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Slide 1: Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts
& Exposure Assessment
Figure 1: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management,
University of California, Santa Barbara.
Figure 2: Seal for the University of California, Santa
Barbara.
Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts &
Exposure Assessment
Bren School of Environmental Science and Management
University of California, Santa Barbara
August 2018
Figure 3: Picture of Doctor Sangwon Suh
Figure 4: Picture of Doctor Arturo Keller
Slide 2: Application of Life Cycle and Exposure Assessment Tools
to Alternatives Analysis
Dr. Sangwon Suh & Dr. Arturo Keller
Slide 3: Application of Life Cycle Tools to Alternatives
Analysis
Dr. Sangwon Suh (Aug 9th, 3:00pm-3:30pm)
Slide 4: Outline
• Identification of relevant factors• LCA resources• Limitations
of LCA approach to AA
Slide 5: Relevant Factors
Slide 6: Identify Relevant Factors
Figure showing a step relationship between Step 1: Adverse
impacts, Step 2: Life cycle segments, and Step 3: Relevant factors.
In Step 1, information is gathered to answer the question “What are
the adverse impacts?”. Results from Step1 feed into Step 2 where
the
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question “What are the relevant life cycle segments?” is
answered. Results from Step 1 and 2 are then used to answer the
question in Step 3 “What are the relevant factors identified?”
Slide 7: Figure showing Relevant Life Cycle Segments and
Factors
Figure showing Table 5-1 on page 59 of the DTSC AA Guide. This
table is a graphical example where the column headers are life
cycle segment, factor, Priority Product, Alternative 1, Alternative
2, and Alternative 3 and the rows list the results by factor and
product for a specific life cycle stage. For this example, each
factor for a product in a specific life cycle stage was assigned
either a red H for high impact observed, yellow M for medium impact
observed, or green L for low impact observed. A solid black circle
indicated data was not available to quantify the impact. A hollow
circle indicated data was not available. A circle with a diagonal
line indicated the life cycle stage was not applicable.
Slide 8: Exercise
Choose a chemical of your interest and answer the following
questions.
Slide 9: Things to Consider - Raw Materials Extraction
Raw Materials Extraction
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Are rare materials involved in the extraction?• Is there a new
risk introduced in the extraction process with the alternatives
(e.g., use of
explosives)?
From the AA Guide page 82
Slide 10: Things to Consider-Intermediate Materials
Processes
Intermediate Materials Processes
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Are there any intermediate processes different? (e.g.,
refining, milling, spinning, etc.)
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Slide 11: Things to Consider-Manufacturing Part 1
Manufacturing (part 1)
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Are additional materials required to manufacture the
alternatives?• Will there be significant increases in the use of
energy or water?• Will there be additional air emissions or
releases to water or soil?
Slide 12: Things to Consider-Manufacturing Part 2
Manufacturing (part 2)
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Will solid waste generation be increased due to the selection
of an alternative?• Were manufacturing worker exposures important
as a basis for listing the Priority
Product?
Slide 13: Things to Consider-Packaging
Packaging
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Will there be differences in the type and quantity of
materials used for packaging?• Does the packaging need to be
changed to be compatible with any of the alternatives
under consideration?
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Slide 14: Things to Consider-Transportation
Transportation
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Is a different mode of transport required for the
alternatives?• How far are the materials to be transported?• Will
there be an increase in greenhouse gases due to increased
transportation distance?
Slide 15: Things to Consider-Use Part 1
Use (part 1)
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• What are the impacts during use?• What are the exposure
pathways?• Has the method of application changed exposure duration
or intensity?
Slide 16: Things to Consider-Use Part 2
Use (part 2)
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Has the quantity of product required changed?• Have new routes
of exposure been introduced by an alternative?
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Slide 17: Things to Consider-Operation and Maintenance
Operation and Maintenance
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• What kinds of chemicals or products are necessary for
maintenance?• How much energy is used to operate or maintain?• Is
there a difference in the reliability or durability of the
alternatives?
Slide 18: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management
Part 1
Waste Generation and Management (part 1)
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• How much waste is generated?• Is hazardous waste generated?•
Are there releases required to be reported under the Toxic Release
Inventory program?
Slide 19: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management
Part 1
Waste Generation and Management (part 2)
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Is there any special handling required?• Does the responsible
entity mitigate waste generation impacts by participating in
extended producer responsibility programs?
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Slide 20: Things to Consider-Reuse and Recycling
Reuse and Recycling
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• Will there be a change in how the product can be reused or
recycled?• Is there a potential for exposure to a Chemical of
Concern during reuse or recycling?
Slide 21: Things to Consider-End-of-Life Disposal
End-of-life Disposal
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
• How is the product used and where does it end after its use,
i.e., landfill, POTW, air,soil?
• What is the potential for releases of Chemicals of Concern to
air or water bodies fromthe identified disposal?
• Is the Priority Product or the alternative a hazardous waste
at end- of-life?
Slide 22: Appendix 3-2 Checklists for Identification of Relevant
Factors
Figure of a portion of Table 3-2 A, Example checklist for
identification of relevant life cycle segments on page 175 of the
DTSC Alternatives Analysis Guide. The portion of the table shown
contains three columns and two rows. The headers for Column 1,
Column 2, and Column are as follows: "Life cycle segments to be
considered-Changes between the Priority Product and the alternative
being considered"; "Likely to be a relevant segment that requires
further assessment? Yes/No/Unknown;" and "If "no," reason why the
certain life segment not relevant." The entries for row 2 under
each column are as follows: "Could the alternative change raw
materials extraction and processing (e.g., process involved, energy
used, resources consumed, and discharge to air/water/soil)?",
blank, and blank. The entries for row 3 under each column are as
follows: "Could the alternative change intermediate materials
production processes (e.g., process involved, raw materials used,
energy used, resources consumed, and discharge to
air/water/soil)?", blank, and blank.
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Slide 23: Review Example from AA Guide
Figure shows part of Table 7-3, Matrix for a Simplified
Evaluation of Alternatives at Various Life Cycle Stages from page
87 of the DTSC Alternatives Analysis Guide. Emphasis is placed on
the blanks listed for the packaging, transportation, distribution,
operation and maintenance, waste generation and management, and
reuse and recycling life cycle segments when evaluating the
Priority Product and alternatives for human health impacts and air
quality impacts.
Slide 24: LCA Resources
Slide 25: Some LCI Data Sources
• Process:o Ecoinvent (www.ecoinvent.org)o US LCI
(www.nrel.gov/lci/)o Open LCA (http://www.openlca.org/)o GREET
Model (https://greet.es.anl.gov/)o BEES 3.0
(https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees)o CLiCC LCI
(http://clicc.net)
• Economic input-outputo CEDA
(https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/CEDA)o Carnegie
Mellon (www.eiolca.net/)
Slide 26: Some LCA Software
• Gabi (http://www.gabi-software.com/america/index/)• SimaPro
(https://simapro.com/)• Quantis Suite (https://quantis-intl.com/)•
CMLCA (http://www.cmlca.eu/)• openLCA (http://www.openlca.org/)•
Umberto (https://www.ifu.com/en/umberto/?)
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http://www.openlca.org/https://greet.es.anl.gov/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/beeshttp://clicc.net/https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/CEDAhttp://www.gabi-software.com/america/index/https://simapro.com/https://quantis-intl.com/http://www.cmlca.eu/http://www.openlca.org/https://www.ifu.com/en/umberto/?
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Slide 27: CLiCC LCI Example
Sample of Emission
Figure 1: Screenshot of the tabulated emission results for a
Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Inventory using the Chemical Life Cycle
Collaborative (CLiCC) software. The example is for the estimated
total inputs and emissions from producing 1 kilogram of
dichloromethane. The table lists five columns in the following
order: Chemical Name, Chemical amount, Units (in kilograms for this
example), Type (listed as Emissions for this example), and
Compartment such as soil, air, or water. Each row lists the
chemical amount for a specific chemical compound. For example,
1,4-butanediol is listed under Chemical Name. The amount is 1.2 E
to the minus 10. The units are kilograms. The type is Emissions.
The compartment listed is Water.
Sample of Input
Figure 2: Screenshot of the tabulated input parameters used to
calculate the emissions for 1 kilogram of dichloromethane using the
Chemical Life Cycle Collaborative (CLiCC) software. The table has
five columns in the following order: Chemical Name, Chemical
amount, Units, Type, and Compartment. For this example, Aluminum,
24% in Bauxite, 11% in Crude Oil, in ground is listed under
Chemical Name. The amount is 5.79 E to the minus 7. The units are
in kilograms. The type is listed as Input. The compartment is
listed as Natural Resources.
Slide 28: Some LCIA Methods
A table listing thirteen impact categories and seventeen life
cycle impact analysis (LCIA) methods is shown. Each row lists a
LCIA methods in the following order: CML (baseline), CML
(non-baseline), cumulative energy demand, eco-indicator 99 (E),
eco-indicator 99 (H), eco-indicator 99 (I), Eco-Scarcity 2006, ILCD
2011 endpoint, ILCD 2011 midpoint, ReCiPe endpoint (I), ReCiPe
Midpoint (E), ReCiPe Midpoint (H), ReCiPe Midpoint (I), TRACI 2.1,
and USEtox. Each column lists fourteen parameters in the following
order: Methods, Acidification, Climate Change, Resource depletion,
Ecotoxicity, Energy Use, Eutrophication, Human Toxicity, Ionizing
Radiation, Land Use, Odor, Ozone Layer depletion, Particulate
Matter/ Respiratory inorganics, and photochemical oxidation. Under
the columns representing an impact category, a check mark is shown
if the LCIA method contains that impact category. A summary of each
LCIA method and their associated impact categories are
provided.
CML (baseline) contains all the impact categories except Energy
Use, Ionizing Radiation, Land Use, Odor, and Particulate Matter/
Respiratory inorganics.
CML (non-baseline) contains all the impact categories except
Energy Use and Particulate Matter/ Respiratory inorganics.
Cumulative Energy Demand only contains the Energy Use impact
category.
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eco-indicator 99 (E), eco-indicator 99 (H), and eco-indicator 99
(I) contain all impact categories except Energy Use, Odor, and
Photochemical Oxidation.
Eco-Scarcity 2006 only contains the Resource Depletion impact
category.
ILCD 2011 endpoint contains all the impact categories except
Resource Depletion, Ecotoxicity, Energy Use, and Odor.
ILCD 2011 midpoint contains all the impact categories except
Energy Use and Odor.
ReCiPe endpoint (I), ReCiPe Midpoint (E), ReCiPe Midpoint (H),
and ReCiPe Midpoint (I) contain all the impact categories except
Energy Use and Odor.
TRACI 2.1 contains all the categories except Energy Use,
Ionizing Radiation, Land Use, and Odor.
USEtox only contains the ecotoxicity and human toxicity impact
categories.
Source: GreenDelta, LCIA methods, 2015
Slide 29: LCA Limitations
Slide 30: Limitations of LCA approach to AA
• A full LCA study is costly and time-consuming;• Data gaps in
life cycle inventory of chemicals;• Data gaps in characterization
factors of chemicals;• LCA alone does not meet all of the
requirements in AA;• What else?
Slide 31: Exposure and Risk Assessment in Support of
Alternatives Analysis
Dr. Arturo Keller (Aug 9th, 3:30pm-4:00pm)
Slide 32: AA Simple Diagram
Figure showing how the Chemical of Concern and the Priority
Product Categories are narrowed down to a Chemical of Concern in a
specific product (the Priority Product). Manufacturers of the
Priority Product conducted either a two-stage Alternatives Analysis
or an Abridged AA. The two-staged AA process consists of a
first-stage AA which is qualitative and a second-stage AA which is
quantitative.
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Slide 33: Step 3: Identification of Relevant Factors
Figure showing the six steps associated with the first-stage AA.
Step1 is the Identification of product requirements and chemical
function. Step 2 is the Identification of alternatives. Step 3 is
the Identification of relevant factors. Step 4 is the Initial
Evaluation and screening of alternatives replacement chemicals.
Step 5 is the Consideration of additional information. Step 6 is
the Preliminary Alternatives Analysis report. The figure highlights
Step 3 where the user can apply their knowledge of exposure
pathways from risk assessment to identify relevant factors.
Slide 34: First Stage AA Step 4: Initial Evaluation and
Screening of Alternative Replacement Chemicals
The figure highlights Step 4 in the first-stage AA. the user can
apply their knowledge of toxicity and environmental fate from risk
assessment during the initial evaluation and screening of
alternative replacement chemicals.
Slide 35: Second Stage AA: Step 1. Identification of Relevant
Factors and Step 2. Comparison of Priority Products and
Alternatives
Figure shows the five steps for a second-stage AA where an
in-depth analysis is conducted. The five steps are: Step 1,
identification of relevant factors; Step 2, comparison of the
Priority Product and alternatives; Step 3, consideration of
additional information; Step 4, alternatives selection decision,
and Step 5, Final AA report. The figure highlights Steps 1 and 2
where the user can apply their knowledge of toxicity assessment,
exposure assessment, and risk characterization used in risk
assessment to identify relevant factors and compare the Priority
Product and alternatives.
Slide 36: Toxicity for Emissions Across All Life Cycle
Stages
Graphic showing 7 life cycle phases for a product which are: (1)
raw material extraction, (2) intermediate material processes, (3)
manufacturing, (4) packaging, (5) transportation, (6) use, and (7)
waste and recycling.
Source: Jordan Chamberlain, Kristen Magnuson, Carolin Meier, Yu,
Arturo Keller, Incorporating life cycle screening into Alternatives
Analysis.
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Slide 37: Comparing Alternatives
• Toxicity considerationso Modes of actiono Acute vs. chronico
Ecological risk
• Exposure considerationso Releaseo Persistenceo Routes
Photo of a scale.
Slide 38: Toxicity Considerations
• Carcinogenic toxicity:o Are one or more of the alternative
chemicals carcinogenic?o How well established is the
carcinogenicity?
Established vs. Preliminary results Consumer perception
Slide 39: Classification of Carcinogens (IARC)
Group Classification Agents Definition
1 Carcinogenic to humans 120 Sufficient evidence in humans, or
very strong evidence in animals
2A Probably carcinogenic to humans 82 Limited evidence in
humans, sufficient in animals
2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans 302 Limited evidence in
humans, less than sufficient in animals
3 Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans 501
Inadequate evidence in humans and inadequate or less than
sufficient in animals
4 Probably not carcinogenic to humans 1 Evidence suggesting lack
of carcinogenicity
Source: IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer
https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CurrentPreamble.pdf
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https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CurrentPreamble.pdf
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Slide 40: Toxicity Considerations-Non-carcinogens
• Non-carcinogenic toxicityo Modes of injury
Relevance to route of exposure E.g. toxic effect = skin
sensitivity Inhalable? Ingestible?
o Thresholds Reference Dose (RfD) No Observed Adverse Exffect
Level (NOAEL) vs Low Observed Adverse
Effect Level (LOAEL) Endocrine disruption Skin sensitivity
Slide 41: Toxicity Considerations-Acute versus Chronic
• Acute vs. chronico Severity of acute risko Chronic risks may
not be observed until large liability existso Consumer behavior
Personal protective equipment
Slide 42: Toxicity Considerations-Example of Human Health
Toxicity Considerations for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl
Alcohol
• Methylene chlorideo Classification: 2B; probable human
carcinogen. Basis for classification
Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence
ofcarcinogenicity in animals
o Oral cancer slope factor = 7.5 x 10-3 (mg/kg/d)-1o Reference
Dose (RfD) = 0.06 mg/kg-d
based on liver toxicity in ratso Acute toxicity: anesthetic
effects, nausea and drunkenness
• Benzyl alcoholo Carcinogenicity: not classifiedo Acute
Ingestion: LD50 (rat) 1230 mg/kgo Irritating to the skin at levels
3% or greatero Rats given oral doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800
mg/kg for 13 weeks
high dose produced clinical signs indicative of neurotoxicity
includingstaggering, respiratory difficulty, and lethargy
Source: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Page 12 of 18
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Slide 43: Toxicity Considerations-Example of Ecotoxicity
Considerations for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol
• Methylene chlorideo Daphnia magna
Chronic value (ChV) = 12.0 mg/Lo Fish
ChV = 24.8 mg/L Lethal concentration to kill 50% of test
subjects (LC50) fathead minnow =
193 mg/L for 96 hro Green algae
Ecotoxicity concentration to kill 50% of algae (EC50) (4 day) =
84.4 mg/L ChV = 19.3 mg/L
o Earthworm ChV = 173.0 mg/kg• Benzyl alcohol
o Daphnia magna LC50 = 18.3 mg/l ChV = 24.1 mg/L
o Fish ChV = 53.1 mg/l LC50 fathead minnow = 460 mg/L for 96
hr
o Green algae ChV = 35.5 mg/L
Slide 44: Exposure Considerations
• Adverse impacts of potential exposure are influenced byo
Frequencyo Extent (number of exposure pathways)o Level
(concentration of the Chemical of Concern or replacement chemical)o
Duration (amount of time)
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Slide 45: Exposure Considerations-Factors to Consider
• Factors to considero Differences in use/release amounts due
to
Effectiveness for a given function Chemical properties
• Volatility• Solubility• Bioaccumulation (octanol/water
partitioning)• Reactivity
Slide 46: Exposure Considerations-Example of Physicochemical
Properties to Consider for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl
Alcohol
• Methylene chlorideo VP = 4.70E+04 Pao Sol = 1.30E+04 mg/Lo Kow
= 1.78E+01o Half-life:
Air = 1.81E+03 hr Water = 9.00E+02 hr
• Benzyl alcoholo VP = 1.25E+01 pao Sol = 4.29E+04 mg/Lo Kow =
1.26E+01o Half-life:
Air = 1.12E+01 hr Water = 3.60E+02 hr
Slide 47: Fate & Transport
Dominant pathwayso How much are they influenced by change in
mode of release?o Where will the majority of the mass of chemical
released end up?o Differences in persistence?o Different media
contaminated?
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Slide 48: Predicted Concentrations - Outdoor Air
Figure 1: A trend graph for predicting methylene chloride
concentrations in outdoor air is shown. Sample collection time is
plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015
while outdoor air concentrations, in milligrams per cubic meter,
are plotted along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between zero
to 0.003 milligrams per cubic meter. Concentration values fluctuate
between 0.0005 milligrams per cubic meter to 0.00275 milligrams per
kilogram for the 10-year period.
Figure 2: A trend graph for predicting benzyl alcohol
concentrations in outdoor air is shown. Sample collection time is
plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015
while outdoor air concentrations, in milligrams per cubic meter,
are plotted along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between zero
to 0.003 milligrams per cubic meter. Concentration values fluctuate
between 0.0004 milligrams per cubic meter to 0.0012 milligrams per
kilogram for the 10-year period.
Slide 49: Predicted Concentrations – Freshwater
Figure 1: A trend graph for predicting methylene chloride
concentrations in freshwater is shown. Sample collection time is
plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015
while freshwater concentrations, in grams per liter, are plotted
along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between 0.00000001 to
0.00001 grams per liter. Concentration values fluctuate around
0.00000005 grams per liter for the 10-year period.
Figure 2: A trend graph for predicting benzyl alcohol
concentrations in freshwater is shown. Sample collection time is
plotted along the x-axis between January 2005 and January 2015
while outdoor air concentrations, in grams per liter, are plotted
along the y-axis. The y-axis scale ranges between 0.00000001 to
0.00001 grams per liter. Concentration values fluctuate between
0.00001 grams per liter to 0.0001 grams per liter for the 10-year
period.
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Slide 50: Indoor Air
The left-side of the slide shows a conceptual model for
modelling indoor air quality using a material balance "box model".
A mathematical equation is shown for calculating the accumulation
rate. The accumulation rate (V multiplied by the differential of C
over the differential t) is equal to the input rate (S) plus the
sources (product of C subscript "A" times I times V) minus the
output rate (product of C times I times V) minus the decay (product
of K times C times V). C equals the indoor concentration in
milligrams per cubic meter. V equals the volume of conditioned
space in the building in cubic meters per air change. I equals the
flow (Q) divided by V which is equal to the infiltration rate as
air change. S equals the pollutant source strength in milligrams
per hour. C subscript "A" equals the ambient or outside
concentration of the pollutant in milligrams per cubic meter. K
equals the decay rate or reaction rate of the pollutant in 1 per
hour. Source: Docsity.com
At steady state,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0
𝑑𝑑 =𝑆𝑆 + 𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼
S is direct function of vapor pressure
Slide 51: Predicted Concentrations - Indoor Air
An X-Y graph showing concentration as a function of ventilation
ratio. Two curves representing two products are shown; one curve
for Product 1 and the other for Product 2. The ventilation ratio is
plotted along the x-axis while the concentration, in milligrams per
cubic meter, is plotted along the y-axis. Product 1’s curve starts
at a concentration of 55 milligrams per cubic meter when the
ventilation ratio equals zero. As the ventilation ratio increases,
the concentration is reduced to approximately 45 milligrams per
cubic meter at a ventilation ratio of 0.3. Product 2’s curve starts
at a concentration of 3 milligrams per cubic meter when the
ventilation ratio equals zero. At a ventilation ratio of 0.05, the
concentration drops to zero and remains at zero for ventilation
ratios between 0.05 and 0.3.
Slide 52: Exposure Assessment
• “Exposure assessment evaluates whether alternatives have the
same, higher, or lessexposure level than the Chemical of
Concern”
• Need to take into consideration differences in toxicity, in
addition to exposure level
Page 16 of 18
http://www.docsity.com/
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Slide 53: Exposure Assessment-Difference in exposure frequency
and duration
• Differences in exposure frequency or duration• Higher
functionality may require less frequent application• Time to apply
the product is faster• Easier application leads to less exposure•
New methods of application reduce exposure
Slide 54: Relevant Exposure Factors
Chemical of Concern Potential Chemical Alternatives
Used in the same relative amounts? At what point during the life
cycle, could human populations or ecological receptors be exposed
to the potential releases?
Used in the same manner? What are the use patterns?
What are the potential types of use and end-of-life exposure
scenarios?
What are the expected differences regarding exposure frequency,
extent, level, duration, and routes?
Will any engineering or administrative controls be used?
What are the differences in how the product contains
chemical?
Blank Could physicochemical properties substantively affect
exposure pathways?
Modified from the AA Guide page 39
Slide 55: Key Points
• Exposure & risk assessment can be used as part of
alternatives analysis• Toxicity information may not be fully
available
o May need to consider other factors• Exposure can differ
significantly due to:
o Chemical propertieso Changes in amount released and release
pathwayso Differences in persistenceo Differences in exposure
factors
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Slide 56: Question & Answer Session
Dr. Sangwon Suh & Dr. Arturo Keller
Page 18 of 18
Slide 1: Alternatives Analysis Workshop on Life Cycle Impacts
& Exposure AssessmentSlide 2: Application of Life Cycle and
Exposure Assessment Tools to Alternatives AnalysisSlide 3:
Application of Life Cycle Tools to Alternatives AnalysisSlide 4:
OutlineSlide 5: Relevant FactorsSlide 6: Identify Relevant
FactorsSlide 7: Figure showing Relevant Life Cycle Segments and
FactorsSlide 8: Exercise
Slide 9: Things to Consider - Raw Materials ExtractionSlide 10:
Things to Consider-Intermediate Materials ProcessesSlide 11: Things
to Consider-Manufacturing Part 1Slide 12: Things to
Consider-Manufacturing Part 2Slide 13: Things to
Consider-PackagingSlide 14: Things to Consider-TransportationSlide
15: Things to Consider-Use Part 1Slide 16: Things to Consider-Use
Part 2Slide 17: Things to Consider-Operation and MaintenanceSlide
18: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management Part 1Slide
19: Things to Consider-Waste Generation and Management Part 1Slide
20: Things to Consider-Reuse and RecyclingSlide 21: Things to
Consider-End-of-Life DisposalSlide 22: Appendix 3-2 Checklists for
Identification of Relevant FactorsSlide 23: Review Example from AA
Guide
Slide 24: LCA ResourcesSlide 25: Some LCI Data SourcesSlide 26:
Some LCA SoftwareSlide 27: CLiCC LCI ExampleSlide 28: Some LCIA
Methods
Slide 29: LCA LimitationsSlide 30: Limitations of LCA approach
to AA
Slide 31: Exposure and Risk Assessment in Support of
Alternatives AnalysisSlide 32: AA Simple DiagramSlide 33: Step 3:
Identification of Relevant FactorsSlide 34: First Stage AA Step 4:
Initial Evaluation and Screening of Alternative Replacement
ChemicalsSlide 35: Second Stage AA: Step 1. Identification of
Relevant Factors and Step 2. Comparison of Priority Products and
AlternativesSlide 36: Toxicity for Emissions Across All Life Cycle
StagesSlide 37: Comparing AlternativesSlide 38: Toxicity
ConsiderationsSlide 39: Classification of Carcinogens (IARC)
Slide 40: Toxicity Considerations-Non-carcinogensSlide 41:
Toxicity Considerations-Acute versus ChronicSlide 42: Toxicity
Considerations-Example of Human Health Toxicity Considerations for
Methylene Chloride and Benzyl AlcoholSlide 43: Toxicity
Considerations-Example of Ecotoxicity Considerations for Methylene
Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol
Slide 44: Exposure ConsiderationsSlide 45: Exposure
Considerations-Factors to ConsiderSlide 46: Exposure
Considerations-Example of Physicochemical Properties to Consider
for Methylene Chloride and Benzyl Alcohol
Slide 47: Fate & TransportSlide 48: Predicted Concentrations
- Outdoor AirSlide 49: Predicted Concentrations – Freshwater
Slide 50: Indoor AirSlide 51: Predicted Concentrations - Indoor
Air
Slide 52: Exposure AssessmentSlide 53: Exposure
Assessment-Difference in exposure frequency and duration
Slide 54: Relevant Exposure Factors
Slide 55: Key PointsSlide 56: Question & Answer Session