Syntax (Syntac*c trees & phrasal categories)
Dec 08, 2015
Syntax
(Syntac*c trees & phrasal categories)
Phrasal Categories Syntac*c categories group together to form phrasal categories.
“[The yinkish gripner] [[blorked quastofically] [on a baflink of nidrad.]]”
How do we know which word belongs to which syntac*c category (or part of speech) above?
• How types of words are grouped together
Phrasal Categories
Basic Phrasal categories:
NP (Noun Phrases)
VP (Verb Phrases)
PP (Preposi*onal Phrases)
Phrasal Categories
Noun Phrases (NPs)
NP
N frog
NP ! N
Phrasal Categories
Noun Phrases (NPs)
NP
DET N the frog
NP ! (DET) N NOTE: ( ) = op*onal
Phrasal Categories
Noun Phrases (NPs)
NP
DET ADJ N The green frog
NP ! (DET)(ADJ) N NOTE: ( ) = op*onal
Phrasal Categories
Verb Phrases (VPs)
VP
V hopped
VP ! V
Phrasal Categories
Verb Phrases (VPs)
VP
V ADV hopped quickly
VP ! V (ADV) NOTE: ( ) = op*onal
Phrasal Categories
Preposi*onal Phrases (PPs)
PP
NP
P in
PP ! P NP
Phrasal Categories
Preposi*onal Phrases (PPs)
PP
NP
P DET N in
PP ! P NP NP ! (Det)(Adj)N
Phrasal Categories
Preposi*onal Phrases (PPs)
PP
NP
P DET N in the pond
PP ! P NP NP ! (Det)(Adj)N
Phrasal structures are combined to create larger phrases or sentences
NP
DET ADJ N The green frog
NP ! (Det)(Adj) N
Phrasal structures are combined to create larger phrases or sentences
NP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P The green frog in
NP ! (Det)(Adj) N (PP) PP ! P NP
Phrasal structures are combined to create larger phrases or sentences
NP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N The green frog in
NP ! (Det)(Adj) N (PP) PP ! P NP
Phrasal structures are combined to create larger phrases or sentences
NP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N The green frog in the pond
NP ! (Det)(Adj) N (PP) PP ! P NP
The PP gives us added informa*on about the NP. “Which green frog? The one in the pond.”
NP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N The green frog in the pond
NP ! (Det)(Adj) N (PP) PP ! P NP
The PP gives us added informa*on about the VP. “Where did it hop quickly? Into the pond.”
VP
PP
NP
V ADV P DET N hopped quickly into the pond
Our Phrase Structure Rules (PSR) so far:
NP ! (Det)(Adj) N (PP)
VP ! V (Adv) (PP)
PP ! P NP
We can then go further and take these
components to build sentences (S).
The Sentence (S) ! Frogs hopped.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
The Sentence (S) ! Frogs hopped.
S
NP VP
N V Frogs hopped.
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N V ADV The green frogs hopped quickly
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
DET ADJ N The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
DET ADJ N The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P The green frogs in
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly. S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N The green frogs in the pond
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N The green frogs in the pond
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N V ADV The green frogs in the pond
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly.
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N P DET N V ADV The green frogs in the pond hopped quickly
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond.
S
NP VP
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond.
S
NP VP
DET ADJ N The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond.
S
NP VP
PP
DET ADJ N V ADV The green frogs
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond. .
S
NP VP
PP
DET ADJ N V ADV The green frogs hopped quickly
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond. .
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N V ADV P DET N The green frogs hopped quickly into
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP
S ! The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond.
S
NP VP
PP
NP
DET ADJ N V ADV P DET N The green frogs hopped quickly into the pond
S ! NP VP NP ! (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP ! V (Adv) (PP) PP ! P NP