^ SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE: THE OPTIMUM USE OF LIMITED SLEEP PERIODS Final Report Wilse B. Webb, Ph. D. April, 1983 Supported by U. S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701 Contract No. DAMDI7-80-C-0058 DTJC University of Florida •GEL.E1- Gainesville, Florida 32611 APk 1 9 1983 Approved for public release; distribution unlimitedE 0 The findings in this report are not to be construced as officiali C Department of the Army position unless so designated by ouher C..)authorized documents. L.. 83 04 18 u92
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SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE · Sleep Deprivation & Performance Final - April, 1980 to Optimum Use of Limited Sleep Periods March, 1981 6. PERFORMING ORG. PEPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(.)
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^ SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE:THE OPTIMUM USE OF LIMITED SLEEP PERIODS
Final Report
Wilse B. Webb, Ph. D.
April, 1983
Supported by
U. S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMANDFort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701
Contract No. DAMDI7-80-C-0058 DTJCUniversity of Florida •GEL.E1-
Gainesville, Florida 32611 APk 1 9 1983
Approved for public release; distribution unlimitedE
0 The findings in this report are not to be construced as officialiC Department of the Army position unless so designated by ouherC..)authorized documents.
L..
83 04 18 u92
SECURITY CLASSIFICATIOt. OF THIS PAGE ("art Dot. Eritered)
TDOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
4. TITLE (Mnd Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Sleep Deprivation & Performance Final - April, 1980 toOptimum Use of Limited Sleep Periods March, 1981
6. PERFORMING ORG. PEPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(.) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(i)
Wilse B. Webb, Ph. D. DAIMD 17-80-C-0058
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
University of Florida 62771A.3E162771A804.00.Gainesville, Florida 32611 011.
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANC ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
U.S.Army Medical Research Development April, 1983Command, Fort -Detrick, Frederick, MD. I1. NUMBEROF PAGES
21701 5114. MONI'TORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controllnin Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thin report)
UnclassifiedIS.. OECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAoING
SCHEDULE
IS. 'OSTRIGUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the eke.rat entered In Block 20. It different fro. Report)
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
I,. KEY WORDS (Contin.u. o, ..ve... ,de It necessary m.d identify b• block n.um.ber)
Continuous PerformanceSleep LossCognitive TestingOptimum Sleep Periods
IZ. A"E11ACT (Cr--t,. -- ,.-eve , t I ne,.e o a. ,idmfl, &F block umbe.)
--... rThe performance of three groups of young adult subjects hasbeen measured across a 72 hour period. A computer programmedbattery ot tests was used which included test established assensitive to sleep loss (auditory vigilance, addition andsubjective scales), and a cognitive battery (memory tasks,anagrams, word detection, visual search, line judgements withvaeious feedbacks, object usage, reasoning, digit symbols).The experimental variable was the placement of four hours of 2,
D I J " 1473 cosInOel Or t PeoV es IS OSOtETZ
' SECU"rY CLASSFIrCATIOIO OF ThIS PGEI (When Dee. Entered)
I ..
S" CUYI"tcy CLASSI|tCATION or P$leen one texperi-
--sleep opportu .ies. The control $roup h.ad no two nd o reemetal gproun fmVes- and 2 PM prior to Inight" wo
(preparatory sleep) one slept from 8 to 10 AM after *nights"(peptalraory sleep) andL on
two and three (recovery sleep).
This report presents preliminary analysis of the data as
well as (tata analysis completed on earlier continuous perform-
ance measures UCf,
S$t[~~~~~~~SCURITY C ASIICA'TIO" Olt T•$p&E:Iq*mDr Et,•
Foreward
For the protection of human subjects the investigators
have adhered to policies of applicable Federal Law 45CFR46.
Accession For
NTIS GRA&IDTIC TABUzwnnounced QJustification
- oil
By - A.....
Dist rilý-t V. or/
Avnil:ibiltty Codesi Avail onl/or
Dist Special
A I,
SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE:
THE OPTIMUM USE OF LIMITED SLEEP PERIODS
Summary
This research is concerned with continuous performance over extendedtime periods. The particular efforts of this report measured the effectsof two placements of 4 hours of sleep compared with no sleep across seventytwo hours. The performance battery included sleep sensitive tasks as wellas an extensive battery of cognitive tasks. Two hour of "preparatory" sleepfrom 1OPM-12PM were permitted in one group before the second and third "night"(12PM-8AM). Two hours of "recovery" sleep from 8AM to lOAM was permitted fora second group after "nights" two and three. The control group had no sleep.Six young adults served in each group. It is clear from preliminary analysesthat significant effects are obtained.
In addition this report includes summaries of earlier studies of ex-
tended performance from earlier efforts.
Statement of the Problem
In certain military operations continuous performance may be requiredacross extended periods of time. In certain scenarios this is particularlylikely for two groups of personnel: high speciality skill areas and com-mand levels. The limitcd number of such personnel as well as the high de-mand levels increase the likelihood of continuous performance requirementsand the utilization of high level cognitive skills.
Backnround
This laboratory has an extensive background research on sleep, sleeploss and time schedules of sleep. For the past three years, during the sum-mers, it has focussed on the problems of extended performance. It firststudied the effects of repeated 48 hour extended performance on young subjectsto determine if persons could be "immunized" against the effects of sleep lossduring extended performance. A copy of a paper under submission attached(Appendix A).
A second concern has been to determine if sleep loss and extended per-formance is more difficult in the case of command level personnel who, as agroup, would be older. Three reports of these efforts are attached ( SeeReferences).
Throughout this research an effort has been made to extend the perform-ance measures to include cognitive precessing.
-2-
The current report is on more extended performance (72 hours) and theoptimum placement of limited periods of sleep. Specificaliv, we have beenconcerned with the effects of the introduction of four hourc of sleep intwo selected times: "preparatory sleep" (10PM-12PM) immedictely prior tothe second and third "night" periods and "recovery sleep" u3AM-1OAM) mimed-iately following the second and third "night" of sleep los". Performance isprimarily scheduled on a computer display and data record!.j system and in-cludes and extensive battery of cognitive tasks.
Method
The time schedules of the experimental groups and the testing schedulesare shown in Table I.
Six subjects have completed the following experimental conditions:1) no naps 2) night (preparatory) naps and morning (recovery) naps.
Results
Preliminary analyses of the data show striking effects of the sched-ules. The results from the two "standard" measures of sleep deprivationeffects - Auditory Vigilance and Addition - are presented.
An initial analysis revealed that, in spite of unselected assignment ofsubjects to the three groups, the three groups differed in initial levels ofperformance. Thus an analysis of covariance design was required to adjustfor initial level differences. Secondly, each time block of testing must betreated independently. There were potential circadian performance effects,i.e., differential performance potentials as a fuction of time of day. Fur-ther, time blocks were preceded by different experimental conditons. Spec-ifically, the PM testing periods were immediately preceded by a sleep periodin one group and the AM testing periods were preceded by sleep in the othergroup.
As a result of the considerations our analyses to date of the threegroups used an analysis of covariance design in which the covariance con-trol was the non deprived condition of day 1 and the dependent variable wasthe period after maximum deprivation on day 3. Each period was matched toequivalent time of day in each test.
Table II shows the data for Additions Attempted in the afternoon ses-sions with the least deprived condition as the dependent vdriable and themost deprived condition as the independent variable. The scores displayedare the "corrected" covariance scores. The significance levels are alsoshown.
-3.-
Conclusions:
Our preliminary analyses of tests sensitive to sleep loss show anameliorative effect of interpolated naps. However, these data indicatethat the interpolated naps may reduce performance in the period immedi-ately subsequent to the nap. Thus the procedure must be concerned withnet savings and management of the affected period.
~~1S. . . ." " " " - , .
T )THIRD ARMY EXPERIMENT iTablbh I
0 1 2 3 4 11 Day.
M w Morning Sleep
All M E N M E N M E N All All Group E a Evening Sleep0800 N a NNo Sleep
;'A Battery AR XR R X S X X S R (Terminal 1)
I I 1. Scalel(000 2. Auditory Vigilance
1000.- - ~3. Word Memory" 4; Wilkinson Reaction Timer
" S 5. AnagramsA A A A I' A A -A A A 6. Baddeley
S7. Visual Search______ _ ;I 8. Line Judgment - Crutchfi.2Id
1200 9. ScalelII10; Break
8188 B 8 B B B B a (Terminal 2)1. Scalel2i Auditory Vigilance
140 .3. Word MemorymI 4' Baddeley
S. AnagramsC C C C C C C C C I 6.Line Judgment - Crutchfield
7; Visual Search_I8. Wilkinson Reaction Timer
1600 -. 9. Scale2SJ 10;.* Break t
B a a B B 8 B B X Battery 8
918 _ _ __ __ I Scale I
8. al 2' Long Term Memory - prýeentatioi180...3 Addition
I j k "I 4. UsesA A I 5a Digit SymbolA A A A A A A A A 6 Word Det-ect!;•
7. Lon Term Memory- testing
2000 8; Scale2
!~ F i~9. Break
,C B attery CIntro F . F F F-m' F F F 1. 1 Scale1Sp P 2V Addition
2100 Word Di tectionA 41 Anagramls
6 Break
XSX S SleeX Battery X (Time filler)
1400 -- Aletn '2400..2j Digit Symbl
3Is Remote Assocates Task44 Trails ,
S A A A A A A A A Si Breat tk e ofac
R Reading Test__ _ _
00 ,* I i.
04W• Inl ad•ltJo to) this t.'me there
Is approximately 20-30 minutesS C:: C C cC C Ctter(brea).
F F
PP F F P Pi id L_
Table II
Addition Attempted
Afternoon M Recovery Prep.
No Nap 29.5 .000 .000Recov. 43.3 .81Prep. 42.4
Night
No Nap 34.0 .01 .75Recov. 43.2 .000Prep. 32.8
These data indicate that both nap procedures offset sleep loss dur-ing the afternoon runs (mid way between treatments) but the preparatorysleep depressed performance during the night period which was immediatelypreceded by a two hour nap.
Table III presents the data relative to Auditory Vigilance.
Table III
Auditory Vigilance % Hits
Afternoon M Recovery Prep.
No Nap 34.5 .01 .000Recov. 64.6 .17Prep. 80.4
Night
No Nap 40.7 .46 .15Recov. 52.1 .26Prep. 69.5
During the afternoon period we see again the effectiveness of thenaps in reducing sleep loss effects. However, during the night periodwhile both groups were some what superior this was not significant.Furthermore, the decrement seen in the preparatory period for Additionswas not present.
Further analyses of these tests, the subjective scales and the cog-nitive tests are underway.
REFERENCES
1. Webb, Wilse B. Sleep stage responses of older and younger
subjects after sleep deprivation. EEG & Clin. Neurophysiol.,
1981, 52:368-371.
2. Webb, Wilse B., Kaufmann, David A. & Levy, C. Michael.
Sleep deprivation and physical fitness in young and
older subjects. J. Sports Med. & Phsyical Fitness,
1981, 21(2):198-202.
3. Webb, Wilse B. & Levy, C. Michael. Age, sleep deprivation,
and performance. Psychophysiol., 1982, 19(3):272-2/6.
WRAIR U
DISTRIBUTION LIST
12 copies DirectorWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchWalter Reed Army Medical CenterATTN: SGRD-UWZ-CWasbington, DC 20012
4 copies CommanderUS Army Medical Research and Development CommandATTN: SGRD-RMSFort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701
12 copies Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)ATTN: DTIC-DDACameron StationAlexandria, VA 22314
1 copy DeanSchool of MedicineUniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences4301 Jones Bridge RoadBethesda, , 20014
1 copy CommandantAcademy of Health Sciences, US ArmyATTN: AHS-CDMFort Sam Houston, TX 78234
Appendix A
EFFECTS O SPACED AND REPEATED TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Wilse B. Webb and C. Michael Levy
University of Florida
Running head: Spaced and Repeated Total Sleep
Deprivation
This research was supported by Contract DAMD 17-80-C-
0058 from the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development
Command.
Reprint requests should be directed to W. B. Webb,
Department of Psychology, University of riorida,
Gainesville, FL 32611.
0.a
Spaced and Repeated Total Sleep Deprivation
A-I
Abstract
Si4 young adult males were sleep deprived for 2 nights on
5 successive occasions at 3-week intervals. During the
deprivation period they completed subjective ratings and
performed on an extensive battery of tasks. Subjective
measures and vigilance tasks showed substantialIde rivation effects; the cognitively-demanding tasks were
less affected. Where repetition of sessions resulted in
cha nges, relative to sleep deprivation the effects were
those of "sensitization" rather than "immunization".
A-2
EFFECTS OF SPACED AND REPEATED TOTAL .-EEP DEPRIVATION
1. Introduction
The systematic assessment of the effects of total
sleep deprivation has a long and extensive history. The
dependent variables have included an exhaustive repertoire
ranging from biochemical and physiological effects to
behavioral effects. The primary independent variable has
been length of time without sleep. Associated variations
have been added to deprivation time, e.g., laboratory vs.
field settings, with or without druqs, knowledge of
results and the like. There are substantial reviews of