Slides prepared by Cyndi Chie and Sarah Frye (and Liam Keliher) A Gift of Fire Third edition Sara Baase Chapter 9: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities.

Slides prepared by Cyndi Chie and

Sarah Frye (and Liam Keliher)

A Gift of FireA Gift of FireThird editionThird edition

Sara BaaseSara Baase

Chapter 9: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities

What We Will CoverWhat We Will Cover

• What is Professional Ethics?• Ethical Guidelines for Computer

Professionals• Scenarios

What is “Professional What is “Professional Ethics”?Ethics”?

• Professional ethics deals with the ethical responsibilities of professionals– includes, but goes beyond, general ethical principles– includes relationships with and responsibilities toward

customers, clients, coworkers, employees, employers, others who use one’s products and services, and others whom they affect

• Many professions have a code of ethics that members are expected to abide by– Medical doctors– Lawyers and judges– Accountants

Professional Computer Professional Computer OrganizationsOrganizations

• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)– founded in 1947– over 90,000 members and 35 special interest groups– ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)– founded in 1963– over 365,000 members and 38 societies

• including the Computer Society (CS)– ACM / IEEE-CS Software Engineering Code of Ethics

and Professional Practice

What is “Professional What is “Professional Ethics”?Ethics”?

• There are special aspects to making ethical decisions in a professional context– a professional is an “expert” with knowledge

beyond that of an average member of society– people tend to trust experts– experts can have great influence for good or

for harm• Professionals in leadership roles have

additional unique responsibilities

Ethical Guidelines for Ethical Guidelines for Computer ProfessionalsComputer Professionals

Guidelines and Professional Responsibilities:• Understand what success means• Include users (such as medical staff,

technicians, pilots, office workers) in the design and testing stages to provide safe and useful systems

• Do a thorough, careful job when planning and scheduling a project and when writing bids or contract (i.e., be realistic)

• Design for real users with all their quirks and shortcomings

Ethical Guidelines for Ethical Guidelines for Computer . . . (cont.)Computer . . . (cont.)

Guidelines and Professional Responsibilities (cont.):

• Don’t assume existing software is safe or correct; review and test it before incorporating

• Be open and honest about capabilities, safety, and limitations of software

• Choose defaults carefully– most users accept the default configuration

• Develop communication skills, inside and outside your organization

Dealing with Ethical Dealing with Ethical ScenariosScenarios

Methodology:• Brainstorming phase:

– List all the people and organizations affected (the stakeholders)

– List risks, issues, problems, and consequences– List benefits and identify who gets each benefit– In cases where there is no simple yes or no

decision, but rather one has to choose some action, list possible actions

Ethical Scenarios (cont.)Ethical Scenarios (cont.)

Methodology:• Analysis phase

– Identify responsibilities of the decision maker– Identify rights of stakeholders– Consider the impact of the options on the

stakeholders (consequences, risks, benefits, harms, costs)

– Categorize each potential action as ethically obligatory, prohibited, or acceptable

– When there are multiple options, select one, considering the ethical merits of each, courtesy to others, practicality, self-interest, personal preferences, etc.

ScenariosScenariosScenario 1:• Your client runs several shelters for victims of domestic

abuse. The director wants to computerize their operations, especially record keeping, so that files and appointment information can be shared among the different shelters. She wants general Internet access so that staff can access resources provided by government and other agencies. She also wants a few laptops so that staff members can carry records when visiting clients at home. Clients are only referred to by first name in conversation, but computerized records will have full names, most recent addresses, etc.

ScenariosScenarios

Scenario 2:• Your company has 25 licenses for a

computer program, but you discover that it has been copied onto 80 computers.

ScenariosScenarios

Scenario 3:• Suppose you are a member of a team

working on a computer-controlled crash avoidance system for automobiles. You think the system has a flaw that could endanger people. The project manager does not seem concerned and expects to announce completion of the project soon. Do you have an ethical obligation to do something?

ScenariosScenarios

Scenario 4:• You work for the IRS, the Social

Security Administration, a movie-rental company, or an Internet service provider. Someone asks you to get a copy of records about a particular person (George Clooney). The person will pay you $500.

ScenariosScenarios

Scenario 5:• You are the computer system administrator

for a mid-sized company. You can monitor the company network from home, and you frequently work from home. Your niece, a college student, is visiting for a week. She asks to use your computer to check her e-mail. Sure, you say. You are being a gracious host. What is the ethical problem?