1 CHAPTER I INTODUCTION A. The Background of Study Language has important function in communication. Though language, we can improve our knowledge, language is so many function in the life of human being. William A. Haviland states that Language is a sound system that when combined according to certain rules that lead to meaning can be captured by everyone who speaks in the language 1 . By this function English as medium in international communication has played its rules and shown its important in a lot international activities. English is an international language spoken by almost millions of people all over the world. In Indonesia, English has been taught since junior high school even from elementary school up to universities. All student should study it so that they 1 http://carapedia.com/pengertian_definisi_bahasa_menurut_para_ahli_ info494.html accessed on January 28-2012
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1
CHAPTER I
INTODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
Language has important function in communication. Though language,
we can improve our knowledge, language is so many function in the life of human
being. William A. Haviland states that Language is a sound system that when
combined according to certain rules that lead to meaning can be captured by
everyone who speaks in the language1. By this function English as medium in
international communication has played its rules and shown its important in a lot
international activities. English is an international language spoken by almost
millions of people all over the world. In Indonesia, English has been taught since
junior high school even from elementary school up to universities. All student
should study it so that they may be able to communicate with other people from
other countries.
As we know that most of books available in the libraries are written in
English. If the student do not have any background of knowledge in English, they
will encounter a lot of complain of difficulties. They face this condition when they
study at university or other higher institution. There are four skills in English in
they are: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Grammar a part of English
skills that should be learnt by all of leaner. One of the problems in learning
English is about how discriminate situating of preposition on, in, at, and etc, we
1 http://carapedia.com/pengertian_definisi_bahasa_menurut_para_ahli_info494.html accessed on January 28-2012
a. To find out what the problem face by students to use preposition on in,
at, and etc contextual to the eight student at MTsN Geudubang Aceh
b. To find out the the ability of students to use preposition on in, at, and
etc to the eight student at MTsN Geudubang Aceh.
D. Significance of Study
In this research, the writer wants to write the benefit of doing this
research as below:
1. To provide information of students to understand their writing in using
preposition
2. To be useful for teacher in dealing with students’ errors
3. To be useful for teacher to arrange new methods of teaching
4. To be beneficial for students to write better writing in good
arrangement of tense.
5. To be useful for students to make self correction
6. To increase English department students competence in mastering
grammar
7. To be useful for the researcher to avoid doing the errors in using
preposition
E. Limitation of Problem
4
In this research, the writer only focuses two kind of preposition, there
are, preposition of place (on, in, at and over) and preposition of time (on, in, at
and over)
F. Terminology
a. Preposition
According to Winston Churchill preposition is a part of speech that
introduces a prepositional phrase. For example, in the sentence "The cat
sleeps on the sofa", the word "on" is a preposition, introducing the
prepositional phrase "on the sofa". In English, the most used prepositions
are "in” at" and "on".
b. Analysis
The word analysis is the adaptation of the English word, which means
the description of analysis, elaboration, separation, examination in detail.
Hasan Sadily the Encyclopedia defines the word analysis "means an
examination of something by making all the basic elements and
relationships between the elements concerned.3 the analysis can also be
interpreted as an investigation of an event, essays, deeds and so on to find
out the real situation, causes, and so the case sits. 4
CHAPTER II
3 Ar. Adi Candra dan Pius Abdillah, op. cit., p. 20.4 Hasan Sadily, Ensiklopedia (Jakarta: Ikhtiar Baru Van Houve, 1980), p, 206.
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
Preposition are always followed by a noun or a noun phrase and indicate,
preposition describe position of noun. The writer state that prepositions are short
words that are usually located before the noun and a few prepositions followed by
a gerund Verb.
Martin Parrot states that many learners often see prepositions as a major
problem5.
- There are so many prepositions in English (many more than in a lot of
other language) and a learner often have to make choices and
distinctions that are not necessary in their own language.6
- Many choices have little or nothing to do with meaning, and are
therefore particularly difficult to remember.7
The statement above indicates that many students still difficult how to put
correct preposition. Even though some of the students have already known of
preposition, they still can make the wrong pattern in put the preposition well. The
errors can be found in students constructing the context whether in that context
should be used preposition. It also can be happened in choosing others kind of
preposition in others situation or context.
A. Definition of Preposition
5 Martin Parrot, Grammar for English Language Teachers, (Printed in United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2000 ) P. 836Ibid.,7 Ibid.,
5
6
Frank Marcella said that preposition is classified as a part of speech in
traditional grammar8. A preposition may be defined as connecting word showing
the relation of a noun or a noun substitute to some other word in the sentence (the
squirrel in the tree; the preposition in shows the relationship between the squirrel
and the tree.) Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine
prepositions:
With at by
To in for
From of on
Prepositions cause problems because sometimes they can be used
interchangeably (He sat on the chair: He sat in the chair), because prepositions are
often combined with verbs to create phrasal verbs (to look after someone; to look
down on someone), and because a single preposition can be used to express
several different ideas (He is tall for his age; I swam for an hour)9
B. Function of Preposition
The main functions of preposition are: starting a prepositional phrase, i.e., a
phrase which consists of prepositional and noun, or other elements that function
like a noun, pronoun, numeral, gerunds, noun phrase and others.10
The writer state that preposition is to explain position of something,
preposition is very important to explain relation a thing to another thing,
8 Frank Marcella..Modern English : a Practical Reference Guide, ( New York University 1972) p. 163
9 http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/reading-writing/on-line/prep-def.html. accessed on October 2011
10 Hilman Fariz Mukti, about preposition p.352 Accessed on October 11- 2011
7
preposition is used to communicate between one word of the other word, for
instance:
- The pen is in the cupboard
- The ruler is on the table
- He looks at me
From the example above we can see the relation between one thing to
other thing. The firs relation between a pen and cupboard, the second relation
between rulers and the table, and the third is relation between the persons with the
first person, the relation is place or position of a noun.
C. Kind of Preposition
Prepositions are used to express a number of relationships, including
time, location, manner, means, quantity, purpose, and state or condition. 11
The following outline demonstrates the uses of common prepositions.
1. Prepositions for Time. (In, on, at)
Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on at etc.12
Preposition
Time Nature
In 1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 19852. Particular time of day or month or yeare.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter3. Century or specific time in past etc
11http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/reading-writing/on-line/prep-def.html. Accessed on 22-October 2001
12 Ibid….Accessed 22 October 2011
8
e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
On 1. Day e.g. on Monday2. Datee.g. on 5th of March, March 53. Particular daye.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,
At 1. Time of clocke.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time
Examples:
- He was born in 1945.
- She will go to New York on 25th of March.
- The concert will begin at 7 O’clock.
- He gets up early in the morning.
- We enjoyed a lot in the summer.
- The president will deliver speech to public on Independence Day.
2. Preposition for Place. (In, on, at)
Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.
Preposition
Place Nature
In Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) Examples.In hallIn schoolIn a buildingIn a boxIn a carIn library
9
In gardenIn AmericaIn roomIn cupboard
On Surface of something. Examples.On a tableOn blackboard On a pageOn the wallOn the roofOn a map
At Specific Place.Examples.At the entranceAt the bottom of glassAt front of the chairAt bus stopAt the edge of roof
Examples
- She lives in New York.
- Students study in library.
- The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall.
- There are some books on the table.
- The teacher wrote a sentence on blackboard.
- He was flying kite on the roof.
- Her parents were waiting for her at the entrance of school
- There was a huge gathering at bus stop.
- His house is at the end of street.
3. Preposition for Direction (to, toward, through, into)
10
Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the
direction.13 Following examples will help in better understanding.
Examples:
- She went to the library.
- He jumped into the river.
- He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.
4. Preposition for Agent. (by)
Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another
thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc.14 Following
examples will help in better understanding.
Examples:
- This book is written by Shakespeare.
- The work was completed by him.
- The room was decorated by her.
D. Use some of The Preposition is often confusing
There are some preposition is often confusing to loyal learner as an
Example:
a. Above - over –on
1. Above
13 Ibid…,Accessed on October 22-201114 Ibid..
11
Describes an object whose position is higher than other objects
the second object does not intersect, and a higher object should be
right on top of another object.15
Example:
- The plane flew above the cloud
- The bird flew above the cloud
2. Over
Describes an object whose position is higher than other objects
The second object may intersect or not intersect16
Example:
- The sky is over our heads
- The plane is over our home
3. On
Describes an object whose position is higher than other objects
the second object is touched or attached.17
Example:
- The book lies on the table
- The pen on the table
b. At – in
1. At
15 Hilman Fariz Mukti, about preposition……….Accessed on October 22-201116Ibid…,1716Ibid...,
12
At used before the name of a small town or village and to talk
about a distant place.
Example:
- They passed their holidays at langsa
- - I go to Kuala Simpang at Kota Lintang streets’
2. In
In used before the name of the country or city or place a person's
name during the speech.
Example:
- They lived in Paris
- I live in Jakarta
c. At- In – On ( for Time )
1. At
Example:
- We arrived at two o’clock
- At midnight, at lunch time
2. In
13
In usually use to say the name of month, year and season and
sometime two prepositions can be used with the same noun, but the
meaning is different.18
Lessons begin at 8.30 and I always arrive on time (=8.30)
Lessons begin at 8.30 and I always get there in time. (=before 8.30
I’m not late)
Example for month and weather:
- He arrive In April
- He come In the winter
We use for longer periods of time:
Example: we are in the time for the train (before the train start)
E. Extended Time, Starting At One Point And Ending At Another.
1. Since
Since is use with a point in time never for place the action is use
in time expressions either began at this point or continued to the rime
of speaking or accrued in the period between this point and the time of
speaking.
Example:
- I have seen him twice since May
- I have waiting for you since yesterday
18 Redmen, Stuart. English Vocabulary In Use. Cambridge University England, Jakarta erlangga,2001. P.34
14
2. By
By is specific a commencement point, Contrast: example by the
time he was exhausted. This mean that by Phrases do not accurate
with the verbs of durative meaning by used of travel also there are
many expression formed by a preposition + noun a preposition is used
with a particular meaning in a number of expressions, so they are
many common.19
Example: by bus, by car, by train, by boat
My father went to Malaysia by plane20
3. From
From can be used for place and time
For time example: he waited from 6.00 till 6.30
For place example: I went from Westmister Bridge to the tower of
London
4. Until
Until can used for place and time
For place: she is going to company me until the station (she leave me
then)
For timer: I did not sleep until midnight (I started sleeping then)
5. For
19 Redmen, Stuart. English Vocabulary In Use. Cambridge University England, Jakarta Erlangga,2001. P.34
20 Ibid…,P.34
15
For is used with period of time, definite in length but otherwise
indefinite. It’s usually followed by singular noun preceded by a plural
noun, an adjective of quantity or over:
Example
- I go to Medan For a long time
- We are free For five days
For is however often used before known periods of time with
action. Which are intended to last for the whole period? These actions
are usually planned. In advance and there is sometimes an idea of
purpose. The verbs: go, come, be, stay, rent, hire, and lend are often
used with for in this way.
Example:
- Went there for July
- They hired a car for their holidays
6. During
During is placed before know periods of time example those
know by name, such as: lent, taster or those previously defined. It is,
therefore, usually followed immediately by the name of period or by
the, this, that, these or those.
Example:
- She is coming during the summer.
- Shi is staying with her grandmother during the winter
7. Before
16
Before is as preposition these accrued almost exclusively as
preposition of time and are followed by a temporal noun phrase.
Example:
- Send this letter before next week.
- I eat before hungry
8. After
After is the same like before, this preposition are followed by
temporal noun phrase.
Example:
- Send this letter after tomorrow
- I was resting after sport.
F. Place Position and Direction
1. Position
a. The point it self
1. In – or - inside
Hang your coat in the closet. (In give s the area of something
enclosed a container, a drawer, a room, a building, the world).21
Example: There was no one inside the house. (Inside emphasizes the
containment).
3. On
21 Marcella Frank, Modern English A Practical Reference Guide, ( Printed in United States of America: Printice Hall, 1972 ),p. 164
17
Put the dishes on the table. (On indicates the surface of something a
floor, a wall, a ceiling, a desk, a street).
4. At
Example:
- He is at school (at church, at the store).
At is also used for addresses with street numbers. For instance: hi lives
at 200 Park Avenue 22
b. Higher or lower than a point
1. Higher point
Martin Hewing said in his book “we can use above or over when
we say that one thing is at a higher level than another”.23
a. Over
The plane flew over the mountains. (Over is felt to be generally
higher than a point).24
b. Above
He lives on the floor above us (above is felt to be directly higher
than a point).
This distinction between over and above is not always carefully
observed.25
22 Ibid….,P.16423Ibid…., P.16424 Martin Hewings, Advanced Grammar In Use. Cambridge University, New York 2005. P.17625 Marcella Frank..Modern English…………………..”,P.165
18
c. Lower point
a. Under
Example:
- A subway runs under this street. (Under is felt to be generally lower
than a point).26
b. Underneath
Example:
- He swept the dirt under (Neath) the rug (underneath expresses the
idea of close under, especially so as to be hidden).27
c. Below
Example:
- He lives on the floor below us. ( below is felt to be directly lower
than a point)
d. Neighboring the point
a. Near
Example:
- He lives near the university (near has the most general meaning of
neighboring a point). By is synonym for near. Close to means very
near.
b. Next to
26 Ibid…P.16527 Ibid,...P.165
19
Example:
- The theater is right next to the post office. (With nothing else
between them).
c. Beside
Example:
- He sat beside his wife during the party. ( on one side of a person or
thing than has two sides)
b. Between
Example:
- He sat between his two sons. (On each side of a person or thing that
has two sides). If more than two persons or things are positioned
around a point, among is used example: he sat among all his
grandchildren.28
c. Opposite
Example:
- The museum is just opposite the post office. (Directly facing
someone or something else).
2. Direction (Movement in regard to a point)
28 Marcella Frank..Modern English…………………..”,P.165
To From
20
The kind of movement designated by each preposition given below
is illustrated by the diagram below.29
a. To – From
- He always by walks to school from his home.
- I usually go to market from their home
b. Toward
- The pilgrims headed toward Mecca
- They move away from their old neighborhood
Toward away from
c. In ( to) – out of
- He run into the house quickly
- They go out of the house
Into Out of
d. Up – down
29 Marcella Frank..Modern English…………………..”,P.166
21
- He climbed up (or down) the stairs.
- They go down from the stairs.
Up
Down
e. Around
- The ship sailed around the island
- I around that city
Around
f. Through
- You can drive through that town in an hour
- I go to school through that mosque
Through
g. Past or by
22
- He walked past ( or by ) his old schoolhouse without stopping
- She went past her grandfather house.
Past
h. As far as ( up to)
- We will walk only as fare as ( up to) the old schoolhouse. Then we
will turn back
- I will go to your house only as far as the big house. Then I will turn
back.
As far as
Many of these Preposition of place can also begin adjective phrase that
modify a noun or pronoun.
Example:
- The cabinet above the sink is very dirty
- Everyone in the room was shocked by his remarks
23
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
A. Approach and kinds of research
In this research, the writer uses qualitative approach. Namely descriptive
method, which the writer does collecting data, data analysis and arrange a
conclusion in the field of research. in collecting data, the writer make some
tests, The writer wants to know students’ ability in mastering English
preposition. So to get the fact about students’ ability, the writer should does
observation in the field of research.
B. Presence of Researcher.
The writer will teach little explanation about preposition to students and
then gives them tests about the preposition. Then the writer observes result of
the tests that is done by students. The writer only gives to the student test
because preposition has learned in this class. The writer only provides little
information about the preposition before administering the test with the students.
C. Place and Time of Research23
24
1. Place of Research
MTs Negeri Geudubang Aceh is state Islamic secondary school which is
under the control of the Department of Islamic. It is located at Kebun Baru
streets’.
The writer conducted research in MTsN Geudubang Aceh as schools that
have English lessons in it. The writer takes this location to do research because
these schools have English as one of several ministries there.
Furthermore, the preposition has also been studied by students at that
school was making it easier for writer to take a data of the sample. Because it has
been learned about the preposition, then it is suitable for the title that the writer
wants to analyze students' ability in using preposition. The writer just gives them a
test.
2. Time of Research
The writer gives students test about the preposition on March 20 -
2012. And the writer collect the data at that day.
D. Population and Sample
1. Population
Zuriah opinioned that population is the whole object which the researcher
pays attention to it in the certain time.30 Sugiyono also states that population is
30 Nurul Zuriah, Metodelogi Penelitian Sosial dan Pendidikan, ( Jakarta : Bumi Aksara, 2007 ), P. 116
25
general area which consist of object / subject have quality and characteristic
needed by researcher to do research and then make the conclusion of it.31
The population in this study to the eight grade students at MTsN
Geudubang Aceh. There are three units in eight semesters. Unit I consist of 39
students, unit II consist of 39 students, and unit III consist of 40 students. Thus, all
the students are 118 students. The writer chooses them to be his population in this
research because they have learned preposition with their teacher before.
2. Sample
The people who provide the data in this study is called the sample. In this
study, The writer chooses the eighth grade students as subject of the
research, the eighth grade is the middle level at Junior High School, which
these students had been studied about some preposition in the first grade
with their teacher. The writer use Random Sample to take sampling, (Suharsimi
Arikunto, 1997) state that The sample mix researchers mix the subjects that are
considered equal in population, so researchers have the same rights to each
subject for the opportunity to be selected as a sample.32 The writer take a sample
of each the three classes by random. Here the writer collects data based on the
result of the tests that are answered by the students and the writer observes
how are students answer the questions.
31 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R & D , ( Bandung : ALfabeta, 2008 ), P. 117
32 http://idtesis.com/teknik-teknik-dalam-menentukan-pengambilan-sampel-penelitian-skripsi/accessed on mart 4-2012