Slide 1 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology

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34-2 Patterns of Behavior


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Behavioral Cycles

Behavioral Cycles

Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior.


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Behavioral Cycles

Several species of reptiles and mammals are active during warm seasons but enter into dormancy during cold seasons.

Dormancy allows an animal to survive periods when food and other resources may not be available.


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Behavioral Cycles

One type of behavior that is influenced by changing seasons is migration, the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again.


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Behavioral Cycles

Between December and June, green sea turtles migrate from feeding grounds along the coast of Brazil to mate and nest on Ascension Island.

This migration allows the sea turtles to take advantage of favorable environmental conditions.


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Behavioral Cycles

Migratory Patterns of Sea Turtles


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Behavioral Cycles

Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns are called circadian rhythms.

Sleeping at night and being awake during the day is an example of a circadian rhythm.


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Courtship

How does courtship increase an animal's evolutionary fitness?


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Courtship

Courtship

To pass along its genes to the next generation, any animal that reproduces sexually needs to mate with another member of its species at least once.


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Courtship

In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli—such as sounds, visual displays, or chemicals—in order to attract a member of the opposite sex.


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Courtship

Courtship Rituals

A ritual is a series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating.


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Social Behavior

Social Behavior

When animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behavior.

Many animals form societies, or groups of related animals of the same species that interact closely and cooperate.


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Social Behavior

Membership in a society offers great survival advantages.

Zebras and other grazers band together when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators.


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Social Behavior

Animal societies also use strength in numbers to:

• improve their ability to hunt.

• protect their territory.

• guard their young.

• fight with rivals.


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Social Behavior

Members of a society are often closely related to one another. Related individuals share a large proportion of each other's genes.

Therefore, helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring.


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Social Behavior

Primates form some of the most complex societies known.

Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies hunt together, travel in search of new territory, and interact with neighboring societies.


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Competition and Aggression


Some animals have behaviors that prevent others from using limited resources.

Often, such patterns involve a specific area, or territory, that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals.

Territories contain resources that are necessary for an animal's survival and reproduction.


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By claiming a territory, an animal keeps others at a distance.

If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away.


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When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs.

Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete.

Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another.


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Communication

Communication

When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved.

Communication is the passing of information from one organism to another.


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Communication

Visual Signals

Animals with good eyesight often use visual signals involving movement and color.


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Communication

Chemical Signals

Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals.

Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate.

Pheromones- chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species.


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Communication

Sound Signals

Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound.

Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems.


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Communication

Language

Language is a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning.

Only humans are known to use language.

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34-2

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34-2

Two examples of seasonal behavior are

a. aggression and dormancy.

b. migration and dormancy.

c. migration and communication.

d. migration and circadian rhythm.

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34-2

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of living in an animal society?

a. protection from predators.

b. protection of young.

c. improved ability to hunt.

d. elimination of competition.

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34-2

An animal that communicates by changing color probably has

a. good hearing.

b. a complex courtship ritual.

c. good eyesight.

d. language.

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34-2

Many animals establish territories, which function as

a. spaces where no other member of the species may enter.

b. a defended area containing the resources necessary for survival.

c. areas where members of all other animal species are kept out.

d. areas where all members of a species may hunt for food.

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34-2

A pheromone is a chemical substance

a. made in the brain to trigger a specific behavior.

b. made by one species to communicate with animals of another species.

c. made by one animal and used to communicate with another animal of the same species.

d. used only to initiate reproductive behavior in animals.

END OF SECTION

Slide 1 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.

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