Slides Sa final

AESA Radar Trends:

Fast-jets and Beyond

Advanced Defense Systems (ADS) Service

Asif Anwar, [email protected], +44 1908 423635

Strategy Analytics Webinar

January 31st, 2012

Rohde & SchwarzThe expert in test & measurement, broadcasting andsecure communications

Company overview

l Type of enterpriseIndependent family-owned company

l Global presenceIn over 70 countries, approx. 60 subsidiaries

l Net revenueEUR 1.6 billion (FY 10/11, July through June)

l Export shareApprox. 90 percent

Company profile and radar expertise | 3

Approx. 90 percent

l Employees8400 worldwide, with approx. 5500 in Germany

l Success A leading international supplier in all of its business fields

Business fields

Test and measurement

Radiomonitoring and

radiolocation

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aerospace and

defense industry


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l Very short test times, typ. 15 s per module (2500 values)

For details, see www.rohde-schwarz.com


AESA Radar Trends:

Fast-jets and Beyond


Asif Anwar, [email protected], +44 1908 423635

Strategy Analytics Webinar

January 31st, 2012

Agenda

• Introduction

• Some Radar Basics

• Why AESA?

• The Measurement Challenge

• Fast-jets – The Early Adopters

• AESA Radar – Expanding Beyond the Fast-jet

• Conclusions

9

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What’s Happening? What’s Likely to Happen?

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Communications

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Global Leaders

12

Connected

Home

Broadband

Entertainment

Telecoms

Enterprise

Electronics

Devices

Services

Contents

Apps

Apps

Platforms

SystemsDevices

Technologies

Agenda

• Introduction


• Why AESA?




• Conclusions

13

RAdio Detection And Ranging

• Modern radar systems trace their roots to efforts in several countries to refine

existing concepts and theories just prior to WWII

• This was the culmination of theory and systems dating back to the 1860’s

• Simplistically, a transmitted electromagnetic signal reflects from an object back

to an antenna where the characteristics of the signal determine properties such

as location, speed and direction of the target

14

Basic Radar Theory

• For a stationary object, the range is simply determined by:

where: R = Range

vp= Speed of propagation in medium (c in air)

t = Time to receive the reflected signal

• For a moving target, radar systems use the Doppler Effect– Relative motion between source and observer produces a frequency shift

2)( tvR p ×=

15

– Relative motion between source and observer produces a frequency shift

where: f = Observed frequency

f0 = Transmit frequency

v = Velocity of propagation in medium

vr = Velocity of target relative to medium

vs = Velocity of antenna relative to medium

• Both equations assume co-located Tx/Rx antennas

• Azimuth and elevation information comes with knowledge of the antenna beam position

0)( fvvvvf sr ×−+=

The Radar Equation

• This equation relates the parameters of the radar system and target

– A (brief) derivation:

• For an isotropic radiator the power density at any point in a unit volume is:where: PD = Power density

Pt = Transmit power (W)

R = Range (m)

• Antennas concentrate the power in one direction as a result of their gain:where: Gt = Gain of transmitting antenna

24 R

PP

tD

π=

GPP

tt ×=

(1)

16

where: Gt = Gain of transmitting antenna

• The signal reaches the target and is reflected by the object’s cross-section:where: Pe = Effective reflected power

σ = Radar cross-section of target

• Pe is now the transmit power substituted into (1) and the power received at the antenna (Pr) depends on the effective antenna aperture:

where: Aw = Effective antenna aperture

Κα = Antenna efficiency

A = Antenna area

• Combining all these relationships gives the classic Radar Equation:where: Pr = Received signal

Gr = Gain of receiving antenna

λ = signal wavelength43

2

r

)4(P

R

GGP rtt

π

σλ=

24 R

GPP

ttD

π

×=

24 R

GPP

tte

π

σ××=(3)

(2)

(4)

π

λα

4

2r

wG

KAA×

=×=

Radar Antennas

• Radar antennas are generally configured as dishes or arrays

– A dish antenna is composed of a reflector and a feed horn

• The reflector is a metallic surface which can take on complex shapes. It reflects

transmitted energy from the feed horn into space and focuses received energy onto the

feed horn for processing by the radar electronics.

• The feed horn is located at the focal point of the reflector and serves as a point source to

illuminate the reflector with transmit energy or collect reflected return energy illuminate the reflector with transmit energy or collect reflected return energy

• For a simple ideal parabolic reflector, all the transmitted energy is reflected parallel to

the axis of the feed horn, producing a coherent pencil-beam pattern

– In practice, reflectors may have more complex or even multiple curvatures and use multiple

frequencies and feed horns depending on their application

Reflector Feed Horn

17

Generic Radar Block Diagram

18

Radar Types

Pulsed Radar CW Radar

Primary Radar Secondary Radar

Non-Imaging RadarsImaging Radars

19

• Definitions:

– Imaging Radar: Forms a picture of the object or area

– Non-Imaging Radar: Measures scattering properties of the object or area

– Primary Radar: Transmits signals that are reflected and received

– Secondary Radar: Transponder that responds to interrogation with additional info

– Pulsed Radar: High power signals are only present for a short duration and repeated at

specific intervals

– CW Radar: Signal is present continuously

Intrapulse Modulated Pulse Modulated Modulated Unmodulated

Pulsed Radar Basics

• A high power, short duration pulse transmits and shuts off while a sensitive receiver detects any reflected signals during this transmitter off period

Power

Ppeak

where: PW = Pulse Width

PRT = Pulse Repetition Time

Duty Cycle = PW/PRT

20

– Several important properties of the radar are defined by these quantities:

• Minimum detectable range:

– Nearest an object can be

• Maximum unambiguous range:

– Target detected with certainty

• Minimum range resolution:

– Two targets identified as distinct

2

)(min

recp TPWvR

+×=

TimePW

PRT

Duty Cycle = PW/PRT

2max

PRTvR

p ×=

where: vp = Velocity in medium

Trec = Recovery time of

the receiver

2min

PWvR

p ×=∆

FMCW Radar Basics

• Diagram represents a linear modulation applied to a CW transmit signal

Frequency

f2

Transmit SignalReceive Signal

21

– Frequency modulation results in a shift between transmit and receive signals that

allows for a determination of time delay

• The time difference between signals is defined as:

• Combining this with the simple time-dependent range equation shows this technique

allows for range as well as velocity:

)( 12 ff

fTt

−

∆=∆

)(

2

12 ff

fvTR

−

∆=

∆f

TimeT

f1

Radar Applications

Band

Designation Nominal Range Typical application

HF 3 - 30 MHz Over the horizon and surface scanning radar

VHF 30 - 300 MHz Very long range, ground penetration radar, space surveillance

UHF 300 - 1000 MHz Early warning/surveillance, wind scanners, very long range, foliage

penetration, space research, test range instrumentation, wind profiling

L 1.0 - 2.0 GHz Long range surveillance, Air traffic control, early warning, synthetic

aperture radar, ground battlefield sensors, space-based radar

S 2.0 - 4.0 GHz Long range surveillance, air traffic control, marine navigation,

weather, air surveillance/tracking, test range instrumentation

• A sampling of the wide variety of Radar bands and applications:

weather, air surveillance/tracking, test range instrumentation

C 4.0 - 8.0 GHz Air surveillance, air traffic control, airborne altimeter, weather radar,

navigation, fire control, test range instrumentation, SAR

X 8.0 - 12.4 GHz Long range ground surveillance, airborne weather radar, marine radar,

police radar, air and ship surveillance and navigation, radar altimeters,

fire control, test range instrumentation

Ku 12.4 - 18 GHz Guidance, medium range ground surveillance, Doppler navigation,

airborne and seaborne search & acquisition Doppler, Airport Surface

Detection Equipment (ASDE), atmospheric research

K 18 - 27 GHz Police radar

Ka 27 - 40 GHz Short range ground surveillance, target imaging, airborne navigation,

surface mapping, terrain following radar, test range instrumentation,

atmospheric & oceanographic research

V 40 - 75 GHz Automotive anti-collision

W 75 - 110 GHz Imaging, automotive anti-collision, airborne wire detection, aircraft

fire control, radar beacons, missile autonomous guidance, weather,

and specialized imaging radars

22

Agenda

• Introduction


• Why AESA?




• Conclusions

23

The Radar Evolution

AESA

Parabolic reflectors

Planar array

PESA

24

Phased Array Radar

• Phased arrays operate on the principle of interference of radiated waves

• To steer the signal off bore sight, some signals must travel farther

Signals from identical radiators (array elements) will combine constructivelywhen the phase is identical. As the distance to point P becomes >>d, the signals become essentially perpendicular to the array plane.

P

d

r

25

• Solving gives: φ = (3600 * d * sinθs)/λ

– Adding a phase shifter in-line with each element allows the signal to point in any direction

• In practice, this deflection is limited to 1200 (+/- 600 from bore sight)

To determine x, the additional distance traveled by the first signal, we use the trigonometric identity:

x=d * sinθs

To make up for this extra distance, we can change the phase shift φ between successive signals:

3600/ φ = λ/xX

d

� θs

PESA vs. AESA

• Electronically scanned radars eliminate

the mechanical challenges and errors

associated with rotating and changing

the elevation of a dish antenna

• Array elements can create

simultaneous beams to increase

flexibility and capabilityflexibility and capability

• Fundamental architecture is a T/R

module, phase shifters, beam forming

network and the antenna elements

• Passive electronically scanned arrays

(PESA) use a single high power T/R

module, typically with a tube, to power

the entire array

• Active electronically scanned arrays

(AESA) feed each antenna element with

a lower power solid-state T/R module

26

Increasing Reliability and Simplifying Power

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

F

e

Receiver

Transmit/Receive ModulesRadiators

Active Array

T/R Modules

allow

• PAs replace

single high

power

transmitter

• No need for

27

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

e

e

d

Exciter

DC Power

(low power)

• Phase Control

• Amplitude Control

• Timing

Transmitter and

High Voltage Power

Supply

• No need for

high voltage

power supply

• LNAs simplify

receiver

• Phase shifters

displace need

for gimbal

Multi-role Capabilities

Air to air search

Ground Moving

28

Ground Moving

Targets

High Resolution SAR

AESA Transmit/Receive Module Evolution

Protection LNA

VGA

From

Exciter

29

Variable

Phase

Shifter

Logic chip

HPA

Antenna

Element

CirculatorBeam

Steering

To Receiver

Vacuum Tube

GaN Power Device Thermal Limit

?

AESA Semiconductor Technologies

30

GaAs Power Device Thermal Limit

GaAs Power Device Theoretical Limit InP Power Device

Theoretical Limit

GaN Power Device Theoretical Limit

Vacuum Tube Regime

SiGe Power Device Theoretical Limit

Evolutionary Performance

GaAs >>SiGeintegration/cost/low noise performance??

T/R Module

GaAs >> GaNpower/form factor/wideband

31

Digitizing Performance

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

T/R

32

Digital

Rcvr

Digital

Rcvr

Digital

Rcvr

Digital

Rcvr

Digital BeamformerDigital Beamformer

D

R

D

R

D

R

D

R

D

R

D

R

D

R

D

R

•Analogbeamforming

•1-6 digital Rx channels

•Analogbeamforming


Conventional AESA

•Digital beamforming




SubarrayedAESA


•1000+ digital Rx channels


•1000+ digital Rx channels

Element level AESA

beamforming

Expanding Beyond RADAR

Electronic Support

AESA

Electronic Attack Communications

33

Advantages of AESA Radar

• Rapid scanning

• Efficient power generation

• Reliability

34

• Reliability

• Multi-role

• Advanced architectures

Agenda

• Introduction


• Why AESA?




• Conclusions

35

Radar Measurement Staples

Signal monitoring

Pulse creationcreation

Peak/average power levels

Noise properties

36

Measuring Radar Signals

• Modern pulsed radar systems are improving performance through the use of

sophisticated waveform and modulation characteristics

– Many of these signal enhancements are generated in the digital domain with digital signal

processing (DSP) or direct digital synthesis

– Some of the trade-offs discussed earlier can be mitigated with techniques like:

• Pulse Compression: resolution benefits of short pulses can be combined with the range benefits of

longer pulses

37

longer pulses

• Pulse Coding: binary or polyphase codes allow receive pulses to overlap transmit pulses, improving a

radar’s range and dynamic tracking capabilities while not sacrificing unambiguous range

• In evaluating a radar, it is becoming as important to faithfully reproduce an

input signal as it is to accurately measure the output response

• New capabilities of phased arrays, like multiple beams, variable transmit

frequencies and PRFs place a premium on radars and test equipment to

capture these infrequent and transient signals

Radar Measurement Basics

• The flat transmit pulses and instantaneous rise time from our previous analysis

do not represent real-world radar signals.

– The pulse is more likely to resemble:• The injected pulse is amplified several

times to get to peak power

• The non-linearity of the Tx chain

components all contribute to the pulse

38

components all contribute to the pulse

shape

Time domain measurement of a transmit

signal

CW Signal Detection

• For CW radar signals, the frequency domain representation is a sine wave

– Phase is the differentiator

• CW pulse

– Linear phase

39

• FMCW pulse with linear modulation

– Parabolic phase

Advantages of Measurement and Simulation

Emissions EMI Environmental Cost

Low

Repeatability

High

Flight Test Risk

Low

Emissions Security

Low

EMI Environment

Quiet

Environmental Effects

Simulated

40

Agenda

• Introduction


• Why AESA?




• Conclusions

41

High Profile Examples

F-35F-22

AN/APG-81

Northrop Grumman

42

AN/APG-77

Northrop Grumman

Scaling AESA Solutions to Other Platforms

Teen

F-15• APG-63(V)3

• Raytheon

F-16Teen Series

F-16• APG-80

• SABR

• Northrop Grumman

• RACR

• Raytheon

F/A-18• APG-79

• RACR

• Raytheon

43

Upgrading Capabilities Beyond AESA

Captor

Captor-E

Captor-E W-FOR

44

Fast-jet AESA Platforms

Platform System Country Status

F-15C/D AN/APG-63(V)3 US In Service

F-15E AN/APG-82(V)1 US Development

F-16E/F AN/APG-80 US Production

F/A-18E/F AN/APG-79 US In Service

F-22 AN/APG-77 US LRIP

45

F-22 AN/APG-77 US LRIP

F-35 JSF AN/APG-81 US Development/LRIP

Rafale RBE2AA France Development

Gripen NG AESA Sweden Development

EL/M 2052 Israel Development

Mig-35 Zhuk AE Russia Development

Su-35 NIIP Russia Development

PAK-FA (T-50) NIIP Russia Development

Status at close of 2010

Agenda

• Introduction


• Why AESA?




• Conclusions

46

Naval Platforms – CEAFAR/CEAMOUNT

Developed for Royal Australian Navy

Used on HMAS Perth

Released for initial

Combination of S-band and X-band phased array

Released for initial operational use in September 2011

CEAFAR S-band radar

CEAMOUNT X-band illuminator

47

Naval Platforms – TRS-4D

Cassidian launched the TRS-4D surveillance and target multifunction naval radarmultifunction naval radar

AESA radar combined with mechanical rotation in azimuth

Using GaN transmit modules

48

Naval Platforms - CJR

USNS Howard O. Lorenzen

CJR – consists of S-band and X-band arrays

S-band AESA, 20k T/R modules

49

Land-based Platforms – G/ATOR

Air DefenseCounterfire

Target Acquisition

AN/TPS-80

Short Range Air Defense

Air Traffic Control

50

Northrop Grumman

Land-based Platforms - COBRA

Weapon Locating

Passive Listening; Location;

Registration/Adjustment

Thales System –

COBRA

Weapon Locating System; C-band AESA

RADAR

Thales System –European System

51

Air Platforms – AN/ZPY-1 STARLite

Compact AESA

1-D Ku-band

SAR/GMTI

Cueing of Cueing of EO/IR and other sensors

Northrop Grumman

Warrior UAV

RQ-7

52

Air Platforms - ASTOR

ASTOR

• Modified Bombardier platform

• Sentinel

• SAR/MTI• SAR/MTI

• Raytheon

53

Agenda

• Introduction


• Why AESA?




• Conclusions

54

Conclusions

• AESA technology is maturing rapidly

• Scalability allowing for implementation of AESA technology across

a broad range of platforms, expanding beyond the fast-jet

• Multi-role capabilities allowing displacement of multiple radars

• Potential for use in non-radar roles

• Next level of evolution will further enhance capabilities with RF

technologies playing an integral role

55

Thank you for your attention and thanks for our sponsor:

Rohde & Schwarz

Q&A


Q&A

For further details on this analysis or other research areas, see http://sa-link.cc/ADS

Or contact;

> Michael McMurray, Director Business Development, +1 617 614 0725, [email protected]

> Eric Higham, Director (North America) ADS Service, +1 617 614 0721, [email protected]

> Asif Anwar, Director ADS Service, +44 1908 423635, [email protected]

56

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