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COBOL Programming COBOL Programming

Day 1Day 1

ER/CORP/CRS/LA1010/003ER/CORP/CRS/LA1010/003 Ver. No.: 4.0Ver. No.: 4.0 Copyright © 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.Copyright © 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives

�Evolution, Features & Language Fundamentals

�Programming in COBOL

Copyright © 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd. 22

Course AgendaCourse Agenda

� Day 1: Introduction to COBOL

� Day 2: Cobol Language constructs and miscellaneous verbs

� Day 3: Sequential File Handling

� Day 4: Indexed File Handling, COPY and CALL Verbs


� Day 4: Indexed File Handling, COPY and CALL Verbs

� Day 5: Table Handling and String Handling

� Day 6: Working on project

� Day 7: Project Evaluation

COBOL in IndustryCOBOL in Industry

�All the batch applications like report processing, payroll processing pertaining to finance, insurance and banking are developed in COBOL

�COBOL with the Customer Information Customer System (CICS) makes the batch operating


System (CICS) makes the batch operating environment interactive through online systems

�Huge systems like railway reservation and airline reservation systems use COBOL with CICS to perform customer services effectively

Pre-requisitesPre-requisites

�Programming Fundamentals

�MVS Operating system and its subsystem TSO

� Job Control Language to submit jobs to MVS


� Job Control Language to submit jobs to MVS

�Navigating through ISPF

Topics beyond the scopeTopics beyond the scope

�Report writer feature of COBOL

�SORT and MERGE

�Relative Files


�Relative Files

Component Marks Schedule

Module Test(All topics)

70 Day 8

Project 30 Day 7

Evaluation MechanismsEvaluation Mechanisms


Project 30 Day 7

Session Plan - Day1Session Plan - Day1

� Evolution and Features of COBOL

� General Coding and Format rules

� Language Fundamentals


� Input and Output verbs

� Data Movement Verbs

� Arithmetic Verbs

� Design and development of simple COBOL programs

ReferencesReferences

� FAQs on COBOL � http://172.25.103.176/Extl_FAQ/xfaq_10099/xfaq_10099.htm

� Edited Picture Clauses in COBOL� http://172.25.103.176/InternalTutorial/itut_87190/itut_87190.doc

� How Edited Picture Clauses Work ?� http://172.25.103.176/Bok/bok_84310/bok_84310.DOC


� M.K.Roy and D. Ghosh Dastidar, COBOL Programming, Tata McGraw� Hill, New York, 1973.

� Nancy Stern and Robert Stern, COBOL Programming, John Wiley &� Sons, New York, 1973.

� Newcomer and Lawrence, Programming with Structured COBOL,� McGraw Hill Books, New York, 1973.


Features of COBOLFeatures of COBOL


History of COBOLHistory of COBOL

YEAR VERSION FEATURES

May 1958 Initial Stage US Dept. Of Defense set up COD ASYL(Conference on Data Systems Language) to develop a language to cater the busine ss data processing needs.

Sept. 1959 Initial Stage CODASYL developed COBOL.

April 1960 First Version CODASYL officially released COBOL with its initial specifications


May 1961 COBOL-61 Published with more revisions which provided the foundation for later versions.

1965 COBOL-64 Re-revised version of COBOL was release d with a number of additional features.

1968 COBOL-68 �ANSI approved COBOL as a standard language for comm ercial use.�Standardized form of COBOL�Attempted to overcome the incompatibilities of diff erent versions

History of COBOLHistory of COBOL

YEAR VERSION FEATURES

1974 COBOL-74 ANSI published the revised version of C OBOL with string operations added to it.

1985 COBOL-85 �Another revised version of COBOL�Designed to take advantage of structured programming languages.�Logic errors reduced with END statements


�Case statements reduced nested Ifs�Less English-like�Maintained readability and business orientation�Compatible with previous versions�Today most COBOL compilers adhere to this standard

Latest COBOL 9x(or) Object Oriented COBOL

It allows the flexibility to use encapsulated objec ts as a normal part of COBOL programming.

Features of COBOLFeatures of COBOL

�Business Oriented & Robust Language (good file handling methods)

�Excellent self-documenting capabilities


�Structured Programming Language

�English-like Language


Language BasicsLanguage Basics


Structure of a COBOL programStructure of a COBOL programPROGRAM

DIVISIONS

SECTIONS

PARAGRAPHS

Principal portions of a program. There are 4 divisions a) Identification (Required)b) Environment (Optional)c) Data (Optional)d) Procedure (Required)

User defined chunk of code which consists of one/more paragraphs.

e.g. a) U000-CHECK-LOG SECTION.User defined chunk of code which

A STATEMENT consists of a COBOL verb and an operand or operands.

e.g. SUBTRACT T-TAX FROM GROSS-PAY

GIVING NET-PAY


SENTENCES

STATEMENTS

RESERVED WORDSUSER-DEFINED

WORDS

CHARACTERS

a) U000-CHECK-LOG SECTION.b) FILE SECTION.

User defined chunk of code which consists of one/more sentences.

e.g. a) P000-PRINT-FINAL-TOTALS.

b) PROGRAM-ID.A SENTENCE consists of one or more statements and is terminated by a full stop.

e.g. a) MOVE .21 TO VAT-RATE

b) COMPUTE VAT-AMOUNT =

PRODUCT-COST * VAT-RATE.

COBOL – Character SetCOBOL – Character Set

Character Meaning

Space

+ Plus sign

- Minus sign or hyphen

* Asterisk

/ Forward slash or solidus

= Equal sign

$ Currency sign1

, Comma


; Semicolon

. Decimal point or period

" Quotation mark2

( Left parenthesis

) Right parenthesis

> Greater than

< Less than

: Colon

' Apostrophe

A-Z Alphabet (uppercase)

a-z Alphabet (lowercase)

0-9 Numeric characters

IDENTIFICATION DIVISIONIDENTIFICATION DIVISION

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. PGM-NAME.

[AUTHOR. Comment Entry]

[INSTALLATION . Comment Entry]

[DATE-WRITTEN. Comment Entry]

[DATE-COMPILED. Comment

SYNTAX


Entry]

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID. FIRSTPGM.

AUTHOR.ENR, MYSORE.

INSTALLATION. GEC, MYSORE.

DATE-WRITTEN. 26 JULY 206.

DATE-COMPILED. 27 JULY 2006.

ExampleProgram Name

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION


CONFIGURATION SECTION INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION

Identifies the computer used for compiling of programs

Identifies the files and the input-output resources used by the program

ENVIRONMENT DIVISIONENVIRONMENT DIVISION

SYNTAXENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

CONFIGURATION SECTION.

[SOURCE-COMPUTER.Comment Entry.]

[ OBJECT- COMPUTER.Comment Entry.]


[ OBJECT- COMPUTER.Comment Entry.]

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

[FILE-CONTROL.]

[File control entries]

[I-O CONTROL.]

[I-O control entries]

DATA DIVISIONDATA DIVISION

� DATA DIVISION has following sections :

� FILE SECTION - describes most of the data that is sent to, or coming from, the computer’s peripherals

� WORKING-STORAGE SECTION - describes the general variables used in the program


used in the program

� LINKAGE SECTION - establishes link between two programs

� DATA DIVISION is optional unless the program manipulates any constant and user-defined data

PROCEDURE DIVISION

� Includes statements and sentences necessary for reading input,processing it and writing the output

� Contains instructions that are executed by the computer at the RUN TIME

� All the data described in the DATA DIVISION are processed here anddesired results are produced


� Programmer describes his algorithm in PD

� Its hierarchical in structure consists of Sections, Paragraphs, Sentencesand Statements

� Only the Section is optional

� Should contain at least one paragraph, sentence and statement

Sections

� A SECTION is a block of code made up of one or more paragraphs

� A SECTION begins with the section-name and ends where next section name is encountered or where the program text ends


� A SECTION name consists of a name devised by the programmer or defined by the language followed by the word SECTION followed by a full stop

– U0000-SELECT-USER-RECORDS SECTION.– FILE SECTION.

Paragraphs

� Each section consists of one or more paragraphs

� A PARAGRAPH is a block of code made up of one or more sentences

� A PARAGRAPH begins with the paragraph -name and ends with the next


� A PARAGRAPH begins with the paragraph -name and ends with the next paragraph or section name or the end of the program text

� The paragraph-name consists of a name devised by the programmer or defined by the language followed by a full stop � P0000-PRINT-FINAL-TOTALS.� PROGRAM-ID.

Sentences and Statements

� A PARAGRAPH consists of one or more sentences

� A SENTENCE consists of one or more statements and is terminated by a full stop

– MOVE 21 TO VAT-RATECOMPUTE VAT-AMOUNT = PRODUCT-COST * VAT-RATE.

– DISPLAY "Enter Name "


– DISPLAY "Enter Name " ACCEPT STUDENT-NAMEDISPLAY "Name Entered was “ STUDENT-NAME.

� A STATEMENT consists of a COBOL verb and an operand or operands

– SUBTRACT T-TAX FROM GROSS-PAY GIVING NET-PAY.– READ STUDENT-FILE

AT END SET END-OF-FILE TO TRUEEND-READ.

COBOL coding sheetCOBOL coding sheet

Column numbers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 72 80

Column numbers

* Area A Area B IDENTI-


IFICATION

AREA

-

/

Cols 1-6

Column Numbers

Col 7

* - > Comment

- -> Continuation

/ -> Form Feed

Area A - Cols 8-11

Division Name

Section Name

Paragraph Name

FD entries

Area B - Cols 12 - 72

All Procedure Division Statements & Sentences


Column Numbers01 Entries

The minimum COBOL program

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID. SMALLPGM.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.A0000-DISPLAY-PARA.

DISPLAY “Welcome to MF training“.


DISPLAY “Welcome to MF training“.STOP RUN..

What is the model we have used to describe the COBOL program structure?

TOP-DOWN

Can You Answer?Can You Answer?

�Area A entries begin in ______________________

�PROGRAM-ID is a paragraph name appearing in

Columns 8, 9, 10 & 11


�PROGRAM-ID is a paragraph name appearing in ____________________IDENTIFICATION DIVISION


Data Types in COBOLData Types in COBOL


Basic data typesBasic data types

�Alphabetic

� Numeric

� Alphanumeric


� Alphanumeric

� Edited numeric

� Edited alphanumeric

Literals

� Analogous to “constants” in any other language

� Literals are symbols whose value does not change in a program

� There are 3 types of literals namely


� There are 3 types of literals namely

(1) Numeric literals.

(2) Non-numeric literals.

(3) Figurative constants.

Numeric literalsNumeric literals

� Are formed using digits only

� There must not be any blank between the sign and the first digit

� May include a decimal point which cannot be the right most character

� Can have at most 18 digits


Can have

Valid Literals Invalid Literals777 666,66,7 (Comma appears)-1234 -0 .888 (Blank appears)123456789126789092 +765. (Decimal in rightmost position)

Non-numeric literalsNon-numeric literals

� Are used to display headings or messages

� Are a sequence of characters (except quotes) from the COBOL character set enclosed within quotes

� May contain up to 160 characters including spaces


Valid Literals Invalid Literals‘DATE-OF-BIRTH’ ‘NEW BILL (Right Quote missing)‘7788990’ ‘PAUL’S FATHER’ (Quotes appear

inbetween)‘EXERCISE-I’ ‘’ (No character between quotes)‘ / ‘

Figurative constantsFigurative constants

Figurative constants Meaning

ZERO(S) or ZEROES Represents the value 0, one or mor e depending on the context

SPACE(S) Represents one or more spaces

HIGH-VALUE(S) Represents the highest value


HIGH-VALUE(S) Represents the highest value

LOW-VALUE(S) Represents the lowest value

QUOTE(S) Represents single or double quotes

ALL ALL literalliteral Fill With Literal

Data NamesData Names

� These are analogous to “Variables” in any other programming languages

� Are named memory locations

� Must be described in the DATA DIVISION before they can be used in thePROCEDURE DIVISION


� Can be of elementary or group type

� Can be subscripted

� Are user defined words

� Are used to form section, paragraph and data names

Rules for forming User-Defined WordsRules for forming User-Defined Words

� Can be at most 30 characters in length

� Only alphabets, digits and hyphen are allowed

� Blanks are not allowed

� May not begin or end with a hyphen


� Should not be a COBOL reserved word

ExampleValid Invalid

777-VALUE -WS-VALUE (starts with hyphen)WS-Y-ITEM-DATA INPUT-OUTPUT (reserved word)WS-X104 WS-DATA RES (blank appears)

Description of data namesDescription of data names

The description of a data name is done with the aid of

(1) Level number – expresses data hierarchy

(2) PICTURE clause – specifies data type and storage

(3) VALUE clause – initializes the data names

01 WS-NUMBER PICTURE 9999.


01 WS-NUMBER PICTURE 9999.

Level Number Identifier PICTURE Clause

Level number and RulesLevel number and Rules

LEVEL NUMBER

Description Coding Rules

01 Record Description for files and independent data items

Must begin in Area A

02 – 49 Fields within records and sub-items Can begin in Area A or Area B


66 RENAMES Clause Must begin in Area A

77 Independent elementary items Must begin in Area A

88 Condition Names Can begin in Area A or Area B

� Is used to specify the following

(1) The data type

(2) The storage requirement

� Can be abbreviated as PIC

� It is used only for describing elementary items

PICTURE clause


PICTURE Symbol Meaning

9 Numeric

A Alphabetic

X Alphanumeric

V Implied Decimal Point

S Sign bit

ExamplesExamples

� Numeric Data item

01 WS-NUMBER PIC 9(3).01 WS-GROSS PIC 9(2)V9(2).01 WS-SNUMBER PIC S9(2).

� Alphabetic Data-item


01 WS-NAME PIC A(30).01 WS-TITLE PIC A(25).

� Alphanumeric Data-item

01 WS-REGNO PIC X(4).01 WS-PANN PIC X(6).

Group and elementary items

� GROUP ITEM – describes a data item that can be further subdivided

– Declared using a level number and a data name

– Cannot have a picture clause

– Group item is the highest in the data hierarchy with level number 01and it is referred to as “record”


and it is referred to as “record”

� ELEMENTARY ITEM - describes data items which are atomic, thatcannot be further subdivided

– An elementary item must have a picture clause

� Every group or elementary item declaration must be followed by a fullstop

Group ItemsGroup Items

01 WS-ADDRESS.05 WS-HOUSENO PIC 9(2).05 WS-STREET PIC A(15).05 WS-ROAD PIC A(20).05 WS-DISTRICT PIC A(25).05 WS-STATER PIC A(20).


05 WS-STATER PIC A(20).

01 WS-DATE-OF-BIRTH.05 WS-DATE PIC 9(2).05 WS-MON PIC A(3).05 WS-YEAR PIC 9(4).

Edited picture symbols (1/4)

Edited Symbol Meaning Data Type supported

Z Zero Suppression

* Check Protection

, Comma Insertion

- Minus sign Insertion

+ Plus sign Insertion

CR Credit Symbol Insertion


NUMERICCR Credit Symbol Insertion

DB Debit Symbol Insertion

. Decimal Point Insertion

B Blank Insertion

/ Slash Insertion

BLANK WHEN ZERO Blank Insertion when the value is zero

$ Dollar sign Insertion

Edited picture symbols (2/4)Edited picture symbols (2/4)

Edited Symbol Meaning Data Type supported

B Blank InsertionAlphabetic,


Alphabetic, Alphanumeric

& Numeric/ Slash Insertion

0 Zero Insertion


Source PICTURE

Value Destination PICTURE

Edited Value

9(5) 00077 ZZ999 077

9(2) 20 ***9(2) ***20

9(3) 124 $9(4) $0124

S9(4) -4256 -9999 -4256


S9(4) -1256 +9999 -1256

S9(2) -12 999CR 012CR

S9(2) 24 999CR 024

9(2)V9(2) 12.34 9(3).9 012.3

9(4) 3456 99,999 03,456

9(4) 3489 9(4)B99 0034 89

X(9) BFSKINNER XBXBX(7) B F SKINNER


Edited Symbol Methods

ZSuppression And Replacement(leading zeroes are suppressed and replaced with blanks or ‘*’)

*

,


Insertion

-

+

CR

DB

.

B

$

/

Can You Answer?Can You Answer?

� Level numbers are used for _____________

� Picture class is used for _________ & ________________

Data Hierarchy

Data Type Storage Requirement


� A Non-numeric literal can have maximum of ______________

� A numeric literal can have at most _______________

160 characters

18 digits


PROCEDURE DIVISION VERBSPROCEDURE DIVISION VERBS


� Data movement Verb

� Arithmetic Verbs

� Input / Output Verbs

PROCEDURE DIVISION Verbs


� Input / Output Verbs

� Sequence control Verbs

� File handling Verbs

ACCEPT Verb

Syntax

Input -Output VERBS (1/2)Input -Output VERBS (1/2)

ACCEPT identifier [ FROM { DATE, DAY, TIME, mnemonic-name }].


Examples

(1) ACCEPT WS-NUMBER-1.(2) ACCEPT WS-TODAY-DATE FROM DATE.



The ‘SYSIN’ statement from the JCL passes data into the COBOL program which can be stored in a variable using

the ACCEPT statement

DISPLAY Verb

Syntax

Input -Output VERBS (2/2)Input -Output VERBS (2/2)

DISPLAY { identifier-1, literal-1 } , . . .


Examples

(1) DISPLAY WS-VARIABLE-PAY(2) DISPLAY ‘The sum is : ’ WS-SUM

Data Movement Verb - MOVE VerbData Movement Verb - MOVE Verb

Move copies data from the source identifier or literal to oneor more destination identifiers

SYNTAX


MOVE { identifier, literal } TO { identifier } ………………

MOVE verb ExampleMOVE verb Example

01 SUR-NAME PIC X(008).

R Y A NF I T Z P A T R I C K


MOVE “RYAN” TO SUR-NAME.

MOVE “FITZPATRICK” TO SURMOVE “FITZPATRICK” TO SUR--NAME.NAME.

Before

WS00-OUT1 BEST

WS00-OUT2 1234

After

WS00-OUT1 ‘ ’

WS00-OUT2 0

Before

WS00-OUT3 0786


WS00-OUT3 0786

After

WS00-OUT3 2345

Before

WS00-OUT4 ‘PAYAL PAREKH’

After

WS00-OUT4 ‘SHUTI DEY’

MOVE to a numeric item

� When the destination item is numeric, or edited numeric, then data is

aligned along the decimal point with zero filling or truncation as necessary


� When the decimal point is not explicitly specified in either the source or

destination items, the item is treated as if it had an assumed decimal point

immediately after its rightmost character

MOVE ZEROS TO GROSS-PAY.

MOVE 12.4 TO GROSS- PAY.

01 GROSS-PAY PIC 9(004)V99.

��

��

GROSS-PAY

GROSS-PAY

0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 2 4 0

MOVE – Example (1/2)


MOVE 12.4 TO GROSS- PAY.

MOVE 123.456 TO GROSS-PAY .

MOVE 12345.757 TO GROSS-PAY.

��

��

��

GROSS-PAY

GROSS-PAY

1 2 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5 7 5

MOVE 1234 TO COUNTRY-POP.

01 COUNTRY-POP PIC 999.01 PRICE-RS PIC 999V99.

1 2 3 4

1 5 4 0 0PRICE-RS

COUNTRY-POP

��

MOVE – Example (2/2)


MOVE 154 TO PRICE-RS.

MOVE 3552.75 TO PRICE-RS.

1 5 4 0 0

3 5 5 2 7 5

��

PRICE-RS

��

��

Before

WS00-OUT1 0000

WS00-OUT2 000000

After

WS00-OUT1 3456

WS00-OUT2 345678

Before

WS00-OUT3 000000


WS00-OUT3 000000

After

WS00-OUT3 123456

Before

WS00-OUT4 00000000

After

WS00-OUT4 12345678

JUSTIFIED RIGHT Clause

Is used to change the default type movement of alphabetic and alphanumeric data

Examples

01 NAME PIC X(10) JUSTIFIED RIGHT.


01 NAME PIC X(10) JUSTIFIED RIGHT.

MOVE “INFY” TO NAME.

Contents of NAME field is bbbbbbINFY.

JUSTIFIED RIGHT clause .. exampleJUSTIFIED RIGHT clause .. example


*********************************************

WS00-OUT1 : ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

WS00-OUT2 : ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

*********************************************

Output SPOOL

MOVE CORRESPONDING (1/2)

•It’s a group move

•Group move is one in which one or both of the sending and receiving fields are groupitems

•This is treated exactly as though it were an alphanumeric elementary move, except thatthere is no conversion of data from one form of internal representation to another


SYNTAX

�where identifier-1 and identifier-2 are group items.

MOVE { CORRESPONDING, CORR } identifier-1 TO identifier-2

01 WS-STUREC.

05 WS- NAME PIC A(20).

05 WS-AGE PIC 9(2).

05 WS-SEX PIC A(6).

05 WS- GRADE PIC A(1).

01 WS-STUDCOPYREC.

05 WS-NAME PIC A(15).

05 WS - AGE PIC 9(2).

WS-STUREC :

WS- NAME –KUMAR

WS-AGE –23

WS-SEX –MALEWS-GRADE –A

WS-STUDCOPYREC :WS-NAME – GUPTAWS-AGE – 24

MOVE CORRESPONDING(2/2)


05 WS - AGE PIC 9(2).

05 WS-DOB PIC X(10).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

A0000-FIRST-PARA.

MOVE CORRESPONDING WS-STUREC TO WS-STUDCOPYREC.

DISPLAY WS-STUDCOPYREC.

WS-AGE – 24WS-DOB –15/02/1980

WS-STUDCOPYREC :WS-NAME – KUMARWS-AGE –23WS-DOB –15/02/1980

MOVE CORRESPONDING .. exampleMOVE CORRESPONDING .. example


****************************

WS00-GR2 : NISHANT 00000

****************************Output SPOOL

MOVE . . . OF . . . TO . . . OF (1/2)

Facilitates the movement of a particular field of a record to a particular field of another record

Example:


MOVE NAME OF STUD-REC TO WS-NAME OF WS-STUD-REC.

01 STUREC.

05 NAME PIC A(20).

05 AGE PIC 9(2).

05 SEX PIC A(6).

05 GRADE PIC A(1).

01 WS-STUDREC.

05 WS-NAME PIC A(15).

STUREC :

NAME – KUMAR

AGE –23

SEX –MALE

GRADE –A

WS-STUDREC :WS-NAME – GUPTA

MOVE . . . OF . . . TO . . . OF (2/2)


05 WS-AGE PIC 9(2).

05 WS-DOB PIC X(10).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

A0000-FIRST-PARA.

MOVE NAME OF STUREC TO WS-NAME OF WS- STUDREC.

DISPLAY WS-STUDREC.

WS-NAME – GUPTAWS-AGE –24WS-DOB –15/02/1980

WS-STUDREC :WS-NAME – KUMARWS-AGE –24WS-DOB –15/02/1980

Legal MOVE(s)

Certain combinations of sending and receiving data types are not permitted.

Alphabetic Alphanumeric Edited Alphanumeric

Numeric Numeric non integer

Edited numeric

Alphabetic Y Y Y N N N

Receiving field

Sen

ding

fiel

d


Alphabetic Y Y Y N N N

Alphanumeric Y Y Y Y* N N

Edited Alphanumeric

Y Y Y N N N

Numeric N Y Y Y Y Y

Numeric non integer

N N N Y Y Y

Edited numeric N Y Y Y Y Y

Sen

ding

fiel

d

� ADD

� SUBTRACT

� MULTIPLY

� DIVIDE

Arithmetic VERBS


� DIVIDE

� COMPUTE

ADD Verb (1/2)

SYNTAX -1

ADD { identifier-1, literal-1 }[ , identifier-2, literal-2 ] . . . TO identifier-3 [ , identifier-4

] . . .


SYNTAX-2

ADD { identifier-1, literal-1 }{ identifier-2, literal-2 } [ identifier-3, literal-3 ] GIVING

identifier-4 . . .

ADD Verb (2/2)ADD Verb (2/2)

Contents BeforeA B C D

COBOL Statement Contents AfterA B C D

2 ADD 10 TO A 12

2 4 ADD A TO B 2 6

2 4 25 ADD A TO B GIVING C 2 4 6


2 4 25 ADD A TO B GIVING C 2 4 6

2 4 25 ADD A, B, 6 TO C(C=A+B+6+C)

2 4 37

2 4 25 30 ADD A,B,6 TO C GIVING D(D=A+B+6+C)

2 4 25 37

2 4 25 30 ADD A, B TO C,D(C=A+B+C)(D=A+B+D)

2 4 31 36

Before

WS00-IN1 123WS00-OUT1 0000

After

WS00-IN1 123WS00-OUT1 0123

Before

ADD


WS00-IN1 123WS00-OUT2 0000

After

WS00-IN1 123WS00-OUT2 0223

Before

WS00-IN1 123WS00-IN2 456WS00-OUT3 0000

After

WS00-IN1 123WS00-IN2 456WS00-OUT3 0579

SUBTRACT Verb (1/2)

SYNTAX

SUBTRACT {identifier-1, literal-1} [ identifier-2, literal-2]…FROM identifier-3

[identifier-4] [, GIVING identifier-5 [,identifier-6]…]


2



21 SUBTRACT 10 FROM A 11

2 4 SUBTRACT A FROM B 2 2

2 4 25 SUBTRACT A FROM B GIVING C(C=A-B)

2 4 2

SUBTRACT Verb (2/2)


(C=A-B)

2 4 25 SUBTRACT A,B,6 FROM C(C=C-(A+B+6))

2 4 13

2 4 25 30 SUBTRACT A,B,6 FROM C GIVING D(D=C-(A+B+6))

2 4 25 13

2 4 25 30 SUBTRACT A,B FROM C ,D(C=C-(A+B))(D=D-(A+B))

2 4 19 24

Before

WS00-IN1 111WS00-OUT1 1111

After

WS00-IN1 111WS00-OUT1 1000

Before

WS00-IN1 111WS00-OUT2 2222

SUBTRACT


WS00-OUT2 2222

After

WS00-IN1 111WS00-OUT2 2000

Before

WS00-IN1 111WS00-IN2 555WS00-OUT3 6666WS00-OUT4 9666

After

WS00-IN1 111WS00-IN2 555WS00-OUT3 6666WS00-OUT4 6000

MULTIPLY Verb (1/2)

SYNTAX

MULTIPLY {identifier-1, literal-1} BY identifier-2 [ identifier-3 ] . . . [ , GIVING identifier-4 [ , identifier-5 ] . . . ]


MULTIPLY Verb (2/2)MULTIPLY Verb (2/2)



2 MULTIPLY 10 BY A 20

2 4 MULTIPLY 10 BY A GIVING B 2 20

2


2 4 MULTIPLY A BY B 2 8

2 4 25 MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C 2 4 8

2 4 25 30 MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C, D

2 4 8 8

Before

WS00-IN1 100WS00-OUT1 1111

After

MULTIPLY


WS00-IN1 100WS00-OUT1 1000

Before

WS00-IN1 100WS00-OUT2 0222WS00-OUT3 0666

After

WS00-IN2 100WS00-OUT2 2200WS00-OUT3 6600

DIVIDE Verb (1/2)

SYNTAX-1

SYNTAX-2

DIVIDE { identifier-1, literal-1 } INTOidentifier-2 [, identifier-3]…..[ GIVINGidentifier-4 [ , identifier-5]…..].


SYNTAX-2

SYNTAX-3

DIVIDE { identifier-1, literal-1 } BY {identifier-2, literal-2} GIVING identifier-3 [ , identifier-4].

DIVIDE { identifier-1, literal-1 } { INTO , BY } { identifier-2, literal-2 } GIVING identifier-3 REMAINDER identifer-4.

2

DIVIDE Verb (2/2)DIVIDE Verb (2/2)



21 3 DIVIDE A BY B 21 7

21 3 DIVIDE B INTO A 7 3

21 DIVIDE 7 INTO A 3


21 DIVIDE 7 INTO A 3

21 3 25 DIVIDE B INTO A GIVING C 21 3 7

21 8 3 1 DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C REMAINDER D

21 8 2 5

21 8 3 1 DIVIDE B INTO A GIVING C REMAINDER D

21 8 2 5

Before

WS00-IN1 100WS00-OUT1 1000

After

DIVIDE


WS00-IN1 100WS00-OUT1 0010

Before

WS00-IN2 1000WS00-OUT2 2000WS00-OUT3 00

After

WS00-IN2 1000WS00-OUT2 0008WS00-OUT3 16

STOP RUNSTOP RUN

SYNTAX

STOP RUN


� Instructs the computer to terminate the program.

� Closes all the files that were opened for file operations.

� The STOP RUN is usually the last statement in the main paragraph .

SummarySummary

� History of COBOL� Features of COBOL� Structure of COBOL Program� COBOL Coding Rules� Data Types in COBOL� Declaration of Data Items using Level Numbers and


� Declaration of Data Items using Level Numbers and PICTURE Clause

� Elementary and Group Items� Data Movement Verbs� Input/Output Verbs� Arithmetic Verbs� STOP RUN


Thank You

“The contents of this document are proprietary and confidential to Infosys Technologies Ltd. and may not be disclosed in whole or in part at any time, t o any third party without the prior written consent of Infosys Technologies Ltd.”

“© 2008 Infosys Technologies Ltd. All rights reserv ed. Copyright in the whole and any part of this document belongs to Infosys Technologies Ltd. This work may not be used, sold, transferred, adapted, abridged, copied or reproduced in whole or in part, in any manner or form, or in any media, without th e prior written consent of Infosys Technologies Ltd.”

Slides COBOL LA01 LC 01 [Compatibility Mode]

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