Small Animal MRI Small Animal MRI Small Animal MRI Small Animal MRI Advanced Animal Imaging Advanced Animal Imaging Ryan Harrell BS, BS, CNMT Ryan Harrell BS, BS, CNMT
Small Animal MRISmall Animal MRISmall Animal MRISmall Animal MRI
Advanced Animal ImagingAdvanced Animal Imaging
Ryan Harrell BS, BS, CNMTRyan Harrell BS, BS, CNMT
Advanced Animal ImagingAdvanced Animal Imaging(AAI)(AAI)
Regionally OwnedRegionally Owned
Advanced TechnologyAdvanced Technology Advanced TechnologyAdvanced Technology
Affordable ImagingAffordable Imaging
Expert AnalysisExpert Analysis
Rapid Report Turn Around TimeRapid Report Turn Around Time
LocationLocation Located at the cornerLocated at the corner
of Liberty Mills Rd.of Liberty Mills Rd.and Homestead Rd.and Homestead Rd.
In the lower level ofIn the lower level of In the lower level ofIn the lower level ofIndian CreekIndian CreekVeterinary Hospital.Veterinary Hospital.
Phone:Phone: (260) 434(260) 434--15551555
5902 Homestead Road5902 Homestead RoadFort Wayne, IN 46814Fort Wayne, IN 46814
AAI ServicesAAI Services
Small Animal MRISmall Animal MRI
Small Animal UltrasoundSmall Animal Ultrasound
Feline IFeline I--131 radioiodine therapy.131 radioiodine therapy. Feline IFeline I--131 radioiodine therapy.131 radioiodine therapy.
Canine and Feline Thyroid hyperthyroid andCanine and Feline Thyroid hyperthyroid andhypothyroid diagnostic testing.hypothyroid diagnostic testing.
ObjectivesObjectives Understand what small animal MRI is and howUnderstand what small animal MRI is and how
it works.it works. Determine neurological MRI uses.Determine neurological MRI uses. Define nonDefine non--neurological MRI uses.neurological MRI uses. Understand when to order a MRI exam.Understand when to order a MRI exam. Understand when to order a MRI exam.Understand when to order a MRI exam. Decide when to use MRI contrast (gadolinium) .Decide when to use MRI contrast (gadolinium) . MRI versus CT.MRI versus CT. MRI case review.MRI case review. Define AAI’s MRI preparation.Define AAI’s MRI preparation. Answers to common questions.Answers to common questions.
What is MRIWhat is MRI
MRI = Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Is a noninvasive imaging test used to diagnoseIs a noninvasive imaging test used to diagnosea variety of medical conditions in the brain,a variety of medical conditions in the brain,a variety of medical conditions in the brain,a variety of medical conditions in the brain,head, orbits, neck, hocks, stifle, hips, andhead, orbits, neck, hocks, stifle, hips, andspine.spine.
What is MRIWhat is MRI
MRI is one of the most advancedMRI is one of the most advancedtools available for the investigationtools available for the investigationofof soft tissue injurysoft tissue injury and pathology.and pathology.
It usually is expensive and notIt usually is expensive and notwidely available in veterinarywidely available in veterinarymedicine.medicine.
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
MRI creates a high quality detailed image ofMRI creates a high quality detailed image ofthe organs, tissues and bones.the organs, tissues and bones.
MRI uses a strong magnet filed and radioMRI uses a strong magnet filed and radiowaves.waves.waves.waves.
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
The animals body is made up of billions ofThe animals body is made up of billions ofatoms.atoms.
The nucleus of these atoms spins on an axis.The nucleus of these atoms spins on an axis.(Like a top off of its vertical axis)(Like a top off of its vertical axis)(Like a top off of its vertical axis)(Like a top off of its vertical axis)
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
Imagine millions of nuclei all randomlyImagine millions of nuclei all randomlyspinning in different directions at the samespinning in different directions at the sametime.time.
MRI is focused on hydrogen atoms (waterMRI is focused on hydrogen atoms (watermolecules).molecules).
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
When the animal is placed in the MRIWhen the animal is placed in the MRIscanner’s magnetic field the water moleculesscanner’s magnetic field the water moleculeswithin their body line up north and southwithin their body line up north and southwith the magnetic field.with the magnetic field.with the magnetic field.with the magnetic field.
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
Radio frequency waves are then turned onRadio frequency waves are then turned onand off rapidly throughout the exam.and off rapidly throughout the exam.
When this occurs the hydrogen moleculesWhen this occurs the hydrogen molecules When this occurs the hydrogen moleculesWhen this occurs the hydrogen moleculesflip back to their original alignment givingflip back to their original alignment givingoff a small signaloff a small signal
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
These small signals are picked up by a coilThese small signals are picked up by a coiland sent to a computer.and sent to a computer.
The computer is able to reconstruct detailedThe computer is able to reconstruct detailedimages of the animal from these signals.images of the animal from these signals.images of the animal from these signals.images of the animal from these signals.
How does MRI work?How does MRI work?
Different tissues in the body give off uniqueDifferent tissues in the body give off uniquesignals.signals.
BoneBone
Soft TissueSoft TissueFatFat LigamentsLigaments TendonsTendons
MuscleMuscle Synovial TissueSynovial Tissue NervesNerves
Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
Animal Cranial NervesAnimal Cranial Nerves
CNICNI = Olfactory= Olfactory
CNIICNII = Optic= Optic
CNIII,CNIII, CNIV,CNIV, CNVICNVI = Eye= Eyeposition, Pupil Response,position, Pupil Response,Sympathetics,Sympathetics,
CNVCNV = Corneal Reflex= Corneal Reflex CNVCNV = Corneal Reflex= Corneal Reflex
CNVIICNVII = Facial= Facial
CNVIIICNVIII = Auditory= Auditory
CNIX, CNX, CNXICNIX, CNX, CNXI ==Swallowing, Gag Reflux, EyeSwallowing, Gag Reflux, EyePressure, Heart Rate,Pressure, Heart Rate,Laryngeal and TrapeziusLaryngeal and TrapeziusMuscles.Muscles.
CNXIICNXII = Tongue Movement= Tongue Movement
Animal Cranial NervesAnimal Cranial Nerves CNICNI = Olfactory= Olfactory
CNIICNII = Optic= Optic
CNIII,CNIII, CNIV,CNIV, CNVICNVI = Eye= Eyeposition, Pupil Response,position, Pupil Response,Sympathetics,Sympathetics,
CNVCNV = Corneal Reflex= Corneal Reflex
CNVIICNVII = Facial= Facial CNVIICNVII = Facial= Facial
CNVIIICNVIII = Auditory= Auditory
CNIX, CNX, CNXICNIX, CNX, CNXI ==Swallowing, Gag Reflux, EyeSwallowing, Gag Reflux, EyePressure, Heart Rate,Pressure, Heart Rate,Laryngeal and TrapeziusLaryngeal and TrapeziusMuscles.Muscles.
CNXIICNXII = Tongue Movement= Tongue Movement
Neurological MRINeurological MRI NeurologicalNeurological
Problems dealing withProblems dealing withthe nervous system.the nervous system.
Peripheral NervousPeripheral NervousSystemSystem
Central NervousCentral NervousSystemSystem
BrainBrain
Brain StemBrain Stem
SpineSpineSystemSystem
Sensory FibersSensory Fibers
Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons
SpineSpine
Neurological MRINeurological MRI
Autonomic NervousAutonomic NervousSystemSystem
Nerves involved inNerves involved inorgan movement.organ movement.
The animal has noThe animal has no The animal has noThe animal has novoluntary control overvoluntary control overthe autonomic system.the autonomic system.
Reasons to order aReasons to order aNeurological MRINeurological MRI
Seizures / ConvulsionsSeizures / Convulsions
Head TiltHead Tilt
Loss of BalanceLoss of Balance
Abnormal Behaviors (Stuck in corners, staring into space)Abnormal Behaviors (Stuck in corners, staring into space)
Inability to WalkInability to Walk
Weakness in the legs/limbsWeakness in the legs/limbs
Walking in circlesWalking in circles
DeafnessDeafness
BlindnessBlindness
Abnormal Nasal Drainage or SwellingAbnormal Nasal Drainage or Swelling
Neurological PainNeurological Pain
Other Neurological SignsOther Neurological Signs
Reasons to order aReasons to order aNeurological MRINeurological MRI
Blindness can be neurological orBlindness can be neurological oropthalmological.opthalmological.
Lameness can be neurological or orthopedic.Lameness can be neurological or orthopedic.
Seizures can be due to brain disorders, toxins,Seizures can be due to brain disorders, toxins,or liver disease.or liver disease.
Seizures / ConvulsionsSeizures / Convulsions
SeizuresSeizures (Epilepsy)(Epilepsy) are common and there areare common and there aremany causes.many causes.
Most commonly occur between age 1Most commonly occur between age 1--5 years old.5 years old.
Seizure is composed of 3 parts:Seizure is composed of 3 parts: Seizure is composed of 3 parts:Seizure is composed of 3 parts: PreictalPreictal
IctusIctus
PostictalPostictal
Seizure recurring without recovery betweenSeizure recurring without recovery betweenepisodes is calledepisodes is called status epilepticusstatus epilepticus and is aand is aserious medical emergency.serious medical emergency.
Seizures / Convulsions SignsSeizures / Convulsions Signs
Sudden / Violent ShakingSudden / Violent Shaking
PaddlingPaddling
Dilation of PupilsDilation of Pupils
Unresponsive StaringUnresponsive Staring
Loss of ConsciousnessLoss of Consciousness Loss of ConsciousnessLoss of Consciousness
Salivation / DroolingSalivation / Drooling
StiffnessStiffness
TwitchingTwitching
Involuntary Urination /Involuntary Urination /Defecation.Defecation.
Common Causes of SeizuresCommon Causes of Seizures CongenitalCongenital
HydrocephalusHydrocephalus LissencephalyLissencephaly
InflammatoryInflammatory InfectiousInfectious
BacterialBacterial RickettsialRickettsial
Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverRocky Mountain Spotted Fever EhrlichiosisEhrlichiosis EhrlichiosisEhrlichiosis
ViralViral DistemperDistemper Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Feline Immunodeficiency virus (FIV)Feline Immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
FungalFungal CryptococcosisCryptococcosis
ProtozoalProtozoal NeoseporosisNeoseporosis ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis
ParasiticParasitic
Common Causes of SeizuresCommon Causes of Seizures InflammatoryInflammatory
ImmuneImmune--MediatedMediated MeningocephalitisMeningocephalitis BreedBreed--Specific EncephalitisSpecific Encephalitis
Small Dog EncephalitisSmall Dog Encephalitis Pug Dog Encephalitis (PDE)Pug Dog Encephalitis (PDE)
NeoplasticNeoplastic GliomaGlioma GliomaGlioma MeningiomaMeningioma Metastatic NeoplasiasMetastatic Neoplasias
ToxicToxic StrychnineStrychnine MetaldehydeMetaldehyde OrganophosphateOrganophosphate Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals
TraumaticTraumatic Head InjuryHead Injury
EncephalitisEncephalitis
Common Causes of SeizuresCommon Causes of Seizures InflammatoryInflammatory
MetabolicMetabolic
Storage DiseasesStorage Diseases
Thiamine DeficiencyThiamine Deficiency
HypocalcemiaHypocalcemia HypocalcemiaHypocalcemia
HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia
HepatoencephalopathyHepatoencephalopathy Portosystemic ShuntPortosystemic Shunt
Hepatic MicrovascularHepatic MicrovascularDysplasiaDysplasia
Liver Failure / HepatitisLiver Failure / Hepatitis
Types of SeizuresTypes of Seizures
Partial / Focal SeizuresPartial / Focal Seizures
SimpleSimple
Complex / PyschomotorComplex / Pyschomotor
Generalized SeizuresGeneralized Seizures Generalized SeizuresGeneralized Seizures
AbsenceAbsence
TonicTonic--clonic / Grand Malclonic / Grand Mal
Secondary TonicSecondary Tonic--clonic Seizuresclonic Seizures
Both Partial and Generalized SeizuresBoth Partial and Generalized Seizures
When to Order the MRI ExamWhen to Order the MRI ExamRecommended PracticeRecommended Practice
Blood workBlood work to screen forto screen formetabolic or infectiousmetabolic or infectiouscauses.causes.
WaitWait and if happens moreand if happens moreoften order a MRI.often order a MRI.
Common PracticeCommon Practice
Blood workBlood work to screen forto screen formetabolic or infectiousmetabolic or infectiouscauses.causes.
WaitWait..
MedicateMedicate if seizures occurif seizures occur often order a MRI.often order a MRI.
MRIMRI to search for brainto search for brainstructural abnormalities.structural abnormalities.
Analysis of cerebrospinalAnalysis of cerebrospinalfluid (CFS)fluid (CFS) for signs offor signs ofinfection.infection.
MedicateMedicate depending ondepending onthe MRI results.the MRI results.
MedicateMedicate if seizures occurif seizures occurmore frequently.more frequently.
Balance DisordersBalance Disorders
Four main functions in the animal vestibular systemFour main functions in the animal vestibular systemneed to function for proper balance.need to function for proper balance.
Sensors in theSensors in the inner earinner ear monitor head position and time.monitor head position and time.
Converting the information about the position of theConverting the information about the position of thehead into electrical signals in the inner ear viahead into electrical signals in the inner ear viahead into electrical signals in the inner ear viahead into electrical signals in the inner ear viavestibulocochlear nervevestibulocochlear nerve to the lower brain.to the lower brain.
The balance control center is theThe balance control center is the brainstembrainstem workingworkingsignals with the cerebellum to keep an animal upright.signals with the cerebellum to keep an animal upright.
The vestibular nuclei relay signals from the brain steamThe vestibular nuclei relay signals from the brain steamto theto the cerebellumcerebellum which uses constant feed back on bodywhich uses constant feed back on bodyposition to coordinate movement.position to coordinate movement.
Balance Disorders SignsBalance Disorders Signs
Lack of BalanceLack of Balance
Head TiltHead Tilt
CirclingCircling
NauseaNausea
Falling / RollingFalling / RollingHorner’s SyndromeHorner’s Syndrome
Falling / RollingFalling / Rolling
NystagmusNystagmus
TremorsTremors
AtaxialAtaxial
Horner’s SyndromeHorner’s Syndrome
HypermetriaHypermetria
Head TiltHead Tilt
Horner’s SyndromeHorner’s Syndrome
AtaxiaAtaxia
Common Causes ofCommon Causes ofBalance DisordersBalance Disorders
Peripheral Vestibular DiseasePeripheral Vestibular Disease (Inner Ear &(Inner Ear &Vestibulocochlear Nerve)Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
InflammatoryInflammatory Infection (otitis media / interna)Infection (otitis media / interna) ImmuneImmune--mediated (polyps)mediated (polyps)
Neoplastic (inner / middle ear)Neoplastic (inner / middle ear) Neoplastic (inner / middle ear)Neoplastic (inner / middle ear) MelanomaMelanoma Squamous cell carcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma
TraumaticTraumatic Head InjuryHead Injury Eardrum RuptureEardrum Rupture
ToxicToxic MedicationsMedications
IdiopathicIdiopathic Geriatric Vestibular SyndromGeriatric Vestibular Syndrom
Central Vestibular DiseaseCentral Vestibular Disease (Brainstem &(Brainstem &Cerebellum)Cerebellum) Degenerative / MetabolicDegenerative / Metabolic
Cerebellar Abiotrophy (Breed Specific)Cerebellar Abiotrophy (Breed Specific)
CongenitalCongenital
Cerebellar HypoplasiaCerebellar Hypoplasia
HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
Common Causes ofCommon Causes ofBalance DisordersBalance Disorders
HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
InflammatoryInflammatory
ImmuneImmune--MediatedMediated
CerebellitisCerebellitis
White Dog SyndromeWhite Dog Syndrome
NeoplasticNeoplastic
MedulloblastomaMedulloblastoma
TruamaticTruamatic
Head InjuryHead Injury
ToxicToxic
MetronidazoleMetronidazole
VascularVascular
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
When to Order the MRI ExamWhen to Order the MRI Exam
Common PracticeCommon Practice
Physical ExamPhysical Exam
CBC / Labs / CSFCBC / Labs / CSFFluid.Fluid.
Recommended PracticeRecommended Practice
Physical ExamPhysical Exam
Neurological ExamNeurological Exam
CBC / Labs / CSFCBC / Labs / CSFFluid.Fluid.
MedicateMedicate and Observeand Observe CBC / Labs / CSFCBC / Labs / CSF
FluidFluid
OrderOrder MRIMRI
MedicateMedicate and Observeand Observe
Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Abnormal behavior can be caused by severalAbnormal behavior can be caused by severaldifferent factors.different factors.
Using a neurological physical examinationUsing a neurological physical examinationcan help identify if it is a neurologicalcan help identify if it is a neurologicalcan help identify if it is a neurologicalcan help identify if it is a neurologicaldisorder or a defiant animal behavior.disorder or a defiant animal behavior.