APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008 Slide no 1 APEC Energy Trade and Investment Cairns, 1 October 2008 A multilateral approach to energy security: the Energy Charter Pascal Laffont Office of the Secretary-General Energy Charter Secretariat
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 1
APEC Energy Trade and InvestmentCairns, 1 October 2008
A multilateral approach to energy security: the Energy
Charter
Pascal LaffontOffice of the Secretary-General
Energy Charter Secretariat
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 2
Objective
Access to reliable energy supplies for all
A multilateral framework encouraging state-to-state relations and confidence-building
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 3
Energy Charter
• Multilateral treaty (“Energy Charter Treaty”)
• Forum (“Energy Charter Process”)
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 4
Energy Charter ProcessENERGY CHARTER CONFERENCE
(governing body)
Budget Committee
Energy Charter Secretariat(HQs: Brussels)
Trade & Transit Group
Investment Group
Energy Efficiency Group
Industry Advisory Panel
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 5
Energy Charter Constituency
■ Signatory
■ Observer
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 6
Energy Charter in context 1/2
• Energy Charter Secretariat (Brussels)
• International Energy Forum (Riyadh)
• OPEC (Vienna) (some oil producers)
• International Energy Agency (Paris) (OECD based)
• (WTO Geneva)
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 7
Energy Charter in context 2/2
• “G8” 2007: “global energy security principles”
• “ASEAN + 3” Declaration 2006
• “ASEM” Heads of States 2006
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 8
Energy Charter: why use it? To attract private capital (ECT) To facilitate cross-border projects (ECT) To promote energy efficiency policies (ECT) To develop technology transfer (ECT) To encourage amicable settlements of disputes
(ECT/ECP) For capacity building (ECP) To be part of a constant and composite dialogue on
cross-border energy issues among producer, transit and consumer countries (ECP)
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 9
Energy Charter: how to use it?
• observer (limited use of ECP)
• Member (ECP/ECT)
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 10
APEC Energy Trade and InvestmentCairns, 1 October 2008
ECT Trade Provisions
Pascal LaffontOffice of the Secretary-General
Energy Charter Secretariat
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 11
ECT vs. WTO
ECT• applies WTO rules to energy trade
– NDS: national treatment, MFN– investments
• broadens energy sovereignty• develops WTO rules on cross-border transit • Adapts dispute resolution mechanisms
membership complementarities
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 12
Complementarities: example
between two WTO members – C closes its borders to S imports of oil bound
for B– Potential breach of WTO and ECT– S and C are both WTO and ECT members– S and C choose ECT
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 13
APEC Energy Trade and InvestmentCairns, 1 October 2008
ECT Investment Provisions
Pascal LaffontOffice of the Secretary-General
Energy Charter Secretariat
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 14
Underlying Principles
• Promotion: attracting cheaper FDIs by sending signals that: – risk is reduced– country prepared to abide by their contractual
commitments to investors (“pacta sunt servanda”)
• Protection: of investments abroad (DSM)
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 15
Prohibition on discrimination: limitations
• Of “existing investors” ie do not apply to entry
• “Discrimination” = not only different treatment but different treatment without legitimate reason for the distinction
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 16
Definitions of « investment » and « investor »
Protection of individual investment contracts
Freedom of investment-related capital transfers
Compensation in case of expropriation and losses due to war and similar events
Employment of key personnel
Prohibition of TRIMs: only for those countries which are not WTO members or which are exempted from WTO TRIMS agreement and which pursue an “infant industry” policy
Protection
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 17
Exceptions
• In case of – Short supply– measures designed to benefit aboriginal or
socially disadvantaged– the protection of the country’s essential
security interests incl. the maintenance of public order (Art 24)
– no diplomatic relations (Art 17)
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 18
APEC Energy Trade and InvestmentCairns, 1 October 2008
ECT responses to risks associated with cross-border
trade
Pascal LaffontOffice of the Secretary-General
Energy Charter Secretariat
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 19
Challenges to energy transit
Why on-shore, multi-country transit is needed? Demand is rising Diversification of supply sources Makes more economical sense on short to medium distances =>
cheaper price to the end-user but
political: energy link is “as strong as its weakest link” => strengthen that link as much as possible
physical: paucity of the existing infrastructure => more is needed to avoid existing bottlenecks
financial: unprecedented level of investments required => cost
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 20
BTC Project
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 21
Challenges to energy transit: the IPI Gas Pipeline Project
Common challenges: The legal structure of the project Regional Volatility: political vicissitudes among the countries
India’s concerns Interruption of transit Interruption of supply (reserve production downgrades, termination of production licenses, …) Over-dependence on Pakistan Project financing (Public/Private) (for the Indian segment) Protection of the Indian investment in Pakistan and Iran
Pakistan’s concerns Interruption of supply (reserve production downgrades, termination of production licenses, …) Promote foreign investment Securing recovery of transit fee Protection of the Pakistan investment in Iran Creation of economic imbalance in the region
Iran’s concerns Depletion of indigenous resources Project financing (Public/Private) (for the Iranian wells and pipe segment) Protection of the Iranian investment in Pakistan Securing best possible price
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 22
Responses
a multilateral framework/forum which – enshrines sovereignty while reducing political risks– gives minimum enforceable legal guarantees thus encouraging
multi-country cross border projects and investments at a lower cost
– leaves the parties free to work out their detailed contractual arrangements
– encourages amicable settlement
– provides a composite and constant dialogue thus minimising “tit-for-tat” responses
– share best practices and knowledge
confidence building process
APEC Energy, 1 Oct 2008Slide no 23
Thank you