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Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering (U. Delaware) Plus 2 years of Urban Design (U. California, San Diego) And one year as a Physics Grad at San Francisco State Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg
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Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Skyscrapers

J. Wunderlich PhDB.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas)M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State)

Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering (U. Delaware)

Plus 2 years of Urban Design (U. California, San Diego)And one year as a Physics Grad at San Francisco State

Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

Page 2: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

AGENDA• Engineering Innovations leading to skyscrapers

• Selected Skyscrapers• Course Text Pages 443-454 (“Skyscrapers”)• Course Text Pages 443-529 -- pages relevant to skyscrapers in readings

about these selected Modern and Postmodern architects:

» Ludwig Mies van der Rohe» Frank Lloyd Wright

• Not a major contributor to skyscrapers, but America's greatest architect with one notable high-rise

» Le Corbusia» Phillip Johnson

• Worlds Tallest Building -- Burj Khalifa• Vertical City – Shanghai Tower

Course Text is “Buildings Across Time” by M Fazio, et al. 2014

Page 3: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

History

Prior to 1800’s, most buildings not very tall, and mostly made of unreinforced masonry or wood

Early 1800’s: First cast-iron frames and building fronts (often painted to look like stone or other materials)

1865+ Industrial revolution – mass production

Page 4: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Engineering innovationsthat led to skyscrapers

Page 5: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

CONCRETEA mix of AGGREGATE (rocks) and

a cementations binding material (CEMENT)

- Romans used it extensively from 300BC to 475AD

Image From: http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/Roman-cement-

Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Rome-Pantheon-Interieur1.jpg

Page 6: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

REINFORCED ConcreteA COMPOSITE MATERIAL of:1. Concrete (High Compression strength)2. Steel Reinforcing-Bars (“Re-Bar”) (High tensile strength)

A Wunderlich family project included reinforced concrete ……

Page 7: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Tall buildings were a result of rising urban real estate values, and the desire of businesses to remain in the center of activity

Image From http://www.photographium.com/sites/default/files/new_yorks_business_district_from_woodbridge_building._new_york._1901_0.jpg

Page 8: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

REINFORCED concrete allows taller structures than unreinforced concrete or masonry

Image From: http://www.gharexpert.com/mid/611200835306.jpg

Page 9: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/540784/112469150/stock-photo-high-rise-construction-site-with-a-concrete-structure-in-the-process-of-being-built-as-a-commercial-112469150.jpg

REINFORCED concrete

Page 10: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

REINFORCED Concrete

“SLIP FORMS” allows taller buildings

Image From http://www.structuremag.org/images/0407-f1-1.jpg

Image From http://www.wlport-land.com/images/xSlip1.jpg

But steel frames needed for really tall buildings ……………………………

Page 11: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

STEEL– an ALLOY of IRON and other elements including chromium, cobalt,

molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, and CARBON (most common)

– we want it strong, but Ductile (flexible)

Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Steel_pd.svg/420px-Steel_pd.svg.png

Page 12: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES– can melt, so fire safety coatings developed (in Chicago after great fire of 1874)– handle large LATERAL LOADS

• wind• seismic (earthquake) forces• in one of two ways:

“BRACED-FRAME” Diagonal braces OR “MOMENT CONNECTION”

Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg

Page 13: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

BRACED-FRAME • Cheaper

Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg

MOMENT CONNECTION (“MOMENT” = “TORQUE”) • Un-obstructed views out windows• Simpler interiors

Image From: http://www.stlsi.com/images/DSC01209.JPG

Image From: https://d2t1xqejof9utc.cloudfront.net/screenshots/pics/a97c97f0e72c8856c002117a53f2bb1b/medium.jpg

Image From: http://programas.cype.es/imagen/nuevoMetal3D/union_I_soldada_49.gif

Image From: http://buildipedia.com/images/masterformat/Channels/On_Site/Technical_Lessons_Learned/Steel_Connection.jpg

Page 14: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

BRACED-FRAME

MOMENT CONNECTION

Image From: http://jiano.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/brb_02.jpg Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg

Page 15: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

“Wide-Flange” steel beam or column

(sometimes called an “I beam”) helped allow taller buildings

Great:• Flexural Strength • Compression Strength• Shear Strength• Tensile Strength

Image From: http://www.architectionary.com/uploads/WideFlangeSection/wshape.jpg

Page 16: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Glass CURTAIN WALL common in modern commercial buildings

Image From: http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/stainless-steel-fixing-systems-suspended-curtain-wall-55078-1714337.jpg

Page 17: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Glass CURTAIN WALL

Image From: http://www.extal.com/userfiles/products/msg/Msg_02.jpg

Page 18: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Hydraulic elevators for short buildings

Image From: http://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/orig/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/images/chapter6_4_10/fig1_1.jpg

High-speed elevators for skyscrapers -- use cables and electric motors

Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg

Page 19: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Elevator SAFETY-SYSTEMS allowed taller buildings

Braking system stops elevator from free-fall if cable snaps or melts

Also, hydraulic buffers are at bottoms of shafts to dampen a falling elevator

Image From: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/runaway-elevator-2.gif

Page 20: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Structural Load carried by core

and columns

Glass curtain wall doesn’t carry load

This allows a SHELL to be built, followed by TENANT IMPROVEMENTS in interior

Tenants given a fixed $ per square foot, and they use a different architect (“SPACE PLANNER”)

Image From: http://www.expresstowers.in/images/floor_plan1_1.jpg

Typical High-rise

Page 21: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Selected Skyscrapers

Page 22: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1884 Home Insurance Building Chicago

First “Steel Skeleton” – but also much cast iron, and first floor had masonry load-bearing walls

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building

Page 23: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1889 Rand McNally Building Chicago

First to use Structural Steel for entire frame

Image From: http://www.appstate.edu/~riedme/burnham&root/gallery.html

Page 24: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Architects Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan

Frank Lloyd Wright (a protégée of Louis Sullivan ) called building:

"the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture”

Building has a base, a middle section, and a top, like a classical column

Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building

1890 Wainwright BuildingSt. Louis

Page 25: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

External skin of terracotta and glass clipped onto internal steel skeleton

Precursor to glass curtain walls of 1960’s and 70’s

Image From: http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/CHICAGO/CHIC-LS/018-reliance1a.gif

1894 Reliance BuildingChicago

Page 26: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1902 Flatiron BuildingNew York

One of the first very tall buildings

Image From: http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP24A.jpg

Page 27: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1913 Woolworth Building New York

Neo-Gothic Architectural Style

Image From http://www.cassgilbertsociety.org/images/works/f/nyc-woolworth-bldg2.jpg

Page 28: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1930 Chrysler Building New York

Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg

Art Deco Architectural Style

Page 29: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1931 Empire State Building New York

Art Deco Architectural Style

Images From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg

The Word’s tallest building for 40 years

View of Chrysler Building from Empire State Building

Page 30: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Le Corbusia

Image From:

International Architectural Style

Page 31: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Le Corbusia a planned city concept

Image From: http://images.quickblogcast.com/112243-104805/LeCorbusier21.jpg?a=66

Page 32: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Le Corbusia

Image From: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/CorbuCache/410x480_2049_791.jpg

1945 Unité d'HabitationMarseille, France

International Architectural Style

Page 33: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright

Image From http://0.tqn.com/d/architecture/1/0/9/v/PriceTower.jpg

“Wright persuaded Harold Price to build his HQ of 57,000 sq ft on 19 floors instead of 25,000 sq ft on three floors. Wright showed him how the delivery of all basic services, power, climate control, plumbing, and communications, was simpler and more efficient via a central stack”

REFERENCE http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jul/31/drawaskyscraperonyourblot

1952 Price Tower Bartlesville, Oklahoma

Page 34: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright

Image From http://mstecker.com/images/japm/mm-DSCF6597a1.jpg

“Wright was a different kind of “Modern” architect

Wright was inspired by nature (as was his mentor Lois Sullivan), and by Japanese art & architecture

Image From http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lnqqdDEXvEE/Ue9YRv5NsMI/AAAAAAAAB4w/s5LJCy5dkXE/s1600/frank+lloyd+wright.jpg

Image From http://arthistorygalore.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/robie-house-by-flw.jpg

Page 35: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Image From: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_KPi80bac28/TamFG20NbrI/AAAAAAAAAGM/2UnmoeS-UE4/s1600/Mies%20Crown%20Hall.jpg

Page 36: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Image From: http://conservapedia.com/images/a/a6/Seagram_Building.jpg

1958 Seagram BuildingNew York

Page 37: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

1973 Sears Tower (“Willis Tower”)Chicago

The Word’s tallest building for 25 years

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower

Page 38: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Glass House,” 1949

Image From http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/pj/glasshouse1.jpg

Page 39: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson

IDS Center, Minneapolis, 1968

Image From http://assets.bizjournals.com/twincities/print-edition/IDS-center*304.jpg?v=1

Page 40: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern/ PostmodernArchitect Phillip Johnson

“Sony Tower,” 1984

Image From http://www.achievement.org/achievers/joh0/large/joh0-050.jpg

POSTMODERN style references elements prior to the Modernist movement -- in contrast to the simplicity of Modern movement

At it’s top, a pediment analogous to a grandfather clock or a tall 18th century chest-of drawers

Page 41: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984

Image From http://www.constructionphotography.com/ImageThumbs/A084-00022/3/A084-00022_Sony_Plaza_tower_Manhattan_New_York_City.jpg

At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture

St. Peters Basilica in Rome

Page 42: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Sony_Building_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg

Vatican Museum in Rome

Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984

At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture

Page 43: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://highrisefacilities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Skyscraper-History-Chart.jpg

2010 World’s Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Page 44: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg/512px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png

Page 45: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg

2014 World’s Tallest Building

Page 46: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

2014 Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

Artist’s rendition

Page 47: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/1.analysis/images/Shanghai_Tower_Analysis_2.jpg

PLANNING

Page 48: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

• http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/

thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/

images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg

Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Page 49: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://www.gensleron.com/storage/post-images/WineyPost1Image1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Page 50: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://www.vmspace.com/uploads/magazine/512/r1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Page 51: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Watch this:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9S7lx_0bBg

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Page 52: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://www.china-sbs.com/userfiles/26.jpg

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Double outer walls allows for internal open spaces

Page 53: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks

Image From:http://www.anotherpartofme.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/shanghai_tower03.jpg

Page 54: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://sites.psu.edu/khalqubbaj/wp-content/uploads/sites/4598/2013/09/ShanghaiTower_8_v2.jp g

Page 55: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/Shanghai-tower-6.jpg

Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks

Page 56: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Source: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/shanghai-tower-bim.jpg

SUSTAINABILITY1. Glass façade reduces

wind loads by 24%. This reduces construction materials; 25% less structural steel than a conventional design -- to save US$58 million

2. Construction practices optimized

3. Vertical-axis wind turbines located near top of tower generate up to 350,000 kWh of electricity per year

4. Double-layered insulating glass façade reduces need for indoor air conditioning

5. Heating &cooling use geothermal energy

6. Rain water collection

Page 57: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Image From:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UGNergNxHYA/UCPj3Bp2gDI/AAAAAAAAHQk/KaEbJhj_qH8/s1600/Shanghai_Tower_worlds_tallest_skyscrapers_Blueprints_Structural_Models_and_floor_plans_by_Gensler_world_of_architecture_worldofarchi_08.jpg

Page 58: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/shanghai/shanghai-tower-g070813-3.jpg :

Page 59: Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China

Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

Not an all steel structure. It has a concrete core, and also structural steel.

And not the tallest building, but doesn’t aspire to be – it’s something completely new !