Slide Show on Kargil War

THE KARGIL CONFLICT THE KARGIL CONFLICT 1999 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF 1999 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONSDIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS

RABIA AHMAD & Zamurrad RABIA AHMAD & Zamurrad AwanAwan

MAP OF KARGILMAP OF KARGIL

ABSTRACTABSTRACT

The research discuses the conflict in Kargil The research discuses the conflict in Kargil in between India and Pakistanin between India and Pakistan

The research has discussed the pros and The research has discussed the pros and corns of the Kargil war, the resolution of corns of the Kargil war, the resolution of the conflict and the affected analyzed the conflict and the affected analyzed impact on both the countries impact on both the countries

The inviolability of the LOC received The inviolability of the LOC received international appreciation international appreciation

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

KargilKargil War is perceived as a minor war because the War is perceived as a minor war because the

span of fighting was limited to a single front in span of fighting was limited to a single front in KashmirKashmir

This was the most recent ground war between any This was the most recent ground war between any

two nations after India and Pakistan had developed two nations after India and Pakistan had developed nuclear weapons and after the Sino-Soviet border nuclear weapons and after the Sino-Soviet border conflict.conflict.

Kargil was a preventative deliberate action to Kargil was a preventative deliberate action to anticipate the apparent Indian repulsive designs in anticipate the apparent Indian repulsive designs in that sectorthat sector

•

In early May 1999, the Indian defense In early May 1999, the Indian defense force learnt that intruders had engaged force learnt that intruders had engaged the heights close to the Dras area in the heights close to the Dras area in Kashmir. A perambulation of ten soldiers Kashmir. A perambulation of ten soldiers sent to examine the particular area. sent to examine the particular area.

According to some political analysts, it According to some political analysts, it almost led to a nuclear waralmost led to a nuclear war..

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEMBACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

There have been two major wars, The 1965 war There have been two major wars, The 1965 war and the 1971 war before this Kargil conflict and the 1971 war before this Kargil conflict which was a low intensity warwhich was a low intensity war

In India and Pakistan’s war except for the 1971 In India and Pakistan’s war except for the 1971 war , the dispute concerned East Pakistan , the war , the dispute concerned East Pakistan , the main cause was the disputed region of Kashmir.main cause was the disputed region of Kashmir.

Pakistan has hoisted the Kashmir issue within Pakistan has hoisted the Kashmir issue within the UN and asked for worldwide involvement to the UN and asked for worldwide involvement to determine the dispute. determine the dispute.

RATIONALERATIONALE To find out the main objectives behind the Kargil conflictTo find out the main objectives behind the Kargil conflict

To dissect who should ultimately accept the occurrence for To dissect who should ultimately accept the occurrence for such an opperationsuch an opperation

To analyze whether Pakistan was in a mood to start a war or To analyze whether Pakistan was in a mood to start a war or wanted to resolve the issue wanted to resolve the issue

To determine whether the Kargil issue became a victory for To determine whether the Kargil issue became a victory for Pakistan or India Pakistan or India

To scrutinize the relationship between India and Pakistan after To scrutinize the relationship between India and Pakistan after the Kargil Conflict the Kargil Conflict

HYPOTHESIS OF FORMULATIONHYPOTHESIS OF FORMULATION

The researcher will attempt to find out the The researcher will attempt to find out the different perceptions on Kargil war by both the different perceptions on Kargil war by both the countries and also the International countries and also the International involvement. involvement.

India and Pakistan both have different point of India and Pakistan both have different point of views as far as the Kargil conflict was views as far as the Kargil conflict was concernedconcerned

LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

Shireen.M. Mazari in her book “The Kargil Shireen.M. Mazari in her book “The Kargil Conflict 1999” (September 2003),has Conflict 1999” (September 2003),has discussed that the Kargil conflict became discussed that the Kargil conflict became the center of attention of the worldwide the center of attention of the worldwide observation and study. observation and study.

The reports of the Indian government “The The reports of the Indian government “The Kargil Review Committee Report” Kargil Review Committee Report” (December,1999) has given an overview of (December,1999) has given an overview of Kargil invasionKargil invasion

Raju G.C.Thomas and Amit Gupta in their book “India’s Raju G.C.Thomas and Amit Gupta in their book “India’s Nuclear Security” (2000) discussed that the revisit of Nuclear Security” (2000) discussed that the revisit of martial rule in Pakistan,with General Pervez Musharaf martial rule in Pakistan,with General Pervez Musharaf having exiled Nawaz Sharif in October 1999having exiled Nawaz Sharif in October 1999

Tom Clancy in his book “Battle Ready” expresses that Tom Clancy in his book “Battle Ready” expresses that during the Kargil war there were exchanges of fire, there during the Kargil war there were exchanges of fire, there was a recruitment of forces, there were bombing was a recruitment of forces, there were bombing attacks, planes were shot down. attacks, planes were shot down.

Musharraf in his book “In the Line of Fire”(2006) said Musharraf in his book “In the Line of Fire”(2006) said that India started all the wars and crossed the Line of that India started all the wars and crossed the Line of Control in the Kargil conflict.Control in the Kargil conflict.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYAIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The research aims to widen new imminents into the The research aims to widen new imminents into the

foundation, accomplishment and consequences of foundation, accomplishment and consequences of the 1999 India-Pakistan war in central Kashmir the 1999 India-Pakistan war in central Kashmir

To illustrate from these insights a better To illustrate from these insights a better understanding of India-Pakistan military challengeunderstanding of India-Pakistan military challenge

To develop new findings and engage hypothetical To develop new findings and engage hypothetical contest contest

To study the Kargil conflict from a erudite, worldwide To study the Kargil conflict from a erudite, worldwide outlookoutlook

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research includes secondary sources like The research includes secondary sources like books, articles, journals, reports and Internetbooks, articles, journals, reports and Internet

The research is historical and exploratoryThe research is historical and exploratory

The research has an immense impressionThe research has an immense impression

The research is chronological because this The research is chronological because this issue has a cosmic background to it issue has a cosmic background to it

RESULTSRESULTS

AFTER MATH OF KARGIL CONFLICTAFTER MATH OF KARGIL CONFLICT From the end of the war until February 2000,Indian From the end of the war until February 2000,Indian

stock market rose by over 30%. stock market rose by over 30%.

After the war, the Indian government detached ties After the war, the Indian government detached ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness

The whole occurrence of the Kargil conflict became The whole occurrence of the Kargil conflict became a series of incremental steps on both the sides a series of incremental steps on both the sides that in a highly flammable political diplomatic that in a highly flammable political diplomatic environment produced a quick restricted war environment produced a quick restricted war

Kargil have gained so much tolerability Kargil have gained so much tolerability

within public of Pakistanwithin public of Pakistan

Kargil have gained so much tolerability even Kargil have gained so much tolerability even within an ill-informed public in Pakistanwithin an ill-informed public in Pakistan

Kargil was a defining moment which has Kargil was a defining moment which has misrepresented the course of Pakistan’s historymisrepresented the course of Pakistan’s history

Kashmir dispute has been highlighted in the Kashmir dispute has been highlighted in the whole universe because of the Kargil Conflict whole universe because of the Kargil Conflict

DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION

LAHORE DECLARATIONLAHORE DECLARATION

In the year previous to the Kargil incursion, In the year previous to the Kargil incursion, India and Pakistan tested nuclear arms India and Pakistan tested nuclear arms

In February 1999, the Indian Prime Minister, In February 1999, the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee met his contradict Atal Bihari Vajpayee met his contradict partner Nawaz Sharif, the Pakistani Prime partner Nawaz Sharif, the Pakistani Prime Minister, in the city of Lahore, Pakistan Minister, in the city of Lahore, Pakistan

The general idea of the declaration was to The general idea of the declaration was to have a diplomatic and mutual statement of have a diplomatic and mutual statement of

the Kashmir issuethe Kashmir issue All of this was in deliberate opposition to All of this was in deliberate opposition to

the "Spirit of Lahore"and hopes of peace the "Spirit of Lahore"and hopes of peace repeated by Prime Ministers Vajpayee and repeated by Prime Ministers Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif Nawaz Sharif

OCCURRENCE OF KARGIL WAROCCURRENCE OF KARGIL WAR

The Kargil war took place between May The Kargil war took place between May 8,in the year 1999.It was initiated by the 8,in the year 1999.It was initiated by the Pakistani forces and the Militants of the Pakistani forces and the Militants of the Kashmir Kashmir

According to the Indian Defence Minister According to the Indian Defence Minister George Fernandes 524 Indian soldiers George Fernandes 524 Indian soldiers were killed and 1,363 were wounded in were killed and 1,363 were wounded in this low intensity war this low intensity war

India sent five infantry divisions,five India sent five infantry divisions,five self-regulating brigades and 44 battalions self-regulating brigades and 44 battalions of paramilitary group to Kashmirof paramilitary group to Kashmir

The government of Pakistan The government of Pakistan stated at that time that 696 stated at that time that 696 Pakistani soldiers gave their livesPakistani soldiers gave their lives

On the July 14 both the sides had On the July 14 both the sides had effectively ended their military effectively ended their military operations operations

PAKISTAN’S MOTIVATIONS PAKISTAN’S MOTIVATIONS

AND ASSUMTIONSAND ASSUMTIONS To internationalize Kashmir as a nuclear flare To internationalize Kashmir as a nuclear flare

position requiring imperative third party position requiring imperative third party involvement involvement

To modify the Line of Control (LOC) and dislocate To modify the Line of Control (LOC) and dislocate its sancity by detaining un held areas in Kargil its sancity by detaining un held areas in Kargil

To accomplish an improved agreement position To accomplish an improved agreement position for an achievable deal off beside the positions for an achievable deal off beside the positions held by India in Siachin held by India in Siachin

NUMBER AND COMPOSITION OF NUMBER AND COMPOSITION OF

INTRUDERS IN KARGIL SECTORINTRUDERS IN KARGIL SECTOR The number and composition of intruders in The number and composition of intruders in

the Kargil sector as provided by different the Kargil sector as provided by different agencies was specified that a total of 1500-agencies was specified that a total of 1500-2400 troops, both ordinary and uneven, 2400 troops, both ordinary and uneven, were arrangedwere arranged

The Indian High Commission in Islamabad The Indian High Commission in Islamabad anticipated that approximately 1700 NLI anticipated that approximately 1700 NLI troops were qualified and organized in Kargiltroops were qualified and organized in Kargil

Occurrence of militants is supported by Occurrence of militants is supported by inputs from various sources which indicate inputs from various sources which indicate that about 243 militants were killed and 156 that about 243 militants were killed and 156 offended during the operationoffended during the operation

CAUSES OF THE KARGIL WARCAUSES OF THE KARGIL WAR

Indian Preparations to alter the LOC Indian Preparations to alter the LOC Indian Propaganda Campaign Indian Propaganda Campaign Indian deceptionsIndian deceptions Presence of High Altitude Bunker Busting Presence of High Altitude Bunker Busting

Missiles Missiles Indian Forward Policy Indian Forward Policy Positions of Indians reserve FormationsPositions of Indians reserve Formations

THE U TURNTHE U TURN

The American President called Mr Sharif The American President called Mr Sharif twicetwice

During a telephonic talk, Mr. Sharif asked During a telephonic talk, Mr. Sharif asked Mr. Clinton to let him meet directly, which Mr. Clinton to let him meet directly, which was accepted was accepted

On 4 July 1999, Mr Sharif all of a sudden On 4 July 1999, Mr Sharif all of a sudden went to Washingtonwent to Washington

It has been said that it was an American It has been said that it was an American threat that Pakistani Prime Minister had to threat that Pakistani Prime Minister had to bend to Indian-American stand on the Kargilbend to Indian-American stand on the Kargil

During this three hours meeting, Mr During this three hours meeting, Mr Sharif,just like General Ayub Khan on the Sharif,just like General Ayub Khan on the instance of Tashkant declaration, lost on instance of Tashkant declaration, lost on the conference table whatever was the conference table whatever was accomplished in the battlefieldaccomplished in the battlefield

A declaration was issued after the A declaration was issued after the conversation, which was called Washington conversation, which was called Washington DeclarationDeclaration

WASHINGTON DECLARATIONWASHINGTON DECLARATION

President Clinton and Prime Minister President Clinton and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif share the view that the Nawaz Sharif share the view that the current fighting in the Kargil region of current fighting in the Kargil region of Kashmir is dangerous and contains the Kashmir is dangerous and contains the seeds of wider conflict seeds of wider conflict

It was vital for the peace of South Asia that It was vital for the peace of South Asia that the Line of Control in Kashmir be the Line of Control in Kashmir be respected by both parties,in accordance respected by both parties,in accordance with their 1972 Simla Accord with their 1972 Simla Accord

Concrete steps will be taken for the Concrete steps will be taken for the restoration of the Line of Control in restoration of the Line of Control in accordance with Simla Agreement accordance with Simla Agreement

The President urged an Immediate The President urged an Immediate cessation of the hostilities once these cessation of the hostilities once these steps are takensteps are taken

The President said he would take a The President said he would take a personal interest in encouraging on personal interest in encouraging on expeditious resumption and intensification expeditious resumption and intensification of these bilateral efforts,once the sanctity of these bilateral efforts,once the sanctity of the Line of Control has been fully of the Line of Control has been fully restored restored

THE WITHDRAWAL OF PAK ARMY THE WITHDRAWAL OF PAK ARMY FROM KARGILFROM KARGIL

If Pakistan wanted, India would be If Pakistan wanted, India would be constrained to solve Kashmir issue on constrained to solve Kashmir issue on Pakistan’s own condition, but the unknown, Pakistan’s own condition, but the unknown, implicit reasons obliged Mr. Sharif to kneel implicit reasons obliged Mr. Sharif to kneel downdown

He without taking the Parliament and the He without taking the Parliament and the public in confidence, visited Washington and public in confidence, visited Washington and accepted all their conditions because he was accepted all their conditions because he was not at all in a mood to fight a warnot at all in a mood to fight a war

He even did not try to insist that India He even did not try to insist that India must be a party to the discussions of the must be a party to the discussions of the Washington Declaration Washington Declaration

Nawaz Sharif in his interviews, public Nawaz Sharif in his interviews, public addresses and press conferences openly addresses and press conferences openly said that he agreed to the conditions in said that he agreed to the conditions in order to save the image of Pak Armyorder to save the image of Pak Army

AFTER MATH OF KARGIL WARAFTER MATH OF KARGIL WAR

Kashmir came out of the stat of frigidity.It Kashmir came out of the stat of frigidity.It became the nuclear flash point and Kargil became the nuclear flash point and Kargil issue was made internationalized issue was made internationalized

India and Pakistan both came to know India and Pakistan both came to know their potentials their potentials

Pakistan’s foreign policy was failed and Pakistan’s foreign policy was failed and the propagatory front was proved a total the propagatory front was proved a total collapse collapse

Political distances and tensions increased. Political distances and tensions increased. During the Kargil episode, the most During the Kargil episode, the most speculating thing took place that the speculating thing took place that the nation was united and integratednation was united and integrated

Even the most opposing leaders like Altaf Even the most opposing leaders like Altaf Hussain of M.Q.M ,and Wali Khan Hussain of M.Q.M ,and Wali Khan supported Pakistan’s stand. After this supported Pakistan’s stand. After this decision political instabilities increased decision political instabilities increased

Now Kargil has taken a form of ‘nightmare’ Now Kargil has taken a form of ‘nightmare’ to Indian forces to Indian forces

CHALLENGES PAKISTAN HAD TO CHALLENGES PAKISTAN HAD TO FACE DURING KARGIL WARFACE DURING KARGIL WAR

Pakistan supported Kashmiri liberty to the Pakistan supported Kashmiri liberty to the great effort against the unappreciated Indian great effort against the unappreciated Indian occupation of Jammu and Kashmir occupation of Jammu and Kashmir

The Kargil episode was an indefinite attempt The Kargil episode was an indefinite attempt taken by the Pak Army taken by the Pak Army

It was an effort of Army done in the Kargil It was an effort of Army done in the Kargil sector and the Mujahideen were their part to sector and the Mujahideen were their part to this disorderthis disorder

ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN THE

KARGIL WARKARGIL WAR The Kargil war was considerable for the The Kargil war was considerable for the

collision and pressure of the mass media on collision and pressure of the mass media on public attitude in both nations public attitude in both nations

Kargil news stories and war footage were Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV,and many websites often telecast live on TV,and many websites provided in strength analysis of the warprovided in strength analysis of the war

This Kargil conflict became the first live war This Kargil conflict became the first live war in South Asiain South Asia

FILMS MADE ON KARGIL WARFILMS MADE ON KARGIL WAR

LOC: Kargil (2003), a Hindi movie which LOC: Kargil (2003), a Hindi movie which depictsmany incidents from the Kargil war depictsmany incidents from the Kargil war was one of the longest in Indian movie was one of the longest in Indian movie history, running for more than four hours history, running for more than four hours

Lakshya (2004), another Hindi movie Lakshya (2004), another Hindi movie portraying a fictionalized account of the portraying a fictionalized account of the conflict.This film also received good conflict.This film also received good reviews in Pakistan because it portrays reviews in Pakistan because it portrays both sides fairly both sides fairly

Mission Fateh- Real stories of Kargil Mission Fateh- Real stories of Kargil heroes, a TV series telecast on Sahara heroes, a TV series telecast on Sahara channel.This drama was about the Indian channel.This drama was about the Indian Army’s mission Army’s mission

Fifty Day War- A theatrical production on Fifty Day War- A theatrical production on the war,the title indicating the length of the war,the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict.This was claimed to be the Kargil conflict.This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia, the biggest production of its kind in Asia, involving real aircraft and explosions in an involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting outdoor setting

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Indian policy makers do not promote the fact that Indian policy makers do not promote the fact that

Pakistan implied nuclear intimidation during the Kargil Pakistan implied nuclear intimidation during the Kargil crises because doing so only serves to strengthen the crises because doing so only serves to strengthen the value of Pakistan’s nuclear coercionvalue of Pakistan’s nuclear coercion

Even a limited variance such as Kargil marked Pakistan’s Even a limited variance such as Kargil marked Pakistan’s motivation to actively develop its nuclear assets motivation to actively develop its nuclear assets

The lesson that Pakistan have learned from Kargil is that The lesson that Pakistan have learned from Kargil is that Kargil-like maneuvers have high opinionated costs, Kargil-like maneuvers have high opinionated costs, principally in terms of Pakistan’s worldwide repute principally in terms of Pakistan’s worldwide repute