Slide AW101 (16-9) Chapter 4_Workplace Envi & Ergonomics [Student]

AW101 Occupational Safety And Health 1

Prepared by Mohd Sharif, JKE POLISAS 1

AW101 Occupational Safety

And Health 1

1Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS

Chapter 4 Workplace Environment

And Ergonomics


Contents 1-4

4.1 Describe the history of ergonomics

4.1.1 State the history of ergonomics

4.1.2 Defines statutory requirements related to ergonomics in OSHA 1994

4.1.3 Determine objectives of ergonomics


Contents 2-4

4.2 Understand workstation design principle

4.2.1 Illustrates sitting work position

4.2.2 Illustrates standing work position

4.3 Understand ergonomic risk

4.3.1 Explain Musculo-Skeletal-Disorders (MSD)




Contents 3-4

4.4 Understand Workplace Environment

4.4.1 Explain indoor air quality and its effect to the respiratory system

4.4.2 Measure lighting and sightedness

4.4.3 Measure temperature and humidity

4.4.4 Measure noise and hearing quality


Contents 4-4

4.5 Appreciate the proper and safe methods of ergonomics in the workplace

4.5.1 Practice the proper and safe methods of ergonomics in the workplace including working position, workplace design, standing bench and computer arrangement.


Contents

• History, Statutory requirement & Objective

• Design Workstation-Sitting & Standing

• Risk-Musculo-Skeletal-Disorders (MSD)

• Workplace Environment


HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS

Ergonomics




Background• Ergonomics derives from two Greek words: ergon,

meaning work, and nomoi, meaning natural laws.

Combined they create a word that means the science

of work and a person’s relationship to that work.

• In application ergonomics is a discipline focused on

making products and tasks comfortable and efficient

for the user.

• Ergonomics is sometimes defined as the science of

fitting the work to the user instead of forcing the user

to fit the work. However this is more a primary

ergonomic principle rather than a definition.Source : www.about.com


DefinitionErgonomics (or human factors) is the

scientific discipline concerned with the

understanding of interactions among

humans and other elements of a system,

and the profession that applies theory,

principles, data and methods to design in

order to optimize human well-being and

overall system performance.Source : International Ergonomics Association


Definition

Ergonomics is defined as the science related to man and his work,

embodying the anatomic, physiologic, and mechanical

principles affecting the efficient use of human energy.

Source : www.about.com


History of Ergonomics

• The term "ergonomics" has its roots in Ramazzani’s study on ill-effect of poorly design tools on health of worker in the 1700s.

• 1949-The term "ergonomics" was adopted at national ergonomics society in England was founded.

• 1961-International Ergonomics Association was founded.





• In 1857, Wojciech Jastrzebowski created the word "ergonomics" in a narrative he wrote about the science of nature.

• World War II in 1943, an Army officer, Alphonse Chapanis, learned that if the control layouts in the cockpits of planes were simplified, the pilots made fewer errors.



• After World War II , ergonomics not only in productivity, but also the safety of the workers.

• Research take place in various areas:

• the affect of heavy labor on the heart; the maximum loads that should be pulled, pushed or carried;

• the amount of muscle force that should be required to perform 14Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS

Statutory Requirements

• Statutory requirements related to ergonomics in OSHA 1994.

• Part IV-General Duties Of Employers And Self-Employed Persons

• Part V-General Duties Of Designers, Manufacturers And Supplier

• Part VI-General Duties Of Employees


Objective Of Ergonomics

• Methods to do things quicker, more efficiently and at the same time, reduce as much physical and emotional stress as possible.

• The less strain we feel on our bodies, the easier for us to do the tasks.

• Able to do more work, accomplished in the same amount of time.




Objective Of Ergonomics

• Approach used to obtain an effective match between worker and work system to optimize;

�Efficiency

�Quality

�Safety

�Health


SEATING & STANDING

POSITION

Work Station Design


Seating Work Position


Seating Work Position




Sitting Work Position


Standing Work Possition


Standing Work Position


Industrial Ergonomic Workstation




25Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 26Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS




MUSCULOSKELETAL

DISORDER (MSD)

Ergonomic Risk


Musculoskeletal DisorderA broad range of conditions of varying degree

associated with the upper extremities (hand and

arm) such as inflammation or trauma mostly of

the tendon, muscle-tendon junction or

surrounding tissue; inflammation of tissue of

the hand; compression of the peripheral nerves

serving the upper limb; and include temporary

fatigue, stiffness of the muscles comparable to

that un accustomed exertion.SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),

DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES


Musculoskeletal Disorder• Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are

disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. MSDs do not include disorders caused by slips, trips, falls, motor vehicle accidents, or similar accidents. Examples of MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff syndrome, de Quervain's disease, trigger finger, tarsal tunnel syndrome, sciatica, epicondylitis, tendinitis, Raynaud's phenomenon, carpet-layers' knee, herniated spinal disc, and low back pain.

• SOURCE: U.S. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION


Musculoskeletal Disorder

• Part risk for MSD




Types of Disorder/Injury MSD

■ repetitive strain injury (RSI)

■ cumulative trauma disorder (CTD)

■ work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD)

■ musculoskeletal injury (MSI, MSK)

■ occupational overuse syndrome (OOS), and

■ sprain and strain.33Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS

MSD Hazard

• Primary MSD hazards

• Force,

• Fixed or awkward postures,

• Repetitions


MSD Hazards - Force

• The amount of effort made by the muscles and the amount of pressure on body parts as a result of different job demands

• A task requires them to exert a level of force that is too high for any particular muscle, it can damage the muscle or the related tendons, joints and other soft tissue.


MSD Hazards - Postures

■ how long workers need to hold a specific posture (fixed posture)■ how many times an awkward posture is used in a given period of time, and■ the amount of force being exerted when an awkward posture is used..




MSD Hazards - Repetition

• Highly repetitive tasks can lead to fatigue, tissue damage, and, eventually, pain and discomfort.


A Guide to Ergonomics at the

Office and in the Field

Adobe Acrobat Document



http://www.ohcow.on.ca/press_release/msd/resource.pdfhttp://www.ohcow.on.ca/press_release/msd/prevention.pdf


Others Reference




INDOOR AIR QUALITY

(IAQ)

Work Place Environment


Work Place Terminology• Video Display Unit / Terminal – means any alphanumeric or

graphic display screen, regardless of the of the display process employed.

• Brightness – means the attribute of visual sensation according to which a surface appears to emit or reflect more or less light.

• Illumination – means the measure of the stream of light falling on a surface. The light may come from sun, lamps in a room or any other bright surface. The unit of measurement is the lux (lx). Imperial unit for illumination is foot-candle.

SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s), DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES


Work Place Terminology• Luminance – means the measure of the brightness of a surface;

the perception of brightness of a surface is proportional to its luminance. Therefore, luminance is a measure of light coming from a surface. Since it is a function of the light that is emitted or reflected from a wall, furniture and other objects, it is greatly affected by the reflected power of the surface. The luminance of a lamp on the other hand is and exact measure of the light they emit.

SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s), DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES


Indoor Air Quality

SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH,

MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005

Adobe Acrobat

Document




Duty of Employer

• An employer should ensure that his employees or any other occupants at the place of work are not exposed to any of the contaminants listed in Table 1 exceeding the corresponding maximum limits

• all his employees are informed, instructed and trained


MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 200545Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS

Indoor Air Quality (1AQ)



Background of IAQ

• Good IAQ is desired for a healthy indoor environment.

• Poor IAQ can cause short-term and long term health problems.

• Health problems associated with poor IAQ include allergic reactions, respiratory problems, eye irritation, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.



Source of Poor IAQ

• a) the occupants exhaled carbon dioxide gas

• b) inadequate materials or materials with technical defects used in the construction of the building;

• c) the work performed within (such as cleaning of carpet);

• d) excessive or improper use of normal products (pesticides,





Parameter to Indicate IAQ

• a) Chemical contaminants

• b) Physical conditions,

• c) Biological agents, d

• d) Radiation



Health Effect Due to Poor IAQ

• The health effects due to IAQ can be categorized as follows:

a) Health effects due to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from passive smoking;

b) Sick building syndrome; and

c) Legionella disease.



LIGHTING AND

SIGHTEDNESS



Lighting and Sightedness

SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),

DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 52Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS



TEMPERATURE AND

HUMIDITY



Temperature and Humidity



• Adequate ventilation and air conditioning system are required

• Purchase equipment with low thermal emissions.

• recommended ambient air temperature is 23-27 degrees Celsius and the maximum relative humidity is 75%.


NOISE AND HEARING

QUALITY



Noise and Hearing Quality



• Recommended ambient noise level for VDU work is between 40-60 dB(A).




Noise Meter (dB)


Noise Sign, Aid and Tool


Reduced Noise Exposure-1

MHTML

Document


Reduced Noise Exposure-2




PRACTICE ERGONOMIC IN

WORK PLACE

Ergonomic in Work Place


Safe & Ergonomic Workplace VDU

• Getting Comfortable - Adjust your chair, workstation,






Computer Table Office


Ergonomic Office Chair



• Keying In - good keying position, keep your wrists straight when keying


DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 67Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 68Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS



Ergonomic Keyboard



• Using a Mouse - easy reach, Support your forearm on the desk, don’t grip the mouse too tightly




• Reading the Screen VDU- Adjust the brightness, contrast, text size, colours that are easy on the eye




• Posture and Breaks - Don’t sit in the same position for long periods





Reference• GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH IN THE OFFICE

• CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR

QUALITY

• GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO

DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s)

• MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario,

Occupational Health and Safety Council of

Ontario (OHSCO)

Adobe Acrobat

Document

Adobe Acrobat

Document

Adobe Acrobat

Document



Slide AW101 (16-9) Chapter 4_Workplace Envi & Ergonomics [Student]

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