de 1 Stellar Evolution M<0.08 .08<M<0.4 0.4<M<1.4 1.4<M<~4 M>~4 P R O T O S T A R | M a i n S e q u e n c e | R E D G I A N T | | | Planetary Supernova | | | Nebula | | W h i t e D w a r f | B r o w n D w a r f Neutron Star OR Black Hole M A I N S E Q U E N C E R E D G I A N W H I T E D W A R F R O W N D W A R F
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Slide 1 Stellar Evolution M ~4 P R O T O S T A R | M a i n S e q u e n c e | R E D G I A N T | | | Planetary Supernova | | | Nebula | | W h i t e D w a.
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Slide 1
Stellar Evolution
M<0.08 .08<M<0.4 0.4<M<1.4 1.4<M<~4 M>~4
P R O T O S T A R | M a i n S e q u e n c e
| R E D G I A N T
| | | Planetary Supernova | | | Nebula |
| W h i t e D w a r f |
B r o w n D w a r f Neutron Star OR
Black Hole
M A I N S E Q U E N C ER E D G I A N T
W H I T E D W A R F
B R O W N D W A R F
Slide 2 Fig. 12-1, p.248
Hubble image of gas and dust around a cluster of young, hot stars
Slide 3
Stellar Evolution
• Protostar – contracting gas due to gravity.Size ~ 1 ly ~ 1013 km, energy source -- gravity.
• Main Sequence – normal star.Size ~ 106 km to 107 km, Energy – nuclear fusion4H He + energy. 0.7% of mass converted to energy, E = mc².
• Next stage – red giant. Size ~100 times Main Sequence. If not enough mass then Brown Dwarf.
Slide 4 Fig. 12-2a, p.248
Slide 5 Fig. 12-2b, p.248
Protostar Main sequence stars
Slide 6 Fig. 12-4, p.250
Slide 7 Fig. 12-5a, p.251
HST Protostar with two jets
Slide 8 Fig. 12-5b, p.251
Protostar with Jet
Jet
Slide 9 Fig. 12-5c, p.251
Protostar with two jets
Slide 10 Fig. 12-6, p.252
Mass of He isless than 4 H.Difference getsconverted toenergy E = mc².
Slide 11 Fig. 12-8, p.253
Slide 12 Fig. 12-10, p.255
Proton - proton chain fusion in main Sequence stars.
Does not occur in one step. Also emit photon (γ) and neutrino (ν).
Slide 13
Main Sequence stars. •The star is very stable and continues to produce energy until the hydrogen in the core gets depleted and hydrogen to helium fusion stops. •Energy source – Fusion of 4HHe + Energy•The energy production is directly proportional to the mass to the power ~4 (M4). •Since the supply of energy is proportional to the mass, then the lifetime of the star in the main sequence mode is proportional to M (fuel supply)/M4 (fuel use) = 1/M³. •The lifetime of a one solar mass star is 10 billion years (1010 yrs). •Other main sequence star lifetime in main is T = 1010/M³ years, where M is in units of solar mass. •Since massive stars live a shorter lifetime, it is not surprising that most of the main sequence star are low mass ones.
Slide 14
Hydrostaticequilibrium in a mainsequence star.
Gravity isbalanced byoutflow energypressure
Slide 15 Fig. 12-11b, p.256
Brown dwarf
Brown dwarf
If protostar doesnot have enoughmass to startnuclear fusionstar contracts toBrown dwarf
Slide 16
Solar Neutrinos (ν)
• ν hardly interacts, so it escapes and reaches Earth with the velocity of light or in about 8 minutes.
• Since ν hardly interacts, ν detectors need to be extremely large.
• Solar neutrino problem pre 2000 – there are not enough neutrinos to account for the energy of the Sun.