Slide 9.1 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Chapter 9 Tourism and development planning.

Slide 9.1

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Chapter 9Tourism and development

planning

Slide 9.2

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Learning Objectives of this Lecture

• To understand how tourism fits into the general theories of economic development

• To recognise the importance of integrated tourism planning and development, development planning layers and the role of the community

• To be able to identify characteristics of the tourism product that have implications for tourism planning and development; and

• To provide an outline of the major steps involved in the tourism planning and development process.

Slide 9.3

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Tourism and economicdevelopment theories

• The classical theory of economic stagnation• Marx’s historical approach• Rostow’s identification of stages of economic

growth• Vicious circles of demand/supply and

investment• Balanced and unbalanced growth theories• Theories of dependence

Slide 9.4

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

English classical theoryof economic stagnation

• influenced by Newtonian physics with its belief that life was never random and was ordered by some Grand Design

• assumes no technological progress• output was constrained by the scarcity of land,

and the law of diminishing returns• assumes the long term wage rate, the natural

wage rate, is at the subsistence level

Slide 9.5

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Marx’s historicalapproach to development

• a dynamic view of development, changing technology, enhanced organization of production and the development of human skills

• relies upon there being a conflict of the objectives held by capitalists and those held by the proletariat

Slide 9.6

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Rostow’s theoryof growth and development

• Identifies five stages of development:– The (pre-industrial) traditional society

– The pre-conditions for economic take-off

– Economic take-off

– Self-sustained drive towards maturity

– The age of mass consumption

• The theory implicitly assumes that development today will mirror the development process that was experienced by today’s developed countries

Slide 9.7

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Vicious circlesof demand/supply and investment

• countries are poor because they always have been

• can be examined from either the demand side or the supply side. For example from the demand side:– if a country is poor then the levels of income will be low

– the level of demand for goods and services will also be low

– no incentive for entrepreneurs to invest

– amount of capital per worker remains low

– productivity remains low

– this sustains the link between low income and low demand

Slide 9.8

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Balanced and unbalancedgrowth approaches

• These theories are variants of a theme and relate to whether development occurs across all sectors or whether there is development in a few leading sectors that will act as a catalyst for development across the economy as a whole

• Main argument is tied into whether it is possible to overcome inertia by developing just a few sectors

• Tourism affects many sectors and is a good lead sector

Slide 9.9

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Dependency theoryof development

• Suggests that the ability of an economy to achieve autonomous development is determined by its dependency upon other capitalist countries

• The more dependent an economy is the less likely it will be to achieve development

• Based on colonial experiences

Slide 9.10

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

The developmenttheories and tourism’s role

Table 9.1 The role for tourism in major development theories

Slide 9.11

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Tourism and development• Tourism product characteristics• Tourism as a means of wealth redistribution• Tourism as a labour-intensive industry• The structure of the tourism industry• Protectionism• Multitude of industries• Price flexibility• Seasonality• High operating leverage/fixed costs

Slide 9.12

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Different planning layers• International tourism planning

• National tourism planning

• Regional/local tourism planning

Slide 9.13

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Figure 9.4 The key stages of the tourist development planning process

Slide 9.14

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

The tourismdevelopment planning process

• Study recognition and preparation• Setting of objectives or goals for the strategy• Survey of existing data• Implementation of new surveys• Analyses• Policy and plan formulation• Recommendations• Implementation of the plan• Monitoring and reformulation

Slide 9.15

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

The development plan team• market analysts• physical planners• economists• environmental scientists• infrastructure engineers• transport engineers• social scientists• draughtsmen and designers• legal experts

Slide 9.16

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Five Phases of the Plan• Identification and inventory of the existing

situation

• Forecasts for the future

• Plan formulation

• Specific project development

• Implementation

Slide 9.17

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Tourism developmentplanning: when it goes wrong

• Design stage plan failure

Figure 9.5 Basic tourism development plan

Slide 9.18

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Tourism developmentplanning: when it goes wrong (cont’d)

• Implementation stage plan failure

Figure 9.6 Modified basic development plan

Slide 9.19

Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors

Conclusion• Tourism fits well into the various economic development

theories• The successful development of tourism requires the

construction of a development plan or strategy that is flexible and thorough

• The issue of ‘sustainability’ is no more than sound planning• Plan failure is likely to be attributable to failures at either the

design or implementation stage• Constant monitoring and reformulation is vital• It is important that authorities have contingency plans in place

to deal with unexpected events that may knock the tourism strategy off course