Slavery, Disunion, and Reconstruction APUSH – Mr. Hesen.

Slavery, Disunion, and Reconstruction

APUSH – Mr. Hesen

“King Cotton”– Slavery was profitable – Cotton

Gin (1793)– Cotton trade fostered business in

North– Britain heavily dependent on U.S.

cotton– Accounted for 57% of exports by

1860

The Three Souths– Further North – cooler climate – fewer slaves– Further South – warmer climate – more slaves– Mountain whites sided with North– Southward flow of slaves continued from 1790s to

1860– NOT A UNIFIED SOUTH – unless talking about

states’ rights

Border South – DE, MD, KY, and MO– Plantations scarce– Grain production

• Tobacco stripped land of nutrients

– 1850 – 17% of population slaves – 22% of families owned slaves– Produced over 50% of South industrial products

Lower South – SC, FL, GA, AL, MS, LA, TX– “Cotton Belt” and “Black Belt”– Deep South along rivers and deltas– Plantations were prevalent – cotton was king!– 1850 – slaves made up 47% of population

The “Peculiar Institution”– Planter Aristocracy

• South was ruled politically by rich landowners

– 1850 – 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves– Least democratic region in country– Huge gap between rich and poor

• Elitist culture – genteel-class emerged

The “Peculiar Institution”Plantation SystemRisky – slaves might die of diseases or escapeOne crop economy – cotton or tobaccoSoutherners resented North’s large profits at their expenseResented being so dependent on NorthRepelled large-scale European immigrationSlave labor cheaperNO JOBS

The “Peculiar Institution”Plantation Slavery4 million slaves by 1860 – 4x more than 1800Legal importation ended in 1808Population increase due to natural reproductionSlaves seen as valuable assets to ownersSource of wealth and staturePunishment was often brutalDeep South was the most brutal

The “Peculiar Institution”African American Culture DevelopsElements of African cultureFamily ties and oral traditionsReligion – blend of Christianity and VoodooBook of Exodus – “exodusters”Music – “Call and Response” – led to the development of jazz, blues, and rock n’ roll

Burdens of Slavery

Slave RevoltNat Turner (1831)

• Most significant• 60 Virginians slaughtered – mostly women and kids• Largest slave revolt in South• Over 100 slaves killed throughout South• Created paranoia in plantation owners and harsh laws were created in response

The White Majority75% of whites in South owned no slavesMostly subsistence farmersBelieved in white superiority – defended slaveryPoor – suffered from malnutrition and no educationEnding slavery would mix the races – not good

Mountain WhitesLived in Appalachian Mountain chainIndependent small farmersHated wealthy planters and aristocracyDuring Civil War – mostly pro-Union

AbolitionismAmerican Colonization Society (1817)Recolonization – manumission Liberia – created for freed slaves – MonroviaBlacks and whites could not coexist in societyDominant form of reform in U.S.

Radical AbolitionismImmediate and uncompensated manumissionWilliam Lloyd Garrison – Liberator (1831)Symbolized beginning of radicalism“Virtuous” North secede from “Wicked” SouthInspired American Anti-Slavery Society

American Anti-Slavery SocietyWanted to organize for more political influenceTheodore Dwight Weld – American Slavery As It Is (1836)Wendell PhillipsGrimke SistersTappan Brothers

Frederick DouglassGreatest of the black abolitionistsPublished North Star – abolitionist newspaperFormer slave – escaped when he turned 21Narrative Life of Frederick DouglassDepicted his life as a slaveLooked to politics to end slavery – unlike GarrisonFlexibly practical

Underground RailroadChain of antislavery homesHarbored slaves from South to CanadaHarriet Tubman (Moses)Ex-slave from MD! – Led 19 expeditions to CanadaRescued 300 slavesServed as a spy in Civil WarSouth demanded stronger fugitive slave laws for escapees

Impact of Abolition on South1820s – southern abolition societies outnumbered NorthPost-1830s – many groups silenced (Nat Turner)Abolitionist propaganda banned throughout SouthPro-slavery whites launched massive campaign against NorthGeorge Fitzhugh – “northern wage slavery”“Gag Resolution” (1836) – any appeals regarding slavery are illegal in Congress

Impact of Abolition on NorthUnpopular in many areas in NorthSlavery was protected by the Constitution – states’ rightsNorthern industry depended on South for cotton1850s – abolition influenced the northern mind against the SouthSaw slavery as morally evil and undemocratic

“Popular Sovereignty”– People in sovereign areas could decide the fate of

slavery

Election of 1848• Whigs – Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready”• Democrats – Lewis Cass – embodied popular

sovereignty• Free-Soil Party – Martin Van Buren – against slavery in

new territories– Taylor – 163 to Cass – 127 – Foreshadowed Republican Party in 1852

California Gold Rush (1848)Sutter’s Mill (Sacramento)“49ers” – mostly men moved to CAMass migration to West CoastPaved way for RAPID economic growth in CACA applied for statehood under no-slave clauseState constitution denied slaverySouth went nuts – NM and UT leaned towards free status as well

Nashville ConventionSouthern fire-eaters – June 1850Discussed southern rights and secessionShould California be admitted to Union?Many saw as a sign of disunionNo compromise reached – until Henry Clay (again)

Compromise of 1850Henry ClayNorth should pass stricter fugitive slave lawsJohn C. CalhounDemanded that abolitionists leave slavery aloneThought Clay’s compromise was inadequateDaniel WebsterSupported Clay“Reasonable concessions” in SouthAbolitionists saw Webster as a traitor – turned North towards compromise

William Seward – young radical“Higher Law” SewardOpposed to granting concessions to the SouthDeep Christian beliefsSlavery shouldn’t exist in western territories due to “higher law” than Constitution

War FeverPresident Taylor was swayed by SewardTaylor was willing to start Civil War in Texas if Texans tried to expand to NMTaylor dies in 1850VP Millard Fillmore follows TaylorSupported compromiseStephen Douglas – most instrumental at getting Compromise of 1850 passed in Congress

Compromise of 1850California admitted as free stateAbolition of slave trade in Washington, DCNew Mexico and Utah – popular sovereigntyMore stringent Fugitive Slave LawsTexas received $10 million over its dispute with NMNorth got the best of the deal

Fugitive Slave LawBecame the most frictional issue between North and SouthAbolitionist movement given boostSlaves could not testify on own behalfHeavy fines and jail for those who broke lawSome states did not accept FSL – “personal liberty law”Ableman v. Booth (1859) – SCUS upholds FSL

Election of 1852Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH)Sympathized to southern viewsWhigs nominated Winfield ScottSplit the Whig Party Scott – anti-slaverySouthern Whigs – supported FSLPierce wins 254-42Marked the end of the Whig Party

Expansion Under Pierce– “Young America” – sought to extend Manifest Destiny– Southerners wanted to gain land (Cuba) to spread slavery– Ostend Manifesto (1854) – Take Cuba by force if they did

not accept $130 million• Nicaragua and Asia• Expand trade – especially with Japan (Commodore Matthew

Perry)

Gadsden Purchase (1853)– U.S. sought transcontinental railroad– Should TCRR run through North or

South?– Congress purchased Mesilla Valley

from Mexico - $10 million– After purchase – U.S. below Canada

is complete– Northerners rushed to gain

Nebraska – South blocked them

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)– Most important short-term cause

of the CW• Stephen Douglas – proposed splitting

Kansas in two (Kansas and Nebraska

– Kansas – slave / Nebraska – free• Slavery based on popular sovereignty

– KS was above the 36 30’ line – Missouri Compromise of 1820

– Bill passed in 1854 – Douglas guided it through

Birth of the Republican PartyRepublican Party forms in response to K-N ActIncluded Whigs, northern Democrats, Free-Soilers, and Know-NothingsEmerged as 2nd national political party Was NOT allowed in South!

Bleeding KansasNew England Emigrant Aid CompanySent 2,000 men to KSStop slavery from forming“Beecher’s Bibles”Southerners furious over North’s betrayal of K-N ActKansas heavily split territory – some free, some slave1860 - only two slaves occupied KS

Caning of Charles Sumner - 1856

Pres

ton B

rook

sCharles Sumner

Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)

Lecompton Constitution (1857)Kansas applied for statehood under popular sovereigntyDenied statehood until Civil War – entered as a free stateSplits Democratic PartySplit between Buchanan, Douglas, Whigs, EVERYONE!

Anti-Slavery Literature

Harriet Beecher Stowe(1852)

Hinton R. Helper (1857)

Election of 1856Democrats nominated James BuchananRepublicans nominated John Fremont (Pathfinder of the West)American Party (Know-Nothings) nominated Millard Fillmore – nativists

Buchanan won 174-114-8 Fear of disunion and secession aided in Buchanan’s election

Dred Scott v. Sandford1857

DecisionScott is a slave not a citizenAll slaves were no longer citizensCould not be taken from owners without due processMissouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional

ImpactContributed to the further split in the Democratic PartySplit North and South even furtherTaney’s “opinion” NOT law – Northerners undermined it – Southerners claimed that North was unwilling to compromise

Panic of 1857CausesOverspeculation of land...againInflux of California gold caused inflationOverproduction of grainResultsNorth was hardest hitWesterners demanded free farmsHigher tariffs

Lincoln Douglas Debates1858

John Brown – Harper’s Ferry

Election of 1860

J o h n B r e c k i n r i d g e J o h n B e l lA b r a h a m L i n c o l n

Lincoln wins 180-123South Carolina secedes from Union

D CUR

The South Secedes!!!SC is first – within six weeks MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, and TXAll during Buchanan’s lame-duck period – HE DID NOTHING!Confederate States of America – Montgomery, ALJefferson Davis – chosen as president in 1861

Reasons for Southern SecessionPolitical balance favored North (so they thought)Hated sectional politicsDemanded states’ rightsHated free-soil criticisms and abolitionismWanted to end dependence on NorthSoutherners thought they had “moral high ground”

Crittenden AmendmentsFinal attempt at compromiseJohn Crittenden – KY – Clay followerAppease the SouthNo slavery north of 36 30’ but South was given full protectionLincoln rejected amendments…No more compromise

President LincolnFirst Inaugural AddressVowed to preserve the Union: to “hold, occupy, and possess”“Physically speaking, we cannot separate”

Lincoln’s CabinetWilliam Seward – Secretary of StateSalmon P. Chase – Secretary of the TreasuryEdwin M. Stanton – Secretary of War

All often disagreed with Lincoln on issues but he proved be a savvy leader

Attack on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)Charleston Harbor – federal fort in SouthLincoln’s dilemma: send more supplies, surrender, or leave!Lincoln sent “supply reinforcements” to SumterSouth saw it as violent act!Sent 70 canon to bombard the fort Held off for 35 hours, but surrenderedBeginning of the Civil War!

Lincoln’s GoalsPrimary objective: Keep border states in line (MD, KY, MO, WV)War was to preserve the Union at all costsDeclared that North was NOT fighting to free slavesLetter to Horace Greeley – August 22, 1862

Confederate AssetsOnly needed a stalemate – not victorySouth had superior moral cause – states’ rightsSuperb military officersRobert E. LeeOutspoken against secession and slaveryThomas J. “Stonewall” JacksonFar superseded the Union’s capabilities and leadership

Confederate WeaknessesLack of industryShortages during warNo railroads – weak ones at bestNo foreign intervention

Northern Advantages22 million people20% Union forces were foreign bornUnion had ¾ of wealth75% of railroadsBlockade of southern ports“Union Forever!”Better logistical planning

Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis

British Diplomacy• Mostly “neutral” during war• Traded with North and South – grain, textiles, and cotton

– Trent Affair (1861)• Union warship stopped British vessel with Confederates on board

(Mason and Slidell)• Lincoln released diplomats

– Laird Rams (1863)• British-constructed Confederate ships

Raising Armies: North and SouthNorthMostly volunteers1863 – first federal conscription lawRich got out of service – paid $300New York Draft Riot (1863) – Irish v. Blacks 200,000 people deserted and avoided service

Raising Armies: North and SouthRelied on volunteers at firstSmaller population – smaller numbersForced to conscript men 17-50Rich men could hire substitutesMountain white refused to enlist

African American Soldiers180,000 in Union armies – 10% of total enlistmentBlack volunteers were rejected at first1862 – need for soldiers was highInspired to fight for their freedomConfederacy did not use blacks – did not revolt either

Civil War EconomicsMorrill Tariff Act (1861)

National Banking System (1863)Greenbacks

Homestead Act (1862)

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Lincoln and Civil Liberties

Civil War as a Modern War “Total War”

The Anaconda Plan

Four Step Plan:1.) Strangle the South – block ports2.) Control Mississippi River3.) Devastate GA and NC4.) Capture Richmond by crushing Confederate armies

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas – July 21, 1861)First major land battle in CWNorth needed quick, decisive victory“Stonewall” Jackson surprised Union troopsUnion pulled back tot Washington, DCCasualties – Union – 3,000 / Confederacy – 1,900Psychological Effect:Long, bloody war on their handsSouth grew complacent – come thought war was over!

• Appointed to head Army of the Potomac

• Fatal flaws: Overcautious!

• Surrendered when the numbers favored him!!!

Gen. George McClellan

Peninsula Campaign• April-June 1862• McClellan abandoned an

assault on Richmond

– Seven Day’s Battles • Lee takes over Conf.

– McC retreated – Lincoln loses confidence but keeps him in charge

– Second Battle of Bull Run• Another Union retreat

Antietam – September 17, 1862Most significant battle of CWLee invaded MD to take it from UnionEnds in a stalemate – Lee withdrawsTurning point in the warForeign countries don’t intervene“Victory” for Union – momentum they needed

Emancipation Proclamation (1862-63)Confiscation Act (1862) – Union could “take” slaves as they invaded SouthEscaped slaves would not be returned to ownersProvisions:All slaves in states of rebellion are freeSlaves in border states not freeDid little in the short-runReactions were mixed

General Ulysses S. GrantWon numerous victories in the WestShiloh – April 6-7,1962 Western TennesseeTook over southern railroadsCasualties were shocking: 24,000 UnionNew Orleans taken as well

Battle of Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863Lee invades PA - wanted to get support from foreign nationsBloodiest battle of the CW – 57,000 dead

Day One:

Day Two:

Day Three:

Gettysburg Address (November 1863)

The End of the WarVicksburg (December 1863 – July 1864)Longest battle in the CWSplit Confederacy in two – Union controlled Mississippi RiverSherman marches through Georgia – “March to the Sea”Lincoln and Sherman wanted to punish SouthTotal war – turned to SC and then to VA

The CopperheadsDemocratic faction of the northernersOpposed the war“Peace at any price”Appealed to western farmersCondemned Lincoln for continuing war

Clement L. VallandighamEx-congressman from OhioDemanded end to the warArrested and banished from UnionReturned to OH and was not banished againShows Lincoln’s willingness to work with political opposition

Election of 1864

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Speech“With malice toward none, with charity for all”

End of the War in the EastRichmond (April 1865)Confederates surrender at Appomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865Provisions:30,000 POWS were allowed to go home – never take up arms againCould keep horses for plowing and farming

Lincoln Assassinated – April 14, 1865

Results of the Civil War620,000 men dead – 2% of populationMathew Brady photosUnion/nation was preserved$15 billion spent on war effortAffirmed the Monroe Doctrine

What is Reconstruction?Attempt to achieve national reunificationEnormously difficult to achieveNorth won the war – South won Reconstruction

Questions:– How to rebuild after Civil War?– What will the conditions of African Americans in

the South?– How would South be reintegrated into the Union?– Who would control the process? Congress?

President?

• Richmond

• Charleston

• Atlanta

• Southern farms

• Planter class

• 13th Amendment (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau – Oliver O. Howard

• Response to Freedmen’s Bureau

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan (10% Plan)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Andrew Johnson’s Plan

• Radical Republicans

Black Codes

• Civil Rights Act of 1866

• 14th Amendment

• Military Reconstruction

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Impeachment Ticket

15th AMendment

• Hiram Revels• Blanche Bruce

• Scalawags

• Carpetbaggers

• KKK

• Force Acts

• Solid South and Redeemers

• Civil Rights Act of 1875

• End of Reconstruction– Election of 1876

• Compromise of 1877

• Jim Crow Laws

• Lynchings

Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute– “Atlanta Compromise” – 1895

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

WEB DuBois– The Crisis– “Talented Tenth”– Niagara Movement– NAACP