Slide 1 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Chapter 9 Water Balance.

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 1

Chapter 9Chapter 9Water Balance

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Chapter 9Chapter 9

Lesson 9.1Lesson 9.1

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Key ConceptsKey Concepts

• Throughout the body, water exists as a unified whole with constant ebb and flow among its interfacing parts.

• Collective water compartments, inside and outside of cells, maintain a balanced distribution of total body water.

(Cont'd…)

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Key ConceptsKey Concepts(…Cont’d)

• The concentration of various solute particles in the body’s water solution determines internal shifts and balances of water.

• A state of dynamic equilibrium (e.g., homeostasis) among all parts of the body’s water-balance system sustains life.

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Chapter 9Chapter 9

Lesson 9.1Lesson 9.1

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Basic PrinciplesBasic Principles

• A unified whole Virtually every space inside and outside of the

cells is filled with water-based fluids

• Body water compartments Dynamic systems within the body Intracellular or extracellular

• Particles in the water solution Determines all internal shifts and balances

between compartments

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HomeostasisHomeostasis

• Body’s state of dynamic balance

• Capacity of the body to maintain life systems, despite what enters the system from outside

• Homeostatic mechanisms protect the body’s water supply

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Body Water FunctionsBody Water Functions

• Solvent Basic liquid solvent for all chemical processes

within the body

• Transport Nutrients carried through the body in water-

based fluids (blood, secretions)

• Body form and structure Fills in spaces between the body tissues

• Body lubricant

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Body Water RequirementsBody Water Requirements

• Surrounding temperature Body water is lost as sweat and must be replaced

• Activity level Water is lost as sweat More water is needed for increased metabolic

demand in physical activity

• Functional losses Disease process affects water requirements

(Cont'd…)

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Body Water RequirementsBody Water Requirements(…Cont’d)

• Metabolic needs 1000 ml of water necessary for every 1000

kcal in the diet

• Age Infants need 1500 ml of water per day Adult men need 2900 ml of liquids per day Adult women need 2200 ml of liquids per day

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Body Water Amount and Body Water Amount and DistributionDistribution

• Extracellular fluid Total body water outside cells One quarter of extracellular fluid is blood

plasma Three quarters is water surrounding cells and

bathing tissues, water in dense tissue, water moving through the body in secretions

(Cont'd…)

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Body Water Amount and Body Water Amount and DistributionDistribution

(…Cont’d)

• Interstitial fluid Fluid surrounding cells in tissues

• Intracellular fluid Total body water inside the cells Twice of that outside the cells

• Overall water balance

(Cont'd…)

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Body Water Amount and Body Water Amount and DistributionDistribution

• Water intake Preformed water in liquids that are drunk Preformed water in foods that are eaten Product of cell oxidation Older adults must maintain proper intake of

water due to tendency to dehydration

(Cont'd…)

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Body Water Amount and Body Water Amount and DistributionDistribution

(…Cont’d)

• Water output Obligatory water loss• Leaves the body through kidneys, skin, lungs,

and feces Optional water loss• Varies according to climate or physical activity

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Volumes of Body Fluid Volumes of Body Fluid CompartmentsCompartments

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Approximate daily adult Approximate daily adult intake and output of waterintake and output of water

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ElectrolytesElectrolytes

• Small, inorganic substances that break apart in a solution and carry an electrical charge (ions)

• Balance between cation and ion concentration maintains chemical neutrality necessary for life

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Balance of Cation and Anion Balance of Cation and Anion Concentrations in Extracellular and Concentrations in Extracellular and Intracellular FluidsIntracellular Fluids

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Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins

• Mainly albumin and globulin

• Organic compounds of large molecular size

• Retained in blood vessels

• Controls water movement

• Colloids guard blood volume (colloidal osmotic pressure)

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Chapter 9Chapter 9

Lesson 9.2Lesson 9.2

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Key ConceptsKey Concepts

• Collective water compartments, inside and outside of cells, maintain a balanced distribution of total body water.

• A state of dynamic equilibrium (e.g., homeostasis) among all parts of the body’s water-balance system sustains life.

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Separating MembranesSeparating Membranes

• Capillary membrane Thin and porous Water molecules move freely across them

• Cell membrane Thicker membranes Constructed to protect and nourish cell

contents

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Moving Water & Solutes Moving Water & Solutes Across MembranesAcross Membranes

• Osmosis Process or force that impels water molecules to

move throughout body. Moves water molecules from an area of greater

concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

• Diffusion Force by which particles in solution move

outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

(Cont'd…)

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Moving Water & Solutes Moving Water & Solutes Across MembranesAcross Membranes

(…Cont’d)

• Filtration Water is forced through membrane pores when

pressure outside membrane is different.

• Active transport Necessary to carry particles “upstream” across

separating membranes.

• Pinocytosis Larger molecules attach to thicker cell membrane,

then are engulfed by cell.

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Movement of Molecules, Water & Movement of Molecules, Water & Solutes by Osmosis & DiffusionSolutes by Osmosis & Diffusion

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PincocytosisPincocytosis

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Capillary Fluid Shift Capillary Fluid Shift MechanismMechanism

• Cells’ water and nutrients must move from capillaries to cells.

• Water and cell metabolites must return to capillaries.

• Uses opposing fluid pressures: Hydrostatic pressure Colloidal osmotic pressure

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The Fluid Shift MechanismThe Fluid Shift Mechanism

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Organ Systems Involved in Organ Systems Involved in Body Water BalanceBody Water Balance

• Gastrointestinal circulation Water from blood plasma is continually

secreted into GI tract. In latter portion of intestine, most water and

electrolytes are reabsorbed into blood. Is maintained in isotonicity

(Cont'd…)

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Organ Systems Involved in Organ Systems Involved in Body Water BalanceBody Water Balance

(…Cont’d)

• Renal circulation Kidney “laundering” of the blood helps

maintain water balance and proper solution of blood.

• Hormonal controls: Antidiuretic hormone mechanism (ADH) Aldoesterone mechanism

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Approximate Total Volume of Approximate Total Volume of Digestive SecretionsDigestive Secretions

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Approximate Concentrations of Certain Approximate Concentrations of Certain Electrolytes in Digestive FluidsElectrolytes in Digestive Fluids

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Acids & BasesAcids & Bases

• Optimal degree of acidity or alkalinity must be maintained in body water solutions and secretions.

• More or less acid according to degree of concentration of hydrogen ions

• Acidity expressed in terms of pH

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Acid-Base Buffer SystemAcid-Base Buffer System

• Handles an excess of acid or base

• Mixture of acid and base that protects a solution from wide variations in pH

• Main buffer system: carbonic acid/base biocarbonate