristic (Single Channel)
S(t)
S’(t-δ)
v
S’(t- δ)=H(t,f).S(t)+N(t)
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Channel Estimation & Rx Symbol Restructure Data
Symbol
Pilot
Symbol
Data
Symbol
Data
Symbol
Pilot
Symbol
Data
Symbol
Channel
ӨOffset
Offset ӨOffset Offset ӨOffset
Received Symbols in Receiver Side
Transmitted Symbols in Transmitter Side
Simple Channel model only
considering with phase delay
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Transmitter Fixed Receiver
Fixed Scatterer
Delay Delay spread
Transmitter
Signal
t
Receiver
Signal
t
→time dispersive
Multi-path Propagation
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Physical Channel of LTE Unlink
ı Physical Uplink Channel
I PUCCH (physical uplink control channel)
I Format 1 for SR , 1a, 1b for HARQ-ACK
I Format 2, 2a, 2b for a CSI report
I Format 3 for HARQ-ACK, SR (if any) and a CSI report
I PUSCH (Physical uplink shared channel)
I Uplink component carrier
ı PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
I Random Access Procedure for syncing between UE and e-
NodeB
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PRACH in static conditions
ı PRACH in static conditions
Small cell
under test
BS tester
AWGN
generator
AWGN
generator
RX A
RX B
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Multi user PUCCH in multipath fading conditions
Small cell
under test
AWGN
generator
RX A
RX B
BS tester
Wanted
signal
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Interference 1
Interference 2
Interference 3
ATT1
ATT1
ATT2
ATT3 AWGN
generator
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Test setup for LTE Multi-User PUCCH 3GPP 36.141 v. 8.11.0, chapter 8.3.3
RF
RX2
RF
RX1
2x 3 GHz
or
2x 6 GHz
Wanted
Interferer 1
Interferer 2
Interferer 3
Real-time fading
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 39
PUSCH Transmission on Two Antenna Ports
Small cell
under test
AWGN
generator
RX A
RX B
BS tester
TX A
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
Channel
Simulator
AWGN
generator
TX B
HARQ feedback
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Contents ı LTE Small Cell Marketing Information
ı LTE Small Cell RCT
I 3GPP 36.141
I Transmitter Testing
I Receiver Testing
I Performance Testing
ı Measurement Instruments for LTE Small Cell RCT
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 41
R&S Product Portfolio for Small Cell Testing covering R&D to Manufacturing
Research & Development Manufacturing
Signal
Generator
Signal
Analyzer
R&S® SMBV100A
R&S® FSV
R&S® SMBV100A
R&S® FSV
R&S® SMW200A
R&S® FSW
advanced R&D,
Fading, MIMO • LTE (FDD,
TD-LTE)
• WCDMA plus
evolution
• cdma2k plus
evolution
• Wi-Fi (incl.
11ac)
• GSM plus
evolution
• GNSS
• LTE (FDD,
TD-LTE)
• WCDMA (coming soon)
• Wi-Fi
• GNSS R&S® CMW500 BTS tester
(non-signaling)
Radio
Communi
cation
Tester
R&S© SGT100A
R&S® FPS
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 42
R&S Product Portfolio for Small Cell Testing Positioning differentiators
CMW 500 Base Station Tester
• Small Cells
• Technologies: LTE, WLAN, GNSS (1 sat.)
• Production tests
• RF tests up to a maximum of 6 GHz
• Basic spectrum measurement set in line with the
3GPP specification
• No spurious emission measurements
• No out-of-band spectrum measurements
• Pure go/no-go spectrum measurements (no RF
performance measurements)
Reference Base Station test solution
• All BS types (macro + small cells) and
modules (TRX module, power amplifier)
• All cellular and wireless technologies
• All product stages from R&D to production
• All relevant 3GPP RF tests including
spurious measurements and multicarrier
measurements
• Optimum RF performance
• Tests including MIMO and Fading
FSV
SMBV
CMW500
FSW
SMW
SGT
FPS
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 43
R&S Product Portfolio for Small Cell Testing Price and performance
FSV
SMBV
FSW
SMW
SGT
FPS
Highest flexibility
and performance
Leading edge
technology
Economic
sweet spot
Highest test
speed
Smallest
size
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FSW signal & spectrum analyzer Specifications in Brief (Performance Premium Class)
10 MHz Std. (28, 40, 80, 160, 320,
500 MHz optional)
IQ Demodulation
Bandwidth
Typ. 30 dBm TOI
Typ. -169 dBm DANL (1 GHz, 1 Hz RBW)
0.4 dB
(f < 8 GHz)
Overall measurement
uncertainty
Typ. -137 dBc Phase Noise
(10 kHz offset, 1 GHz)
1 Hz to 10 MHz (opt. 20, 50, 80 MHz in
Zero Span)
Resolution Bandwidth
2 Hz to 8 / 13.6 / 26.5 /
43.5 / 50 / 67 GHz Frequency
R&S FSW
Real-Time Bandwidth 160 MHz
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Base Station Output Power I Test maximum output power
I Power shall not vary more than ±2 dB for normal conditions and ±2.5 dB
for extreme conditions (36.104 chapter 6.2.1)
45
K100/104 provide power measurement acc. to 36.141
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MIMO Time Alignment Error Test Setup:
46
FSW, FSV or
RTO
BTS
under test
RF Combiner
ports 1, ... 4
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ACLR Measurement
47
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Freely Configurable ACLR Measurement
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l Multiple analysis of the same I/Q data capture (e.g. different transmit
channels, different modulation types etc.)
l Important for testing of multi standard radios (WCDMA + GSM + LTE)
Multi-Standard Radio Analyser
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Multi Standard Radio Analyzer
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SMW200A Leading edge signal generator
I Successor of R&S SMU200A
I Frequency range 100 kHz to 3/6/12.75/20 GHz
I Optional second RF path
I From single-path VSG to multichannel MIMO receiver tester
I Up to 160 MHz I/Q modulation bandwidth (in RF) with internal baseband
and fading
I Up to 8 baseband signal sources
and up to 16 fading channels for
MIMO, MSR and LTE-A (Carrier
Aggregation)
I Support of all key MIMO modes
including 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 and 8x2
I Touchscreen plus block diagram
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SMW200A - single channel configuration I Single-path SMW with internal baseband
I for measurements on components or fundamental receiver
testing
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SMW200A - dual channel configuration
I Two-path SMW, can generate wanted signal plus interferer
I e.g. for receiver and performance tests on base stations
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LTE Test Case Wizard in R&S SMW ı Easy set up of a signal generator for LTE eNB
conformance test in line with 3GPP TS 36.141
ı Direct selection of the desired test case
ı Transmitter, Receiver and Performance test cases
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Basestation testing - LTE Test Case Wizard LTE test case in line with TS 36.141 Release 8
supported by the LTE test case wizard
Generated signal(s) and used
features
Number of
R&S® SMW200A
Transmitter tests
6.7 Transmitter intermodulation Interferer (LTE downlink) 1
Receiver tests
7.2 Reference sensitivity level LTE uplink 1
7.3 Dynamic range LTE uplink, AWGN 1
7.4 In-channel selectivity LTE uplink, interferer (LTE) 1
7.5A Adjacent-channel selectivity LTE uplink, interferer (LTE) 1
7.5B Narrow-band blocking LTE uplink, interferer (LTE) 1
7.6 Blocking LTE uplink, interferer (LTE or
CW)
1*
7.8 Receiver intermodulation LTE uplink, 2 interferers (LTE and
CW)
1
Performance tests
8.2.1 Performance requirements of PUSCH in
multipath fading propagation conditions
LTE uplink for 2 (or 4) receive
antennas, fading, AWGN, HARQ
feedback
1 *
8.2.2 Performance requirements for UL timing
adjustment
2 LTE uplinks (moving and
stationary UE), fading, AWGN,
HARQ feedback
1
8.2.3 Performance requirements for HARQ-ACK
multiplexed on PUSCH
LTE uplink, fading, AWGN 1
8.2.4 Performance requirements for High Speed
Train conditions
LTE uplink, fading, AWGN, HARQ
feedback
1
8.3.1 ACK missed detection for single user PUCCH
format 1a
LTE uplink for 2 (or 4) receive
antennas, fading, AWGN
1 *
8.3.2 CQI missed detection for PUCCH format 2 LTE uplink, fading, AWGN 1
8.3.3 ACK missed detection for multi user PUCCH
format 1a
LTE uplink, 3 interferers (LTE
uplink), fading, AWGN
1
8.4.1 PRACH false alarm probability and missed
detection
LTE uplink for 2 (or 4) receive
antennas, fading, AWGN
1 *
(* = additional SGS required for interferer or 3rd and 4th RF output )
green= lower complexity compared to SMU
The LTE test case wizard
significantly simplifies the
configuration of R&S signal
generators for conformance testing.
only 1 SMW (+SGS) for all 36.141 tests
required
Use SGS for Interference Testing up to
12,75 GHz
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Application notes available for Rx, Tx and Px tests
10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 57
Example program available: RS Run