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Skyscrapers
J. Wunderlich PhDB.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas)M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State)
Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering (U. Delaware)
Plus 2 years of Urban Design (U. California, San Diego)And one year as a Physics Grad at San Francisco State
Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg
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AGENDA• Engineering Innovations leading to skyscrapers
• Selected Skyscrapers• Course Text Pages 443-454 (“Skyscrapers”)• Course Text Pages 443-529 -- pages relevant to skyscrapers in readings
about these selected Modern and Postmodern architects:
» Ludwig Mies van der Rohe» Frank Lloyd Wright
• Not a major contributor to skyscrapers, but America's greatest architect with one notable high-rise
» Le Corbusia» Phillip Johnson
• Worlds Tallest Building -- Burj Khalifa• Vertical City – Shanghai Tower
Course Text is “Buildings Across Time” by M Fazio, et al. 2014
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History
Prior to 1800’s, most buildings not very tall, and mostly made of unreinforced masonry or wood
Early 1800’s: First cast-iron frames and building fronts (often painted to look like stone or other materials)
1865+ Industrial revolution – mass production
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Engineering innovationsthat led to skyscrapers
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CONCRETEA mix of AGGREGATE (rocks) and
a cementations binding material (CEMENT)
- Romans used it extensively from 300BC to 475AD
Image From: http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/Roman-cement-
Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Rome-Pantheon-Interieur1.jpg
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REINFORCED ConcreteA COMPOSITE MATERIAL of:1. Concrete (High Compression strength)2. Steel Reinforcing-Bars (“Re-Bar”) (High tensile strength)
A Wunderlich family project included reinforced concrete ……
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Tall buildings were a result of rising urban real estate values, and the desire of businesses to remain in the center of activity
Image From http://www.photographium.com/sites/default/files/new_yorks_business_district_from_woodbridge_building._new_york._1901_0.jpg
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REINFORCED concrete allows taller structures than unreinforced concrete or masonry
Image From: http://www.gharexpert.com/mid/611200835306.jpg
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Image From: http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/540784/112469150/stock-photo-high-rise-construction-site-with-a-concrete-structure-in-the-process-of-being-built-as-a-commercial-112469150.jpg
REINFORCED concrete
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REINFORCED Concrete
“SLIP FORMS” allows taller buildings
Image From http://www.structuremag.org/images/0407-f1-1.jpg
Image From http://www.wlport-land.com/images/xSlip1.jpg
But steel frames needed for really tall buildings ……………………………
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STEEL– an ALLOY of IRON and other elements including chromium, cobalt,
molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, and CARBON (most common)
– we want it strong, but Ductile (flexible)
Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Steel_pd.svg/420px-Steel_pd.svg.png
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STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES– can melt, so fire safety coatings developed (in Chicago after great fire of 1874)– handle large LATERAL LOADS
• wind• seismic (earthquake) forces• in one of two ways:
“BRACED-FRAME” Diagonal braces OR “MOMENT CONNECTION”
Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg
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BRACED-FRAME • Cheaper
Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg
MOMENT CONNECTION (“MOMENT” = “TORQUE”) • Un-obstructed views out windows• Simpler interiors
Image From: http://www.stlsi.com/images/DSC01209.JPG
Image From: https://d2t1xqejof9utc.cloudfront.net/screenshots/pics/a97c97f0e72c8856c002117a53f2bb1b/medium.jpg
Image From: http://programas.cype.es/imagen/nuevoMetal3D/union_I_soldada_49.gif
Image From: http://buildipedia.com/images/masterformat/Channels/On_Site/Technical_Lessons_Learned/Steel_Connection.jpg
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BRACED-FRAME
MOMENT CONNECTION
Image From: http://jiano.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/brb_02.jpg Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg
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“Wide-Flange” steel beam or column
(sometimes called an “I beam”) helped allow taller buildings
Great:• Flexural Strength • Compression Strength• Shear Strength• Tensile Strength
Image From: http://www.architectionary.com/uploads/WideFlangeSection/wshape.jpg
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Glass CURTAIN WALL common in modern commercial buildings
Image From: http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/stainless-steel-fixing-systems-suspended-curtain-wall-55078-1714337.jpg
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Glass CURTAIN WALL
Image From: http://www.extal.com/userfiles/products/msg/Msg_02.jpg
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Hydraulic elevators for short buildings
Image From: http://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/orig/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/images/chapter6_4_10/fig1_1.jpg
High-speed elevators for skyscrapers -- use cables and electric motors
Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg
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Elevator SAFETY-SYSTEMS allowed taller buildings
Braking system stops elevator from free-fall if cable snaps or melts
Also, hydraulic buffers are at bottoms of shafts to dampen a falling elevator
Image From: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/runaway-elevator-2.gif
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Structural Load carried by core
and columns
Glass curtain wall doesn’t carry load
This allows a SHELL to be built, followed by TENANT IMPROVEMENTS in interior
Tenants given a fixed $ per square foot, and they use a different architect (“SPACE PLANNER”)
Image From: http://www.expresstowers.in/images/floor_plan1_1.jpg
Typical High-rise
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Selected Skyscrapers
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1884 Home Insurance Building Chicago
First “Steel Skeleton” – but also much cast iron, and first floor had masonry load-bearing walls
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building
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1889 Rand McNally Building Chicago
First to use Structural Steel for entire frame
Image From: http://www.appstate.edu/~riedme/burnham&root/gallery.html
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Architects Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright (a protégée of Louis Sullivan ) called building:
"the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture”
Building has a base, a middle section, and a top, like a classical column
Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building
1890 Wainwright BuildingSt. Louis
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External skin of terracotta and glass clipped onto internal steel skeleton
Precursor to glass curtain walls of 1960’s and 70’s
Image From: http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/CHICAGO/CHIC-LS/018-reliance1a.gif
1894 Reliance BuildingChicago
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1902 Flatiron BuildingNew York
One of the first very tall buildings
Image From: http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP24A.jpg
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1913 Woolworth Building New York
Neo-Gothic Architectural Style
Image From http://www.cassgilbertsociety.org/images/works/f/nyc-woolworth-bldg2.jpg
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1930 Chrysler Building New York
Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg
Art Deco Architectural Style
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1931 Empire State Building New York
Art Deco Architectural Style
Images From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg
The Word’s tallest building for 40 years
View of Chrysler Building from Empire State Building
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Modern Architect Le Corbusia
Image From:
International Architectural Style
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Modern Architect Le Corbusia a planned city concept
Image From: http://images.quickblogcast.com/112243-104805/LeCorbusier21.jpg?a=66
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Modern Architect Le Corbusia
Image From: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/CorbuCache/410x480_2049_791.jpg
1945 Unité d'HabitationMarseille, France
International Architectural Style
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Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright
Image From http://0.tqn.com/d/architecture/1/0/9/v/PriceTower.jpg
“Wright persuaded Harold Price to build his HQ of 57,000 sq ft on 19 floors instead of 25,000 sq ft on three floors. Wright showed him how the delivery of all basic services, power, climate control, plumbing, and communications, was simpler and more efficient via a central stack”
REFERENCE http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jul/31/drawaskyscraperonyourblot
1952 Price Tower Bartlesville, Oklahoma
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Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright
Image From http://mstecker.com/images/japm/mm-DSCF6597a1.jpg
“Wright was a different kind of “Modern” architect
Wright was inspired by nature (as was his mentor Lois Sullivan), and by Japanese art & architecture
Image From http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lnqqdDEXvEE/Ue9YRv5NsMI/AAAAAAAAB4w/s5LJCy5dkXE/s1600/frank+lloyd+wright.jpg
Image From http://arthistorygalore.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/robie-house-by-flw.jpg
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Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Image From: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_KPi80bac28/TamFG20NbrI/AAAAAAAAAGM/2UnmoeS-UE4/s1600/Mies%20Crown%20Hall.jpg
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Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Image From: http://conservapedia.com/images/a/a6/Seagram_Building.jpg
1958 Seagram BuildingNew York
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1973 Sears Tower (“Willis Tower”)Chicago
The Word’s tallest building for 25 years
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower
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Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Glass House,” 1949
Image From http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/pj/glasshouse1.jpg
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Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson
IDS Center, Minneapolis, 1968
Image From http://assets.bizjournals.com/twincities/print-edition/IDS-center*304.jpg?v=1
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Modern/ PostmodernArchitect Phillip Johnson
“Sony Tower,” 1984
Image From http://www.achievement.org/achievers/joh0/large/joh0-050.jpg
POSTMODERN style references elements prior to the Modernist movement -- in contrast to the simplicity of Modern movement
At it’s top, a pediment analogous to a grandfather clock or a tall 18th century chest-of drawers
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Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984
Image From http://www.constructionphotography.com/ImageThumbs/A084-00022/3/A084-00022_Sony_Plaza_tower_Manhattan_New_York_City.jpg
At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture
St. Peters Basilica in Rome
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Image From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Sony_Building_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg
Vatican Museum in Rome
Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984
At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture
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Image From: http://highrisefacilities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Skyscraper-History-Chart.jpg
2010 World’s Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg/512px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png
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Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg
2014 World’s Tallest Building
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2014 Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China
Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg
Artist’s rendition
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Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/1.analysis/images/Shanghai_Tower_Analysis_2.jpg
PLANNING
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• http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/
thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/
images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg
Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
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Image From: http://www.gensleron.com/storage/post-images/WineyPost1Image1.jpg
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
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Image From: http://www.vmspace.com/uploads/magazine/512/r1.jpg
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
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Watch this:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9S7lx_0bBg
Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China
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Image From: http://www.china-sbs.com/userfiles/26.jpg
Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China
Double outer walls allows for internal open spaces
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Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks
Image From:http://www.anotherpartofme.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/shanghai_tower03.jpg
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Image From: http://sites.psu.edu/khalqubbaj/wp-content/uploads/sites/4598/2013/09/ShanghaiTower_8_v2.jp g
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Image From: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/Shanghai-tower-6.jpg
Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks
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Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China
Source: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/shanghai-tower-bim.jpg
SUSTAINABILITY1. Glass façade reduces
wind loads by 24%. This reduces construction materials; 25% less structural steel than a conventional design -- to save US$58 million
2. Construction practices optimized
3. Vertical-axis wind turbines located near top of tower generate up to 350,000 kWh of electricity per year
4. Double-layered insulating glass façade reduces need for indoor air conditioning
5. Heating &cooling use geothermal energy
6. Rain water collection
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Image From:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UGNergNxHYA/UCPj3Bp2gDI/AAAAAAAAHQk/KaEbJhj_qH8/s1600/Shanghai_Tower_worlds_tallest_skyscrapers_Blueprints_Structural_Models_and_floor_plans_by_Gensler_world_of_architecture_worldofarchi_08.jpg
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Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China
Image From http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/shanghai/shanghai-tower-g070813-3.jpg :
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Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China
Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg
Not an all steel structure. It has a concrete core, and also structural steel.
And not the tallest building, but doesn’t aspire to be – it’s something completely new !