SLIDE 1 TITLE Fabio SAULI INFN-Trieste and TERA Foundation CERN-Geneva-Switzerland
Dec 28, 2015
SLIDE 1TITLE
Fabio SAULI
INFN-Trieste and TERA Foundation
CERN-Geneva-Switzerland
SLIDE 2MSGC
THE ANCESTOR THE MICRO-STRIP GAS CHAMBER
MSGC: POSITION ACCURACY ~ 50 µm TWO-TRACK RESOLUTION ~ 500 µm RATE CAPABILITY ~ 1 MHz/mm2
BUT: TOO FRAGILE EASILY DAMAGED BY DISCHARGES
ANODE CATHODE CATHODE
200 µm
A. Oed, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A263(1988)351
MICRO-PATTERN GAS DETECTORS:
SLIDE 3
THIN METAL-COATED POLYMER FOIL CHEMICALLY ETCHED~ 50-100 HOLES mm2
TYPICAL GEM: 50 µm Kapton 5 µm Copper 70 µm holes at 140 µm pitch
F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A386(1997)531
5-10,000 INDEPENDENT PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS per cm2!
GEM PRINCIPLEGAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (GEM):
SLIDE 4GEM MANUFACTURING GEM MANUFACTURING (CERN PROCESS)
50 µm Kapton+5 µm Cu both sides
Photoresist coating, masking,
exposure to UV light
Metal etching
Kapton etching
Second masking
Edge metal etching and cleaning
70 µm
55 µm
SLIDE 5
LARGE GEM FOIL FOR COMPASS:
GEM SHAPES
“STANDARD” GEM: 10x10 cm2
MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER (OSAKA UIV.)
10 cm
1500÷2000 FOILS MADE1 cm2 to 2000 cm2
30-200 µm HOLES, 50-300 µm PITCH
GEM PRODUCTION AT CERN
SLIDE 6
HALF-MOON GEM FOR TOTEM:
GEM SHAPES
ROUND GEM (30 cm Ø ) ESA PROTOTYPE
FLEXIBILITY OF SHAPE
SLIDE 7
1-D STRIPS
READOUT PATTERNS
2-D STRIPS
PADS
PAD ROWS
COICE OF ANODE READOUT PATTERNS
Tokyo Univ. CNS
CERN
SLIDE 8GEM DETECTORS PERFORMANCE
5.9 keV 55Fe : 20% FWHM
SINGLE GEM PERFORMANCES
ENERGY RESOLUTION
102
103
104
200 300 400 500 600 700VGEM
(V)
SINGLE GEM+PCB
Eff. Gain-Vgem Ar-CO2-DME
Ar-DME 70-30
Ar-CO2 70-30
Effe
ctiv
e G
ain
R. Bouclier et al Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 396 (1997) 50
GAIN VS VOLTAGE:
SLIDE 9
CASCADED GEMS PROVIDE HIGHER GAIN AT LOWER VOLTAGE
DRIFT
INDUCTION
C. Büttner et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A409(1998)79S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A438(1999)376
MULTIGEMMULTIGEM DETECTORS
DISCHARGE PROBABILITY ON 5 MeV (FROM 220Rn) E ~ 1 MeV/cm
SLIDE 10
J. Benlloch et al, IEEE NS-45(1998)234
3.106 Hz mm-2
VERY HIGH RATE CAPABILITY
M. Alfonsi et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A518(2004)106
200 mC mm-2 ~ 4 •1012 mips mm-2
RADIATION HARDNESS (AGING):
GEM HIGH RATE
SLIDE 11
22 TRIPLE-GEM CHAMBERS, 31x31 cm2 ACTIVE 2-D CHARGE READOUT
Honeycomb plates
GEM foils
2-D Readout board
LIGHT CONSTRUCTION: ~ 0.7% X0
B. Ketzer et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)314
COMPASS CHAMBERSGEM DETECTOR FOR COMPASS
SLIDE 12COMPAS TGEM
31x31 cm2, 12-SECTORS+BEAM KILLER~ 100 FOILS PRODUCED AT CERN
Sector separation
Voltage-controlled Central disk
C. Altumbas et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 490(2002)177
SLIDE 13COMPASS RESULTS COMPASS CHAMBERS PERFORMANCES
UNIFORMITY OF EFFICIENCY: ~ 97% FOR MINIMUM IONIZING TRACKS, HIGH INTENSITY RUNS (2.5x104 Hz mm-2)
POSITION ACCURACY
65 µm rms
TIME RESOLUTION
B. Ketzer et al, Nucl. Instr. and Metrh. A535(2004)314
12 ns rms
SLIDE 14
COMPASS TRIPLE-GEM: PSI πM1 beamNo discharges in 12 hrs of operation at gain 104 (+ 4 years of operation in COMPASS!)
S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A470(2001)548
@ GAIN 104
DISCHARGE PROBABILITY < 10-12
(DISCHARGES PER INCIDENT PARTICLE)
DISCHARGESDISCHARGE PROBABILITY
G=10000
SLIDE 15TIME RESOLUTION
USING A FASTER GAS (LHCb MUON TRIGGER)
TIME RESOLUTION
M. Alfonsi et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)319
INTRINSIC TIME RESOLUTION:4-GEM with reflective photocathode(isochronous electrons):
D. Mormann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 504(2003)93
Ar-CO2-CF4 (45-15-40)
SLIDE 16
HALF-MOON SHAPED TRIPLE-GEM
TOTEM GEMGEM DETECTOR FOR TOTEMCERN-HELSINKI)
L. Ropelewski, Vienna Instrumentation Conf. 2007
READOUT: VFAT 128-CHANNELSDIGITAL READOUT WITH FAST OR
10-CHAMBERS BEAM SETUP:
SLIDE 17TOTEM CHAMBERS TOTEM TRIPLE-GEM CHAMBERS
FRAMED GEM:
READOUT BOARD:
SLIDE 18TOTEM READOUT
50 m Polyimide
25 m Polyimide
125 m FR4
15 m CuEpoxy glue
5 m Cu10 m CuEpoxy glue
Ni Au15 m Cu
TOTEM Readout
radial stripspads bonding contactfor pads
READOUT BOARD:Radial strips (accurate track’s angle)Pad matrix (fast trigger)
TOTEM CHAMBERS READOUT: PADS AND STRIPS
5-LAYERS PC BOARD
READOUT: VFAT 128-CHANNELSDIGITAL READOUT WITH FAST OR
SLIDE 19TEST RESULTS
LABORATORY TESTCHARGE SHARING ON 55Fe SOURCE:
BEAM TESTTWO-CHAMBERS CORRELATION
TOTEM CHAMBERS TEST RESULTS
L. Ropelewski, Vienna Instr. Conf. (Feb 07)
SLIDE 20THIN CHAMBERS PIXEL AND STRIPS GEM CHAMBER (COMPASS UPGRADE)
READOUT ELECTRODE: CENTER: 32x32 PIXELS, 1 mm2 EACHSIDES: 512x512 STRIPS, 400 µm PITCH
THIN TRIPLE GEM CHAMBERS :0.2 % X0
F. Haas et al, Vienna Instr. Conf (Feb. 2007)
SLIDE 21QUALITY CONTROL
DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS
HOLE FITTING HOLE FITTING
DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS
T. Hilden, Helsinki
QUALITY CONTROL
SLIDE 22QUALITY CONTROL HOLE’S DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION AND DEFECTS IDENTIFICATION
T. Hilden, Helsinki
SLIDE 23
GEM TPC
TPC MPGD
FAST ELECTRON SIGNAL T~20 ns (-> ~ 1mm)
NARROW PAD RESPONSE s ~ 1 mm
VERY GOOD MULTI-TRACK RESOLUTION V ~ 1 mm3
STRONG ION FEEDBACK SUPPRESSION I+/I- < 0.1%
NO ExB DISTORTIONSFREEDOM IN END-CAP DESIGNROBUST, RADIATION HARD
PADS INFLATION!
MPGD READOUT OF TIME PROJECTION CHAMBERS
SLIDE 24LEGS
(LASER ELECTRON GAMMA SOURCE) AT BNL:
Bo Yu, LBL TPC Workshop (Berkeley 7-8 April 2006)
COSMIC TRACKS: COSMIC TRACKS:
GEM-TPC FOR LEGS
SLIDE 25MICRO-PIXEL TPC
COMPTON CAMERA WITH µTPC + SCINTILLATORS
TO AVOID DISCHARGES:ADDED GEM FOIL
K. Hattori et al, Vienna Instr. Conf. (Feb. 2007)
MICRO-PIXEL TPC
COSMIC TRACKS
SLIDE 26T2K
READOUT: 8x8 mm2 PAD PLANE
GEM TPC PROTOTYPE FOR T2K
HARP TPC WITH TRIPLE GEM END CAP
E. Radicioni, IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. San Diego (Oct. 2006)
SLIDE 27
M. Killenberg et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A530(2004)251
POSITION RESOLUTION:
GEM TPC (DESY-AACHEN)
M. Janssen et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A566(2006)75
GEM TPC DESY
AACHEN GEM-TPC:
MPGD TPC FOR THE INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER
130 µm
SLIDE 28KEK MPGD TPCGEM-MICROMEGAS TPC STUDYES AT KEK
Detection plane
Preamplifiers
Bulkhead
Field cage
Driftelectrode
M. Kobayashi, Vienna Instrum. Conf. (Feb. 2007)
JECCEE MAGNET 85 cm Ø 1 m LONG
SLIDE 29PAD DILEMMA
SMALL TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION GIVES BETTER ACCURACYBUT REQUIRES SMALL PAD SIZE FOR CHARGE SHARING
Computed with Steve Biagi’s MAGBOLTZ
MULTIGEM: INCREASED DIFFUSION IN TRANSFER REGIONS
DRIFT
TRANSFER
MICROMEGAS:DRIFT DIFFUSION ONLY
FOR 1 m DRIFTFWHM ~ 1.4 mm
FOR 1 m DRIFTFWHM ~ 1 mm
THE TPC DILEMMA
SLIDE 30OPTIMIZATION OF PAD GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION OF READOUT PAD GEOMETRY
J. Kaminski, LBL TPC Workshop (Berkeley 7-8 April 2006)
TWO-TRACK RESOLUTION STUDIES WITH LASER BEAMS(Victoria-DESY)
SLIDE 31
FOR PAD SIZE ~ 1 mm
PAD DILEMMA
MULTIGEM STRUCTURES BETTER AT SHORT DRIFT DISTANCE, BECAUSE OF ADDITIONAL AVALANCHE SPREAD
M. Kobayashi, Vienna Instr. Conf. (2007)
MEASUREMENTS AND SIMULATIONS
MicroMEGAS GAS: Ar-isobutane E = 220 V/cm B = 1 T
DRIFT DISTANCE (mm)
RE
SO
LU
TIO
N (
mm
)
0 300 0
0.8
GEM GAS: P5 E = 100 V/cm B = 1 T
DRIFT DISTANCE (mm)
RE
SO
LU
TIO
N (
mm
) 0 300
0.4
0
PAD PITCH DIFFUSION
STUDIES OF OPTIMUM PAD SIZE
KEK
SLIDE 32CHARGE SPREADRESISTIVE ANODE READOUT: RC CHARGE SPREAD
resistive foilgluepads
PCB
mesh
MEASURED RESOLUTION @ 5 TESLA MICROMEGAS WITH RESISTIVE ANODE:
OPEN QUESTIONS:- UNIFORMITY OF RESISTIVITY- RATE CAPABILITY- LOSS IN TWO-TRACK RESOLUTION
SLIDE 33CF4 GAS
IMPROVING TPC PERFORMANCES
Computed with MAGBOLTZ
- VERY LOW DIFFUSION- NON FLAMMABLE- HYDROGEN FREE (LOW NEUTRON CROSS SECTION)
CF4 :
SLIDE 34CF4 GAS
CFCF44
Ar-C2H8
Ar-CH4
GEM-TPC OPERATION IN CF4 (H=0)
S.X. Oda et al, Nucl. Instr. Methods A566(2006)312
~100 µm ACCURACY WITHOUT MAGNETIC FIELD!
GAIN COMPARISON FOR A TRIPLE GEM :
(Tokyo Univ. CNS, ……)
SLIDE 35CHARGING UPGEM CHARGING-UP
SMALL, RATE-DEPENDENT INITIAL GAIN INCREASE (~30%):
SCHEMATICS OF DOUBLE-CONICAL GEM CHARGING UP:
BEFORE
AFTER
HIGHER FIELD->HIGHER GAIN C. Altumbas et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A490(2002)177
SLIDE 36CHARGING UP
GAIN INCREASE IS VOLTAGE INDEPENDENT:POLARIZATION?
DOTS: MEASURED GAINFIT TO DATA ASSUMING GAIN (TGEM)= GAIN3(SGEM)
8 keV X-RAYS
FOR EQUAL GAIN (~103): HV(SGEM)=510 V HV(TGEM)=3x310 V
G. Croci, L. Rolpelewski, F. Sauli (2007)
CHARGING UP: STANDARD SINGLE AND TRIPLE GEM
SLIDE 37CHARGING-HOLE SHAPE
SPECIAL TRIPLE ETCH:
SINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE POLYMER ETCHING:
CHARGING UP VS HOLE SHAPE
G. Croci, L. Rolpelewski, F. Sauli (2007)
STANDARD SINGLE ETCH:
GAIN SHIFT: SUM OF TWO EFFECTS:POLARIZATION (INCREASE)CHARGING (DEPENDS ON HOLE SHAPE)
SLIDE 38LASER ETCH
LASER-ETCHED GEMS (RIKEN)
T. Tamagawa et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A560(06)418
NO CHARGING UP:
SLIDE 39CYLINDRICAL GEM
E. David, M. Van Stenis, L. Ropelewski, F. Sauli (CERN - DT2)
CYLINDRICAL GEM DETECTORS - CERN DEVELOPMENT
SLIDE 40CYLINDRICAL GEM
(NA49 UPGRADE)2-D STRIP READOUT
L. Ropelewski, Vienna Instr. Conf. 2007
LOW MASS PROTOTYPE FOR CHLOE(FRASCATI):
G. Bencivenni et al, Vienna Instr. Conf. 2007
CYLINDRICAL GEM DETECTORS
SLIDE 41BONUS
3200 PIXELS READOUT
H. Fenker, IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp (Puerto Rico, 2005)
EVENT DISPLAY:
RADIAL GEM TPC FOR BoNuS (JLAB)
SLIDE 42
EDRIFT ~ 0
UV PHOTON DETECTION WITH GEM
R. Bouclier et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science NS-44(1997)646
REFLECTIVE CsI PHOTOCAHODE SINGLE PHOTOELECTRON POSITION ACCURACY CsI-COATED TRIPLE GEMCenter of gravity distribution for two UV beams, 200 µm apart:
T. Meinschad et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)324
= 55 µm
e
FURTHER MULTIPLICATION
PHOTON DETECTION
SLIDE 43
HEXAGONAL PADS PLANE, 500 µm PITCH
U
V
W
PAD ROWS INTERCONNECTED ALONG THREE DIRECTIONS:
1.1 mm
2.4 mm
1.3 mm
T. Meinschad et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)324
FAST RICH ( 2 ns resolution)
DOUBLE PHOTON EVENT:
HEXABOARDHEXABOARD PAD READOUT
SLIDE 44PHENIX UPGRADE - HADRON BLIND DETECTOR
e+ e-
E
Hadrons
24 TGEM DETECTORS WITH PAD READOUT
I. Ravinovich, Quark Matter 2005
A. Kozlov et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.A523(2004)344
WINDOWLESS CHERENKOV COUNTERCsI-COATED GEM DETECTORCF4 RADIATOR
HADRON BLIND
SLIDE 45
electronshadrons
PULSE HEIGHT:
C. Woody et al., 2006 IEEE NSS/MIC ProceedingsZ. Fraenkel et al, NIMA 546(2005) 466
HADRON BLIND
ELECTRON-HADRON DISCRIMINATION:
PHENIX HADRON BLIND DETECTOR
SLIDE 46
TIMEPIX
3xGEM TIMEPIX: 256x256 PIXELS 55 µm x 55 µm
TIMEPIX GEM
GEM DIFFUSION SPREAD: CLUSTER COUNTING
THE ULTIMATE MPGD: INTEGRATED PIXEL ELECTRONICS READOUT
M. Titov, Vienna Insr. Conf. (Feb. 2007)
3 pixel functionality modes
14 mm 14 mm
600 m
14 mm 14 mm
VERY GOOD 2-TRACK RESOLUTION
SLIDE 47
R. Bellazzini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Methods A435(2004)477
15x15 mm2 ACTIVE, ~ 100 kPIXELS (470 PIXELS/mm2)
POLARIMETERDEDICATED CMOS PIXEL READOUT CIRCUIT
SLIDE 48
MEASURE THE AVERAGE POLARIZATION OF SOFT X-RAYS
POLARIMETER
R.Bellazzini et al, Nucl. Instr. Methods A572(2007)160
1
2
1 mm2
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION FOR POLARIZED SOFT X-RAYS:
GEM POLARIMETER
SLIDE 49GEM IMAGERPHOTON IMAGER
UV FLOODLIGHT
CsI on QUARTZWINDOW
FINE PITCH GEM30 µm HOLES @ 50 µm PITCHCMOS PIXEL READOUT
4 µm rms
R. Bellazzini et al, Vienna Instr. Conf (Feb. 2007)
SLIDE 50CRIOGENIC CRYOGENIC DETECTORS
A. Bondar et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 556(2005)273 )
TWO-PHASE DETECTOR: ELECTRONS EXTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION
He, 4.2 K
A. Buzulutskov et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A548(2005)487
LOW TEMPERATURE GEM OPERATION:
GAS
GASMPGD
LIQUID
SLIDE 51CRIOGENIC
P. K. Lightfoot, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A554(2005)266
TWO-PHASE XENON DETECTOR FOR DARK MATTER SEARCH
GAIN CHARACTERISTICSLXe (171 º K)+2% CH4
µM+GEM
µM
CsI-COATED GEM FOR PHOTONS CONVERSION
MICROMEGAS DETECTOR
L-Xe SENSITIVE VOLUME
SLIDE 52
RATE CAPABILITY: > 3 MHz mm-2 TIME RESOLUTION: 5÷10 ns FOR PARTICLES, ~ 1 ns FOR PHOTONSLOCALIZATION ACCURACY: 60 µm IN EXPERIMENTS, ~5 µm IN LABORATORYPROPORTIONAL GAIN > 105 (SINGLE PHOTOELECTRON DETECTION)RADIATION HARDNESS: > 4.1014 MIPS cm-2 (INERT WITH HV OFF) ARBITRARY SHAPES AND READOUT PATTERN (STRIPS, PADS,…) NON-PLANAR GEOMETRY LARGE AREAS AT LOW COST: ~ 2000 cm2
SUMMARY
FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS:
MAIN PERFORMANCES:
LARGER AREAS ( ~ 1 m2), ALTERNATIVE SOURCE IMPROVED QUALITY CONTROL IMPROVED MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM STABILITY (CHARGING UP PROBLEMS) DEVELOPMENT OF DEDICATED, HIGH DENSITY READOUT ELECTRONICS
MICROPATTERN GAS DETECTORS SUMMARY
SLIDE 53THANKS