Slide 1 Pax Britannica and Colonialism. Slide 2 References Preston and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 192-208 Preston and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 192-208 Ropp,

Slide 1

Pax Britannica and Pax Britannica and ColonialismColonialism

Slide 2

ReferencesReferences

Preston and Wise, Preston and Wise, Men in ArmsMen in Arms, pp. 192-208, pp. 192-208Ropp, Ropp, War in the Modern WorldWar in the Modern World, pp. 206-214, pp. 206-214Weigley, Weigley, The American Way of WarThe American Way of War, pp. 167-, pp. 167-

191191Dupuy and Dupuy, Dupuy and Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of The Encyclopedia of

Military HistoryMilitary History, pp. 820-855, pp. 820-855

Slide 3

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Comprehend the meaning of Pax Britannica and Comprehend the meaning of Pax Britannica and how the British fleet provided the deterrence to how the British fleet provided the deterrence to renewed total warrenewed total war

Know and discuss the weaknesses of the British Know and discuss the weaknesses of the British Army as demonstrated in the Crimean WarArmy as demonstrated in the Crimean War

Comprehend and explain the reasons for the Comprehend and explain the reasons for the revival of the race for empires and the necessary revival of the race for empires and the necessary military requirementsmilitary requirements

Comprehend and explain how the Boer War put Comprehend and explain how the Boer War put 1919thth Century British imperialism to its most severe Century British imperialism to its most severe testtest

Slide 4

Europe circa 1815

Slide 5

Pax Britannica and Pax Britannica and the Race for Empiresthe Race for Empires

Pax BritannicaPax Britannica– 1815: The Congress of Vienna removes colonies1815: The Congress of Vienna removes colonies– 1880: Control of major sea lines1880: Control of major sea lines– Britain gains industrialization head startBritain gains industrialization head start– Britain is free to use its fleetBritain is free to use its fleet– Britain controls the seas through naval Britain controls the seas through naval

supremacysupremacy– The Crimean WarThe Crimean War

• Red CrossRed Cross

Slide 6

Pax Britannica andPax Britannica andthe Race for Empiresthe Race for Empires

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution– European powers competeEuropean powers compete– Desires for colonies grewDesires for colonies grew

• 1914: Africa partitioned1914: Africa partitioned• ““Spheres of Influence”Spheres of Influence”

– Advancing equipment made British ships Advancing equipment made British ships obsoleteobsolete• Capital necessary to upgrade was enormous Capital necessary to upgrade was enormous

Slide 7

Pax Britannica andPax Britannica andthe Race for Empiresthe Race for Empires

Technological ImperativeTechnological Imperative– Modernization needed to stay competitiveModernization needed to stay competitive– Lesser nations’ roleLesser nations’ role– Numbers no longer decide victory in combatNumbers no longer decide victory in combat– Economic competitionEconomic competition– End resultEnd result

• Frenchman Jeune EcoleFrenchman Jeune Ecole• Italian battleships Duilio and DandaloItalian battleships Duilio and Dandalo• Submarines used as tools of warSubmarines used as tools of war

Slide 8

Pax Britannica and Pax Britannica and the Race for Empiresthe Race for Empires

Capt A.T. MahanCapt A.T. Mahan– The Influence of Sea Power upon HistoryThe Influence of Sea Power upon History– Sea power as a political and economic forceSea power as a political and economic force– Mahan’s philosophiesMahan’s philosophies

Germans built a “risk fleet”Germans built a “risk fleet” Britain aspires to maintain its supremacyBritain aspires to maintain its supremacy 1907: 1907: DreadnoughtDreadnought built built

Slide 9

Pax Britannica and Pax Britannica and the Race for Empiresthe Race for Empires

The Boer WarThe Boer War– Technology and anti-imperialist sentiment’s Technology and anti-imperialist sentiment’s

impactimpact– Britain commits 500,000 troopsBritain commits 500,000 troops– Boer tacticsBoer tactics

Inadequacies of British tactics Inadequacies of British tactics The British success at BoerThe British success at Boer

Slide 10

Pax Britannica andPax Britannica andthe Race of Empiresthe Race of Empires

The Modern EraThe Modern Era– British lessen military burdenBritish lessen military burden– Britain’s superiority steadily erodesBritain’s superiority steadily erodes– 1907: End of Pax Britannica1907: End of Pax Britannica

Slide 11

The Prussian InfluenceThe Prussian Influence

Franco-Prussian War Portrait

Slide 12

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Comprehend and explain the struggle for Comprehend and explain the struggle for dominance between Prussian and Austrian dominance between Prussian and Austrian forcesforces

Comprehend and explain the emergence of Comprehend and explain the emergence of the German General Staff under Moltkethe German General Staff under Moltke

Comprehend and explain the Prussian Comprehend and explain the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian Warvictory in the Franco-Prussian War

Compare and contrast Moltke and Bismarck Compare and contrast Moltke and Bismarck as grand strategistsas grand strategists

Slide 13

The Struggle for DominanceThe Struggle for Dominance

The Napoleonic Destruction – power voidThe Napoleonic Destruction – power void 1815-1866: Austria and Prussia struggle1815-1866: Austria and Prussia struggle

– Prussian Zollerein gains controlPrussian Zollerein gains control– 1850: Treaty of Olmuetz1850: Treaty of Olmuetz

1864: Schleswig-Holstein War1864: Schleswig-Holstein War– Prussia & Austria defeat DenmarkPrussia & Austria defeat Denmark– Joint control of land disputed while under joint Joint control of land disputed while under joint

control of Prussia & Austriacontrol of Prussia & Austria– Austria defeatedAustria defeated

Slide 14

Prussian PreeminencePrussian Preeminence

1867: Northern Germany joins Prussia1867: Northern Germany joins Prussia Fear of France forces Southern allianceFear of France forces Southern alliance 1870: Franco-Prussian War1870: Franco-Prussian War

– Detailed mobilization plans and flexibility of PrussiaDetailed mobilization plans and flexibility of Prussia– Moltke and General Staff keyMoltke and General Staff key– Superior Prussian artillerySuperior Prussian artillery– Lack of planning of FrenchLack of planning of French– Lack of French economy of Lack of French economy of forceforce

Slide 15

General Staff of PrussiaGeneral Staff of Prussia

Originates after Napoleonic PeriodOriginates after Napoleonic Period– Quasi-autonomyQuasi-autonomy– Attention to doctrine and theoryAttention to doctrine and theory– Rotation of officersRotation of officers– Separate “planning and education” branchSeparate “planning and education” branch

Slide 16

Moltke & BismarckMoltke & Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck’s accomplishmentsOtto von Bismarck’s accomplishments– Limited aims of three wars of unificationLimited aims of three wars of unification– Diplomacy after unificationDiplomacy after unification

1857: Count Helmuth von Moltke – Chief of 1857: Count Helmuth von Moltke – Chief of General StaffGeneral Staff– Attained by intellectual achievementAttained by intellectual achievement– Lacked Bismarck’s strategic abilitiesLacked Bismarck’s strategic abilities– Establishes Railway SectionEstablishes Railway Section

• Leads to lightning fast mobilization of forcesLeads to lightning fast mobilization of forces

Slide 17

SummarySummary

Pax BritannicaPax Britannica Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionBoer War and end of British supremacyBoer War and end of British supremacyPrussian InfluencesPrussian InfluencesUnification of GermanyUnification of Germany

Slide 18

Questions?Questions?