Slovenian Light Pollution Legislation Slovenian Light Pollution Legislation Presentation for the 4 Presentation for the 4 th th International Symposium for Dark International Symposium for Dark - - sky Parks sky Parks Gregor Verta Gregor Verta č č nik nik Cellers, Spain, 28 June 2011 Cellers, Spain, 28 June 2011 Vir:http://www.nasa.gov/topics/u niverse/features/wmap_five.html
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Slovenian Light Pollution LegislationSlovenian Light Pollution Legislation
Presentation for the 4Presentation for the 4thth International Symposium for DarkInternational Symposium for Dark--sky Parkssky Parks
Gregor VertaGregor Vertaččniknik
Cellers, Spain, 28 June 2011Cellers, Spain, 28 June 2011
•• Preparation of a light pollution decreePreparation of a light pollution decree•• Decree structureDecree structure•• No light upwardsNo light upwards•• Annual electricity consumption limitAnnual electricity consumption limit•• Factories, business buildings, institutionsFactories, business buildings, institutions•• Facades and cultural monumentsFacades and cultural monuments•• BillboardsBillboards•• Sport fieldsSport fields•• ProhibitionsProhibitions•• Deadlines for the adjustmentsDeadlines for the adjustments•• ReportingReporting•• Actual effects of the decreeActual effects of the decree
Preparation of a light pollution decreePreparation of a light pollution decree
•• Around 1990 Herman MikuAround 1990 Herman Mikužž, the , the head of head of ČČrni Vrh observatory, rni Vrh observatory, raised the problem of light raised the problem of light pollution in Sloveniapollution in Slovenia
•• Slovenian National Assembly Slovenian National Assembly adopted Law on the Protection of adopted Law on the Protection of Environment in 1993Environment in 1993
•• DarkDark--Sky Initiative established in Sky Initiative established in 19951995
•• First report about the state of First report about the state of light pollution in Slovenia issued light pollution in Slovenia issued by Department of Physics of the by Department of Physics of the LjubljanaLjubljana’’s Faculty of Mathematics s Faculty of Mathematics and Physics in 1995and Physics in 1995
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500
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2008
2011
2014
2017
2020
2023
2026
2029
2032
2035
2038
2041
2044
2047
2050
Outdoor lighting exponential growth of 8 Outdoor lighting exponential growth of 8 % annually in Slovenia prior the decree % annually in Slovenia prior the decree adoption would lead us to very bright adoption would lead us to very bright future future ……
•• First draft regulation prepared by Ministy of First draft regulation prepared by Ministy of Environment in 1999Environment in 1999
•• Public awareness of light pollution was increasing Public awareness of light pollution was increasing and negotiations between experts and the and negotiations between experts and the governemnt followed in next yearsgovernemnt followed in next years
•• A decree finally adopted by the government in A decree finally adopted by the government in August 2007August 2007
•• A small revision made in November 2007 and a A small revision made in November 2007 and a large one in July 2010large one in July 2010
Decree structureDecree structure
•• Decree is meant to mitigate Decree is meant to mitigate harmful effects of light pollution harmful effects of light pollution (biological, astronomical, health, (biological, astronomical, health, glare, energy consumption)glare, energy consumption)
activitiesactivities�� Rescue operationsRescue operations�� Traffic lightsTraffic lights�� Concerts, festivities etc.Concerts, festivities etc.�� Decorative lighting from Decorative lighting from
December 1 through December 1 through January 15January 15
•• Decree consists of 31 articles:Decree consists of 31 articles:�� General provisionsGeneral provisions�� Prescribed ways for illuminationPrescribed ways for illumination�� Planning, building and renewal of lightingPlanning, building and renewal of lighting�� Lighting plan and measurementsLighting plan and measurements�� Inspection supervisionInspection supervision�� PenaltiesPenalties�� Transient and final provisionsTransient and final provisions
No light upwardsNo light upwards
•• More than 90 % of More than 90 % of luminaires prior the luminaires prior the decreedecree’’s adoption s adoption unshielded or partially unshielded or partially shielded shielded
•• Slovenia was (still is) Slovenia was (still is) one of the biggest one of the biggest consumer of electricity consumer of electricity for outdoor lighting for outdoor lighting per capita in Europe per capita in Europe few years ago (80few years ago (80--90 90 kWh per year)kWh per year)
•• Municipality lighting Municipality lighting (roads, public areas) (roads, public areas) limit 44,5 limit 44,5 kWh/yr/capitakWh/yr/capita
•• State roads lighting State roads lighting limit 5,5 kWh/yr/capitalimit 5,5 kWh/yr/capita
Ljubljana from the nearby Ljubljana from the nearby ŠŠmarna gora hill marna gora hill before the massive replacement of luminaires. before the massive replacement of luminaires. Photo: Andrej MoharPhoto: Andrej Mohar
Factories, business buildings, institutionsFactories, business buildings, institutions
•• Limits according to Limits according to ground plan area + ground plan area + ““car car parkpark””
•• Up to 300 W or 180 W Up to 300 W or 180 W allways allowed per allways allowed per buildingbuilding
•• Average illumination of Average illumination of airport, harbour or airport, harbour or railway station working railway station working area at most 10 % above area at most 10 % above the standardsthe standards
0.0150.0150.0600.060InstitutionInstitution
0.0150.0150.0750.075Business Business buildingbuilding
0.0150.0150.0900.090FactoryFactory
OtherwiseOtherwiseWorking Working
hours hours ±±
½½ hh
ObjectObject
Upper limits for illumination (W/mUpper limits for illumination (W/m22))
Facades and cultural monumentsFacades and cultural monuments
•• Average luminance of illuminated Average luminance of illuminated part of an object at most 1 cd/mpart of an object at most 1 cd/m22
•• Forbidden illumination of Forbidden illumination of ““flying flying openingsopenings”” of endangered speciesof endangered species
•• Illumination from above; if not Illumination from above; if not possible less than 10 % of light possible less than 10 % of light power pass by the facadepower pass by the facade
•• ULOR ULOR up toup to 5 % only for 5 % only for habitable areahabitable area
•• Switched off till 22:00 or less Switched off till 22:00 or less than hour after match/show endthan hour after match/show end
ProhibitionsProhibitions
•• All lights switched off during All lights switched off during daylight, except at airports or in daylight, except at airports or in very bad weather conditionsvery bad weather conditions
•• Light cannons strictly forbiddenLight cannons strictly forbidden•• Forbidden illumination of Forbidden illumination of
buildings where people spend a buildings where people spend a lot of timelot of time
Deadlines for the adjustmentsDeadlines for the adjustments
Roads, Public areas, Airports, Harbours, Roads, Public areas, Airports, Harbours, Railyway stationsRailyway stations
ObjectObjectDeadline (year of Deadline (year of December 31)December 31)
ReportingReporting
•• Lighting manager should make lighting Lighting manager should make lighting design report if power sum of luminaries > design report if power sum of luminaries > 10 kW or 1 kW for cultural monument, 10 kW or 1 kW for cultural monument, facade or billboard facade or billboard
•• Checking and refreshing of a plan every 5 Checking and refreshing of a plan every 5 years or in case of major changeyears or in case of major change
•• Municipal lighting plan publicly availableMunicipal lighting plan publicly available
Actual effects of the decreeActual effects of the decree
•• Replacing of old, inappropriate luminaires Replacing of old, inappropriate luminaires has brought:has brought:�� Less glare and better road securityLess glare and better road security�� Energy savings (40 % at some Ljubljana Energy savings (40 % at some Ljubljana
streets)streets)�� Rational lighting planning in many casesRational lighting planning in many cases
•• Some new problems have emerged:Some new problems have emerged:�� Increased use of whiteIncreased use of white--light luminiareslight luminiares�� Exaggerated illumination in some cases Exaggerated illumination in some cases
•• DarkDark--Sky Slovenia, 2009. Svetlobno Sky Slovenia, 2009. Svetlobno onesnaonesnažženje in energetsko uenje in energetsko uččinkovita zunanja inkovita zunanja razsvetljava. Handbook for local government, razsvetljava. Handbook for local government, companies and institutes, 25 pp. Online companies and institutes, 25 pp. Online version (in Slovene): version (in Slovene): http://www.temnonebo.org/uploads/Gradivo/http://www.temnonebo.org/uploads/Gradivo/Prirocnik2009.pdf Prirocnik2009.pdf