-
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Production and Reproduction Responses by Dairy Cows
Fed
Varying
Undegradable Protein Coated with Rumen Bypass Fat
D. SKL N and M. TINSKY
Faculty of griculture
Hebrew University
Rehovot
76 100
Israel
INTRODUCTION
Calcium soaps
of
fatty acids CSFA) fed to
high producing cows in early lactation can
enhance energy supply and, hence, milk and
M TERI LS ND METHODS
These experiments were designed to test the
use
of
a product containing rumen bypass pro
tein prepared by coating com gluten meal
61 protein) with CSFA prepared from palm
fatty distillate Ooublepro; Koffolk Ltd.,
Petach Tikva, Israel) as previously described
4). This product was free flowing and granu
lar. The composition of the Doublepro was
percentage
of
OM); 59.0 total fatty acids,
.3 FFA, 22.7 CP, and 5.5 Ca. The VIP
determined with nylon bags as described
lat er constituted 95.6 of the CPo The fatty
acId profile was 50.1 palmitic acid, 4.4
stearic acid, 38.0 oleic acid, and 7.6
linoleic acid. The CP was highly digestible and
included 96.7 AA.
FCM production without the detrimental ef
fects of FFA on rumen fermentation 3, 4, 7,
10 11). This increase in milk production may
be accompanied by decreased OMI 6, 13) and
by larger decreases in W before peak lacta
tion 17). As milk production increases, the
demand for precursors of milk components,
such as glucose and AA, also increases, and
t h ~ s e precursors can become rate-limiting.
WIth the objective
of
providing an enhanced
supply of undegradable intake protein VIP),
CSFA were used to coat proteins to reduce
t h e ~ r degradation in the rumen 14), thus sup
plymg rumen bypass fat and protein. This
study describes the use of CSFA-coated pro
tein to examine the effects of changes in UIP
and degradable intake protein DIP) on
production and reproduction by high producing
dairy cows.
Experiment
The objective of Experiment 1 was to deter
mine the effect
of
increasing VIP at constant
CP by feeding Doublepro. Two dietary treat
ments each were used with 53 multiparous
216
Received May 18. 1992.
Accepted August 3 1992.
ICorresponding author.
1993
J Dairy Sci 76:216-223
BSTR CT
Calcium soaps of fatty acids were
used to coat proteins, thus reducing ru
men degradability. This material was
used to determine the effects
of
either
i n ~ r e a s i n g
undegradable intake protein
wIth constant CP or varying degradable
p ~ o t e ~ n with constant undegradable pro
tem mtake. Increased undegradable in
take protein and Ca soaps fed for 120
DIM enhanced milk fat and FCM
production during 140 and 305 DIM.
Reproductive performance also was im
proved. Feed efficiency and partial effi
ciency
of
milk production were en
~ a n c e d Varying degradable protein
mtake at constant undegradable protein
intake using proteins coated with Ca
soap resulted in decreased production
when degradable protein intake was .4
kg/d lower than NRC recommendations,
but no differences were significant when
intakes were close to or
.5
kg/d above
NRC recommendations. Use
of
Ca soaps
to coat proteins appears to be useful to
optimize protein supply to dairy cows
while increasing ration energy density.
ey words: calcium soaps, protein,
production, reproduction)
~ b r e v i t i o n
key:
SF
A =Ca soaps of fatty
aCIds DIP
=
degradable intake protein, TG
=
~ g l y c e r i d e s
VIP
=
undegradable intake pro
tem.
Production and Reproduction Responses by Dairy Cows
Fed
Varying
Undegradable Protein Coated with Rumen Bypass Fat
D. SKL N and M. TINSKY
Faculty of griculture
Hebrew University
Rehovot
76 100
Israel
INTRODUCTION
Calcium soaps
of
fatty acids CSFA) fed to
high producing cows in early lactation can
enhance energy supply and, hence, milk and
M TERI LS ND METHODS
These experiments were designed to test the
use
of
a product containing rumen bypass pro
tein prepared by coating com gluten meal
61 protein) with CSFA prepared from palm
fatty distillate Ooublepro; Koffolk Ltd.,
Petach Tikva, Israel) as previously described
4). This product was free flowing and granu
lar. The composition of the Doublepro was
percentage
of
OM); 59.0 total fatty acids,
.3 FFA, 22.7 CP, and 5.5 Ca. The VIP
determined with nylon bags as described
lat er constituted 95.6 of the CPo The fatty
acId profile was 50.1 palmitic acid, 4.4
stearic acid, 38.0 oleic acid, and 7.6
linoleic acid. The CP was highly digestible and
included 96.7 AA.
FCM production without the detrimental ef
fects of FFA on rumen fermentation 3, 4, 7,
10 11). This increase in milk production may
be accompanied by decreased OMI 6, 13) and
by larger decreases in W before peak lacta
tion 17). As milk production increases, the
demand for precursors of milk components,
such as glucose and AA, also increases, and
t h ~ s e precursors can become rate-limiting.
WIth the objective
of
providing an enhanced
supply of undegradable intake protein VIP),
CSFA were used to coat proteins to reduce
t h e ~ r degradation in the rumen 14), thus sup
plymg rumen bypass fat and protein. This
study describes the use of CSFA-coated pro
tein to examine the effects of changes in UIP
and degradable intake protein DIP) on
production and reproduction by high producing
dairy cows.
Experiment
The objective of Experiment 1 was to deter
mine the effect
of
increasing VIP at constant
CP by feeding Doublepro. Two dietary treat
ments each were used with 53 multiparous
216
Received May 18. 1992.
Accepted August 3 1992.
ICorresponding author.
1993
J Dairy Sci 76:216-223
BSTR CT
Calcium soaps of fatty acids were
used to coat proteins, thus reducing ru
men degradability. This material was
used to determine the effects
of
either
i n ~ r e a s i n g
undegradable intake protein
wIth constant CP or varying degradable
p ~ o t e ~ n with constant undegradable pro
tem mtake. Increased undegradable in
take protein and Ca soaps fed for 120
DIM enhanced milk fat and FCM
production during 140 and 305 DIM.
Reproductive performance also was im
proved. Feed efficiency and partial effi
ciency
of
milk production were en
~ a n c e d Varying degradable protein
mtake at constant undegradable protein
intake using proteins coated with Ca
soap resulted in decreased production
when degradable protein intake was .4
kg/d lower than NRC recommendations,
but no differences were significant when
intakes were close to or
.5
kg/d above
NRC recommendations. Use
of
Ca soaps
to coat proteins appears to be useful to
optimize protein supply to dairy cows
while increasing ration energy density.
ey words: calcium soaps, protein,
production, reproduction)
~ b r e v i t i o n
key:
SF
A =Ca soaps of fatty
aCIds DIP
=
degradable intake protein, TG
=
~ g l y c e r i d e s
VIP
=
undegradable intake pro
tem.
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BYPASS FAT AND PROTEIN FOR PRODUCTION
217
Israeli-Friesian cows per group. Cows were
housed
in
group pens;
all
cows
in
the pen were
in the trial. Cows were blocked according to
parity, date
of
parturition, and previous lacta
tion daily FCM production. Cows calved
within a 45-d period. The dietary treatments
were designed to contain equal amounts
of
CP,
but VIP was higher (6.8 vs 6.0 of DM), and
DIP was lower (10.7
vs
11.5 of OM),
in
the
treatment group fed Doublepro. Dietary ingre
dients were manipulated to provide equal
amounts of ADF and NDF. Composition and
analysis of diets are presented in Table 1. The
experimental diet contained l.81 of Meal of
NEdkg
of DM compared with 1.72 for the
control diet. All feeds were mixed, weighed,
and
fed
twice daily from a mixing wagon.
TABLE Ingredient and chemical composition and anal
ysis of diets in Experiment 1.
Control Doublepro
-
( of DM
Composition
Barley 15.5 7.9
Corn grain, ground
13.3 18.0
Wheat bran
2.5 4.9
Commercial concentrate
20.6 14.8
CaC03 NaCI
.7 .6
Doublepro
2
4.0
Alfalfa hay
12.5 12.3
Wheat silage 26.3 26.5
Cottonseeds 8.6 11.0
Analysis
3
NEL, Mcallkg
of
DM 1.72 1.81
CPo
17.5 17.5
UIP,4
6.0 6.8
DIP,S
11.5 10.7
Fat,
3.9 6.6
Ca,
.9
P,
.44 A3
ADF, 20.4 2 A
NDF 31.8 31.9
Contained 1.83 Mealof NEL/kg of DM and 27.8
CP from 15.1 wheat, 27.1 wheat middlings, 10.9
soybean meal, 3A corn gluten meal, 14.6 cottonseed
meal, 13.I rapeseed meal, 12.3 feather
meal,
2.1
soapstock,
l
vitamin and mineral mix, and .3
CaC03
2Doublepro (Koffolk Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel) con
tained 59 fa tty acids , 2 .27 CP, and 5.5 Ca
3Pararneters were determined by analysis; NEL was
calcula ted using NRC (9) values .
4Undegradable intake protein.
sDegradable intake protein.
Weighbacks were less than 5
of
feed offered,
were determined daily for each group through
out the experimental period, and were removed
before the a.m. feeding to determine daily
DM . Diets were fed from calving to 120 DIM,
after which all cows were transferred to the
control diet.
Milk production was recorded for each cow
every
12
to
14
d until 160 7 DIM and then
monthly through 305 DIM. Same day samples
were composited from a.m. and p.m. milkings
for fat, protein, and lactose determinations by
infrared analysis for each cow every 12
to
14
d. Body condition was determined using a
five-point scale (where 1 =thin and 5
=
fat) on
d 3 following parturition and then at 12- to
14-d intervals until 140 to 160 DIM. Cows
were weighed on d 3 following parturition and
at 50, 95, and 120 DIM. Cows were observed
for signs of estrus for a 30-min period three
times daily and were inseminated at first estrus
after 60 DIM.
xperiment
In Experiment 2 the effects of VIP fed at
constant percentages and DIP and CP at varied
percentages
of
the diet were examined using
Doublepro. Three dietary treatments were used
with 93 cows per treatment. All cows calved
within a 60-d period. Diets contained 15.2,
16.3, and 17.5 CP and 7.1 VIP. All diets
contained
1.81
of Meal
NEdkg
of DM and
had equal amounts of ADF and NDF. The 15.2
and 16.3 CP treatments contained Doublepro
and the 17.5 CP diet contained CSFA
(Adolac®; Koffolk, Ltd). Composition and
analysis of diets are presented
in
Table
2.
Cows were blocked by parity and
by
previous
daily lactation FCM production. Milk, fat, and
protein contents were determined in milk for
two
lO-d
periods after parturition. Cows then
were adapted to the experimental rations for at
least
12
d and compared for the period from 60
to 1lO DIM. All feeds were mixed and fed
twice daily from a mixing wagon. Orts were
determined daily for each group throughout the
experimental period and removed before the
a.m. feeding to determine daily DM .
Milk production was recorded electronically
at each milking, and samples were composited
from a.m. and p.m. milkings for determination
of
fat
protein,
and
lactose contents by infrared
analysis for each cow every
12
to 14
d.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76,
No.1,
1993
BYPASS FAT AND PROTEIN FOR PRODUCTION
217
Israeli-Friesian cows per group. Cows were
housed
in
group pens;
all
cows
in
the pen were
in the trial. Cows were blocked according to
parity, date
of
parturition, and previous lacta
tion daily FCM production. Cows calved
within a 45-d period. The dietary treatments
were designed to contain equal amounts
of
CP,
but VIP was higher (6.8 vs 6.0 of DM), and
DIP was lower (10.7
vs
11.5 of OM),
in
the
treatment group fed Doublepro. Dietary ingre
dients were manipulated to provide equal
amounts of ADF and NDF. Composition and
analysis of diets are presented in Table 1. The
experimental diet contained l.81 of Meal of
NEdkg
of DM compared with 1.72 for the
control diet. All feeds were mixed, weighed,
and
fed
twice daily from a mixing wagon.
TABLE Ingredient and chemical composition and anal
ysis of diets in Experiment 1.
Control Doublepro
-
( of DM
Composition
Barley 15.5 7.9
Corn grain, ground
13.3 18.0
Wheat bran
2.5 4.9
Commercial concentrate
20.6 14.8
CaC03 NaCI
.7 .6
Doublepro
2
4.0
Alfalfa hay
12.5 12.3
Wheat silage 26.3 26.5
Cottonseeds 8.6 11.0
Analysis
3
NEL, Mcallkg
of
DM 1.72 1.81
CPo
17.5 17.5
UIP,4
6.0 6.8
DIP,S
11.5 10.7
Fat,
3.9 6.6
Ca,
.9
P,
.44 A3
ADF, 20.4 2 A
NDF 31.8 31.9
Contained 1.83 Mealof NEL/kg of DM and 27.8
CP from 15.1 wheat, 27.1 wheat middlings, 10.9
soybean meal, 3A corn gluten meal, 14.6 cottonseed
meal, 13.I rapeseed meal, 12.3 feather
meal,
2.1
soapstock,
l
vitamin and mineral mix, and .3
CaC03
2Doublepro (Koffolk Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel) con
tained 59 fa tty acids , 2 .27 CP, and 5.5 Ca
3Pararneters were determined by analysis; NEL was
calcula ted using NRC (9) values .
4Undegradable intake protein.
sDegradable intake protein.
Weighbacks were less than 5
of
feed offered,
were determined daily for each group through
out the experimental period, and were removed
before the a.m. feeding to determine daily
DM . Diets were fed from calving to 120 DIM,
after which all cows were transferred to the
control diet.
Milk production was recorded for each cow
every
12
to
14
d until 160 7 DIM and then
monthly through 305 DIM. Same day samples
were composited from a.m. and p.m. milkings
for fat, protein, and lactose determinations by
infrared analysis for each cow every 12
to
14
d. Body condition was determined using a
five-point scale (where 1 =thin and 5
=
fat) on
d 3 following parturition and then at 12- to
14-d intervals until 140 to 160 DIM. Cows
were weighed on d 3 following parturition and
at 50, 95, and 120 DIM. Cows were observed
for signs of estrus for a 30-min period three
times daily and were inseminated at first estrus
after 60 DIM.
xperiment
In Experiment 2 the effects of VIP fed at
constant percentages and DIP and CP at varied
percentages
of
the diet were examined using
Doublepro. Three dietary treatments were used
with 93 cows per treatment. All cows calved
within a 60-d period. Diets contained 15.2,
16.3, and 17.5 CP and 7.1 VIP. All diets
contained
1.81
of Meal
NEdkg
of DM and
had equal amounts of ADF and NDF. The 15.2
and 16.3 CP treatments contained Doublepro
and the 17.5 CP diet contained CSFA
(Adolac®; Koffolk, Ltd). Composition and
analysis of diets are presented
in
Table
2.
Cows were blocked by parity and
by
previous
daily lactation FCM production. Milk, fat, and
protein contents were determined in milk for
two
lO-d
periods after parturition. Cows then
were adapted to the experimental rations for at
least
12
d and compared for the period from 60
to 1lO DIM. All feeds were mixed and fed
twice daily from a mixing wagon. Orts were
determined daily for each group throughout the
experimental period and removed before the
a.m. feeding to determine daily DM .
Milk production was recorded electronically
at each milking, and samples were composited
from a.m. and p.m. milkings for determination
of
fat
protein,
and
lactose contents by infrared
analysis for each cow every
12
to 14
d.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76,
No.1,
1993
-
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218
SKLAN AND TINSKY
ll xperiments
The VIP content was determined in all
feeds and in the total ration by 24-h suspension
of
5-g samples
in
dacron bags pore size
40
to
50 p. in the rumen of a cow fed 20 kg/d of a
65:35 concentrate:forage diet. Residues were
washed for
IS
min with tap water, dried at
60·C, and assayed for DM and N. No correc
tion was made for microbial residues; thus UIP
was defined as protein not degraded after 24 h
in the dacron bags. Determination
of
DM, CP,
ADF, NDF, Ca, and P were by standard
methods I) , and DIP was calculated as
CP
TABLE 2. Ingredient and chemical composition
of
diets in
Experiment 2.
15.2 16.3 17.5
CP CP CP
of DM)
C ;mposition
Com
grain, ground 9.7 10.2
8.0
Barley 19.6 18.7
15.2
Soybean meal
I
0
3.1 2.0
Commercial concentrate
2
14.2 16.1
18.1
Wheat bran
5.9 5.5
9.1
CaC03
1.8
1.7 1.7
Doublepro
3
4.4 4.2
0
Ca Soaps
of
fatty acids
0 0 2.4
Citrus pulp
7.8
4.4
6.9
Wheat silage
13.3
14.9
13.4
Com
silage 18.4 17.5 18.7
Alfalfa hay 4.9 3.7 4.5
Analysis
4
NEL, McalJkg
of DM
1.81 1.81
1.81
CP,
15.2
16.3
17.6
VIP S
7.1
7.1
7.1
D1P 6
8.1
9.2 10.5
Fat. 5.0
4.8 4.3
Ca,
.9 .9 .9
P,
.42
.42
.42
ADF,
17.3
16.7 16.2
NDF,
31.1 32.3 32.4
lContaining 45 CPo
2Contained 1.83 Meal
of
NELlkg
of
DM and 49.1
CP from 15.0 soybean meal, 9.9
com
gluten meal,
18.4 wheat middlings, 15.0 cottonseed meal, 25.0
rapeseed meal, 15.0 feather meal, .5 soapstock, and
1.2 mineral and vitamin mix.
3Doublepro Koffolk Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel) con
tained 59 fany acids; 22.7 CP, and 5.5 Ca.
4Parameters were detennined by analysis; NEL was
calcu lated using NRC 9) values.
SVndegradable intake protein.
6Degradable intake protein.
Journal
of
Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I 1993
minus VIP. Total fatty acids were determined
after acid hydrolysis
IS).
Rumen fluid was taken from 15 cows per
treatment by stomach tube 30, 65, 86, and 105
DIM in Exper iment 1 and
70
and 95 DIM in
Experiment 2) 4 h after the a.m. feed into
tubes containing HgCI2; the tubes were cooled
immediately and stored at
-20·C
for
VFA
analysis by
GLC
conducted as previously
described 15) and for NH3 determination 1).
Blood plasma was sampled from the jugular
vein of 15 cows in each treatment at 0700 h
bout 2 h after feeding) on the day that rumen
fluid was taken. Lipids were extracted, and
triglycerides
TG
and
FFA
were determined
as previously described 17). Concentrations
of
total protein were determined by the Biuret
method
I) ,
and urea
5)
was also determined.
Milk and fat outputs were util ized to calculate
3.5 FCM using the formula: 3.5
FCM =
milk production
x
.432
.163
x
fat ).
Continuous variables were analyzed by the
method
of
least squares ANOVA using the
general linear models procedure of SAS 12).
The model used was a general randomized
model:
Yijklmn =
TRi DATj
Lk DI
X
m
Eijklrnn,
where
Y = all dependent variables presented;
p. =
overall mean
of
the population;
TRi = average effect of treatment;
DATj = a covariance variable, average ef
fect
of
date
of
observation;
Lk =
a covariance variable, average ef
fect
of
lactation number;
DI = a covariance variable, effect of
DIM;
X
m
= a covariance variable, effect
of
dependent variable in the previ
ous lactation Experiment 1)
or
determined in two 10-d periods
before adaptation Experiment 2);
and
Ejjklnm = random residual assuming normal
independent distribution.
Frequency data were examined by chi
square analysis and with the
CATMOD
proce-
218
SKLAN AND TINSKY
ll xperiments
The VIP content was determined in all
feeds and in the total ration by 24-h suspension
of
5-g samples
in
dacron bags pore size
40
to
50 p. in the rumen of a cow fed 20 kg/d of a
65:35 concentrate:forage diet. Residues were
washed for
IS
min with tap water, dried at
60·C, and assayed for DM and N. No correc
tion was made for microbial residues; thus UIP
was defined as protein not degraded after 24 h
in the dacron bags. Determination
of
DM, CP,
ADF, NDF, Ca, and P were by standard
methods I) , and DIP was calculated as
CP
TABLE 2. Ingredient and chemical composition
of
diets in
Experiment 2.
15.2 16.3 17.5
CP CP CP
of DM)
C ;mposition
Com
grain, ground 9.7 10.2
8.0
Barley 19.6 18.7
15.2
Soybean meal
I
0
3.1 2.0
Commercial concentrate
2
14.2 16.1
18.1
Wheat bran
5.9 5.5
9.1
CaC03
1.8
1.7 1.7
Doublepro
3
4.4 4.2
0
Ca Soaps
of
fatty acids
0 0 2.4
Citrus pulp
7.8
4.4
6.9
Wheat silage
13.3
14.9
13.4
Com
silage 18.4 17.5 18.7
Alfalfa hay 4.9 3.7 4.5
Analysis
4
NEL, McalJkg
of DM
1.81 1.81
1.81
CP,
15.2
16.3
17.6
VIP S
7.1
7.1
7.1
D1P 6
8.1
9.2 10.5
Fat. 5.0
4.8 4.3
Ca,
.9 .9 .9
P,
.42
.42
.42
ADF,
17.3
16.7 16.2
NDF,
31.1 32.3 32.4
lContaining 45 CPo
2Contained 1.83 Meal
of
NELlkg
of
DM and 49.1
CP from 15.0 soybean meal, 9.9
com
gluten meal,
18.4 wheat middlings, 15.0 cottonseed meal, 25.0
rapeseed meal, 15.0 feather meal, .5 soapstock, and
1.2 mineral and vitamin mix.
3Doublepro Koffolk Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel) con
tained 59 fany acids; 22.7 CP, and 5.5 Ca.
4Parameters were detennined by analysis; NEL was
calcu lated using NRC 9) values.
SVndegradable intake protein.
6Degradable intake protein.
Journal
of
Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I 1993
minus VIP. Total fatty acids were determined
after acid hydrolysis
IS).
Rumen fluid was taken from 15 cows per
treatment by stomach tube 30, 65, 86, and 105
DIM in Exper iment 1 and
70
and 95 DIM in
Experiment 2) 4 h after the a.m. feed into
tubes containing HgCI2; the tubes were cooled
immediately and stored at
-20·C
for
VFA
analysis by
GLC
conducted as previously
described 15) and for NH3 determination 1).
Blood plasma was sampled from the jugular
vein of 15 cows in each treatment at 0700 h
bout 2 h after feeding) on the day that rumen
fluid was taken. Lipids were extracted, and
triglycerides
TG
and
FFA
were determined
as previously described 17). Concentrations
of
total protein were determined by the Biuret
method
I) ,
and urea
5)
was also determined.
Milk and fat outputs were util ized to calculate
3.5 FCM using the formula: 3.5
FCM =
milk production
x
.432
.163
x
fat ).
Continuous variables were analyzed by the
method
of
least squares ANOVA using the
general linear models procedure of SAS 12).
The model used was a general randomized
model:
Yijklmn =
TRi DATj
Lk DI
X
m
Eijklrnn,
where
Y = all dependent variables presented;
p. =
overall mean
of
the population;
TRi = average effect of treatment;
DATj = a covariance variable, average ef
fect
of
date
of
observation;
Lk =
a covariance variable, average ef
fect
of
lactation number;
DI = a covariance variable, effect of
DIM;
X
m
= a covariance variable, effect
of
dependent variable in the previ
ous lactation Experiment 1)
or
determined in two 10-d periods
before adaptation Experiment 2);
and
Ejjklnm = random residual assuming normal
independent distribution.
Frequency data were examined by chi
square analysis and with the
CATMOD
proce-
-
8/19/2019 sklan1993
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BYPASS FAT AND PROTEIN FOR PRODUCTION
219
3 .5
2.0 L L _ .L _
__ __ .J
1 0
20 50 80
11 0
140
15 0 Figure 2. Body condition scores
of
cows fed
Doublepro e and controls (0); bars are standard errors.
12 0
a ys m lk
60 900
15 - ----- .L _
_
____ J
o
30
25
u
20
Figure I. Dry matter intake by cows fed Doublepro (e)
and controls (0) . Values are per group.
dure of SAS (12). Significance was at
<
.05
unless otherwise stated.
R SULTS
xperiment
Daily feed intake
in
the group receivIng
Doublepro was less than in controls, particu
larly during the first 30 DIM when DMI was 2
to 3 kg/d less (Figure 1 . The difference in
group DMI consumption decreased with DIM;
over the 120-d experimental period. the cu
mulative difference in DMI was 106
kg
per
cow. Body condition scores tended to be lower
in cows fed Doublepro in the first 30 DIM
< .13; Figure 2), and BW changes at 50, 95,
and 120 DIM compared with BW at calving
were -8 , 2 and
21
kg in controls and -20.1,
10 and 26
kg
in cows fed Doublepro, respec
tively; treatment effects were not significant.
Production
of
milk, fat and FCM (Figure 3
Table 3 were enhanced in cows fed Doublepro
over the 120-d experimental period and for an
additional 20 d after all cows were transferred
to control rations. Milk protein percentage
decreased, but milk protein production was not
changed. Transfer
of
cows to control rations
after 120 DIM caused a gradual convergence
of
production
of
cows fed Doublepro and con
trols. Dver 305 d
of
lactation, the production
of milk, fat, protein, and FCM increased in
cows fed Doublepro .05, Table 3).
Diets had no effect on rumen VFA (Table
4), although NH
3
concentrations were higher
in the control cows. Plasma urea also was
higher in control cows, but total plasma pro
tein was not changed (Table 4). Plasma TG
were higher
in
the cows fed Doublepro, but
FFA concentrations did not differ (Table 4).
Several measures
of
reproductive perfor
mance were enhanced in cows
fed
Doublepro.
The conception rate at first AI improved, and
the percentage of cows pregnant at 90 d in-
creased (Table 5 . No differences, however,
were present by 150 DIM. Cows fed
Doublepro had fewer days open, days between
first
AI
and conception, and services per con
ception.
Calculation of energy balances using group
feed intake (Table 6 indicated lower net
energy balance
in
cows fed Doublepro. Both
feed conversion to milk and the partial effi
ciency
of
milk production tended
to
be higher
TABLE 3. Production data for 120 and 305 d
of
lactation,
Experiment
1.
Control Doublepro
1
SE
Milk
o to 120 DIM, kgld 41.5
42.5
a
.2
o
to 305 DIM, kg
10.188 1O.679
a
184
Fat
o to 120 DIM. kgld
1.31
1.39
a
.03
o
to 305 DIM, kg 315.1 335.8
a
6.4
Protein
o to 120 DIM. kgld I.I95 1.198 .012
o to 305 DIM,
kg
298.8 307.4
a
4.7
3.5 FCM
o
to 120 DIM. kgld 39.1 40.9
a
.2
o
to 305 DIM. kg 9537
1O 086
a
174
aDiffers from control
.05).
lKoffolk Ltd. (Petach Tikva. Israel).
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76. No.
1
1993
BYPASS FAT AND PROTEIN FOR PRODUCTION
219
3 .5
2.0 L L _ .L _
__ __ .J
1 0
20 50 80
11 0
140
15 0 Figure 2. Body condition scores
of
cows fed
Doublepro e and controls (0); bars are standard errors.
12 0
a ys m lk
60 900
15 - ----- .L _
_
____ J
o
30
25
u
20
Figure I. Dry matter intake by cows fed Doublepro (e)
and controls (0) . Values are per group.
dure of SAS (12). Significance was at
<
.05
unless otherwise stated.
R SULTS
xperiment
Daily feed intake
in
the group receivIng
Doublepro was less than in controls, particu
larly during the first 30 DIM when DMI was 2
to 3 kg/d less (Figure 1 . The difference in
group DMI consumption decreased with DIM;
over the 120-d experimental period. the cu
mulative difference in DMI was 106
kg
per
cow. Body condition scores tended to be lower
in cows fed Doublepro in the first 30 DIM
< .13; Figure 2), and BW changes at 50, 95,
and 120 DIM compared with BW at calving
were -8 , 2 and
21
kg in controls and -20.1,
10 and 26
kg
in cows fed Doublepro, respec
tively; treatment effects were not significant.
Production
of
milk, fat and FCM (Figure 3
Table 3 were enhanced in cows fed Doublepro
over the 120-d experimental period and for an
additional 20 d after all cows were transferred
to control rations. Milk protein percentage
decreased, but milk protein production was not
changed. Transfer
of
cows to control rations
after 120 DIM caused a gradual convergence
of
production
of
cows fed Doublepro and con
trols. Dver 305 d
of
lactation, the production
of milk, fat, protein, and FCM increased in
cows fed Doublepro .05, Table 3).
Diets had no effect on rumen VFA (Table
4), although NH
3
concentrations were higher
in the control cows. Plasma urea also was
higher in control cows, but total plasma pro
tein was not changed (Table 4). Plasma TG
were higher
in
the cows fed Doublepro, but
FFA concentrations did not differ (Table 4).
Several measures
of
reproductive perfor
mance were enhanced in cows
fed
Doublepro.
The conception rate at first AI improved, and
the percentage of cows pregnant at 90 d in-
creased (Table 5 . No differences, however,
were present by 150 DIM. Cows fed
Doublepro had fewer days open, days between
first
AI
and conception, and services per con
ception.
Calculation of energy balances using group
feed intake (Table 6 indicated lower net
energy balance
in
cows fed Doublepro. Both
feed conversion to milk and the partial effi
ciency
of
milk production tended
to
be higher
TABLE 3. Production data for 120 and 305 d
of
lactation,
Experiment
1.
Control Doublepro
1
SE
Milk
o to 120 DIM, kgld 41.5
42.5
a
.2
o
to 305 DIM, kg
10.188 1O.679
a
184
Fat
o to 120 DIM. kgld
1.31
1.39
a
.03
o
to 305 DIM, kg 315.1 335.8
a
6.4
Protein
o to 120 DIM. kgld I.I95 1.198 .012
o to 305 DIM,
kg
298.8 307.4
a
4.7
3.5 FCM
o
to 120 DIM. kgld 39.1 40.9
a
.2
o
to 305 DIM. kg 9537
1O 086
a
174
aDiffers from control
.05).
lKoffolk Ltd. (Petach Tikva. Israel).
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76. No.
1
1993
-
8/19/2019 sklan1993
5/8
220 SKLAN AND TINSKY
TABLE 4. The VFA and
NH 3
concentrations
in
rumen
fluid and concentrations
of
some metabolites in plasma of
cows fed Doublepro
l
and controls, Experiment I.
Control
Doublepro SE
in cows fed Ooublepro. The enhancement in
partial efficiency
of
milk production in cows
fed Ooublepro was more pronounced after
peak lactation.
Rumen fluid
Acetic acid (Al, molJ
100 mol
59.2 59.5 .4
Propionic acid (Pl,
m o lJ lOO m o l 25.4 25.4 .4
Butyric acid (B), molJ
100 mol 12.5 12.6
.3
(A B)/P
2.85
2.85 .1
NH3' mgldl
25.5
20.1 1.1
Plasma
Urea, mgldl
20.7
16.7 .7
Protein, gldl
7.76
7.88 .12
FFA, lM 44.4 49.8
2.4
TG,2 mgldl
27.0
31.6'
.2
'Differs from control
P
< .05).
IKoffolk Ltd. (Petach Tikva. Israel).
2Triglycerides.
xperiment
Group mean OMI over the experimental
period for cows receiving the 15.2 CP diet
was 21.8 kg/d compared with 23.4 and 23.6
kg/d in the 16.3 and 17.5 CP groups, respec
tively. Production
of
milk and fat, fat percent
age, and, hence, FCM production (Table 7
were lower in cows fed the 15.2 CP ration.
Milk protein production decreased when the
15.2 CP diet was fed compared with the
other diets, but percentage of protein did not
change compared with the 17.5 CP treat
ment.
No
differences were observed
in
milk or
50
4 J
r
A
45
40
3.5
;f
T
1
3'5
1
. . L
....
c'
1 \
1 -
3
i
30
1
:2
l
2'5
2.5
20
1
1 5
2. 0
0
50
100
15 0
20 0
25C 30 0
0
5C
10 0 15C
200 250
c
I
30 0
Days
n rrd ..
D
4 0
B
3.5
.c
1]
u.
3.0
'58
45
48
D
0.
35
30
U
U
25
20
•
~ \ >
Y.
= -
T
1
T
1
2.5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
30 0
5
00
5000
0
15
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
o00
5000
50000
Figure 3. Milk production (A), milk fat percentage (B), milk protein percentage (C), and 3.5 FCM production (D)
in Doublepro e and control cows (0). Bars are standard errors and are shown when they do not fall within the symbols.
The vertical line indicates the transfer
of
cows to the control ration.
Journal
of
Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I, 1993
220 SKLAN AND TINSKY
TABLE 4. The VFA and
NH 3
concentrations
in
rumen
fluid and concentrations
of
some metabolites in plasma of
cows fed Doublepro
l
and controls, Experiment I.
Control
Doublepro SE
in cows fed Ooublepro. The enhancement in
partial efficiency
of
milk production in cows
fed Ooublepro was more pronounced after
peak lactation.
Rumen fluid
Acetic acid (Al, molJ
100 mol
59.2 59.5 .4
Propionic acid (Pl,
m o lJ lOO m o l 25.4 25.4 .4
Butyric acid (B), molJ
100 mol 12.5 12.6
.3
(A B)/P
2.85
2.85 .1
NH3' mgldl
25.5
20.1 1.1
Plasma
Urea, mgldl
20.7
16.7 .7
Protein, gldl
7.76
7.88 .12
FFA, lM 44.4 49.8
2.4
TG,2 mgldl
27.0
31.6'
.2
'Differs from control
P
< .05).
IKoffolk Ltd. (Petach Tikva. Israel).
2Triglycerides.
xperiment
Group mean OMI over the experimental
period for cows receiving the 15.2 CP diet
was 21.8 kg/d compared with 23.4 and 23.6
kg/d in the 16.3 and 17.5 CP groups, respec
tively. Production
of
milk and fat, fat percent
age, and, hence, FCM production (Table 7
were lower in cows fed the 15.2 CP ration.
Milk protein production decreased when the
15.2 CP diet was fed compared with the
other diets, but percentage of protein did not
change compared with the 17.5 CP treat
ment.
No
differences were observed
in
milk or
50
4 J
r
A
45
40
3.5
;f
T
1
3'5
1
. . L
....
c'
1 \
1 -
3
i
30
1
:2
l
2'5
2.5
20
1
1 5
2. 0
0
50
100
15 0
20 0
25C 30 0
0
5C
10 0 15C
200 250
c
I
30 0
Days
n rrd ..
D
4 0
B
3.5
.c
1]
u.
3.0
'58
45
48
D
0.
35
30
U
U
25
20
•
~ \ >
Y.
= -
T
1
T
1
2.5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
30 0
5
00
5000
0
15
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
o00
5000
50000
Figure 3. Milk production (A), milk fat percentage (B), milk protein percentage (C), and 3.5 FCM production (D)
in Doublepro e and control cows (0). Bars are standard errors and are shown when they do not fall within the symbols.
The vertical line indicates the transfer
of
cows to the control ration.
Journal
of
Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I, 1993
-
8/19/2019 sklan1993
6/8
BYPASS FAT
AND
PROTEIN FOR PRODUCfION
221
TABLE
5.
The effect
of
feeding Doublepro on reproduc
tive performance, Experiment
1.
changed. Plasma TG and FFA were not
af-
fected by the different treatments (Table 8).
Control Doublepro
l
SE
Differs from control
<
.09).
bDiffers from control
<
.05).
I
Koffolk Ltd. (Petach Tikva, Israel).
fat production between cows fed 16.3 or
17.5 CP; milk protein percentage increased
in cows fed 16.3 CP.
Rumen VFA composition was similar
among the three treatments, except that
butyrate was lower with the 17.5 diet, but
NH3
concentrations were lower in cows fed
15.2 CP and increased with increasing CP
(Table 8 . Plasma urea was lower in cows fed
15.2 CP than in cows fed either 16.3 or
17.5 CP, but total plasma protein was not
53
20.5
IS USSION
This study indicated that a rumen bypass
fatty acid and protein product prepared by
coating protein with CSFA can be utilized to
improve production and reproduction in high
producing dairy cows. This product was used
in one situation to examine the effect
of
in
creasing UIP above NRC (9) recommenda
tions. This ration also had a higher energy
density because of the CSFA, which increased
energy intake. Production of milk and milk fat
was enhanced, and increasing the UIP:CP with
Doublepro resulted in lower rumen
NH3
and
plasma urea concentrations. Plasma TG were
higher when Doublepro was fed, which was
expected because
of
enhanced uptake
of
die
tary fatty acids.
In
previous reports (16, 17)
when CSFA were fed, body reserves were
apparently utilized more in early lactation,
which contributed in part to the enhanced milk
production. However, DMI decreased in our
study and in previous studies (13, 17); al
though total energy intake was still enhanced,
energy intake and BW changes do not com
pletely account for the increased production.
Energy balance calculations indicated that the
partial efficiency of milk synthesis tended to
improve
by
use
of
Doublepro but was most
pronounced after peak lactation. A possible
I
I.7
3.2
3.8
53
70.9
8.6
1.43
1O.6
b
68.5
92.7
73
84
b
58.5
16.0
1.68
90.6
75
96
Number of cows
Conception rate,
First
AI
Second AI
AI per conception
Cows pregnant at 90
d
52.8
Cows pregnant at 150
d
Days to first
AI
Days open
Days to conception-
days open
TABLE
6.
Energy data during different periods
of
DIM for cows
fed
Doublepro and control, Experiment 1.
o to 50 d
50 to 95 d
95 to 120 d
Control Doublepro Control
Doublepro
Control
Doublepro
NEL Intake, Mcalld
43.17 43.08 46.78 47.78
46.96 48.51
BW Change, kgld
.16
.40
.04
.22
.46 .57
NEL Maintenance,l Mcalld 9.89 9.72 10.02 10.13
10.28 10.35
NEL of weight change, Mcalld
l
.79
-1.97
.23
1.12
2.36 2.92
NEL
Milk 2
Mcalld
27.83
28.98 27.56 28.75
25.55 27.04
NEL Balance,3
McaIJd
5.46 4.37
9.21
8.91
11.13 11.22
Feed efficiency4 .642 .673 .588 .602 .544 .557
Milk effici
ency
5
.804 .812 .745 .779
.736 .759
IFrom NRC (9).
2Calculated from Tyrrell and Reid (19).
3Net
energy (NE) intake - (NE maintenance
milk energy secretion).
4NE in milkINE intake.
5NE
in milk/[NE intake - (NE in weight gain or loss
NE maintenance)].
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76, No.1 1993
BYPASS FAT
AND
PROTEIN FOR PRODUCfION
221
TABLE
5.
The effect
of
feeding Doublepro on reproduc
tive performance, Experiment
1.
changed. Plasma TG and FFA were not
af-
fected by the different treatments (Table 8).
Control Doublepro
l
SE
Differs from control
<
.09).
bDiffers from control
<
.05).
I
Koffolk Ltd. (Petach Tikva, Israel).
fat production between cows fed 16.3 or
17.5 CP; milk protein percentage increased
in cows fed 16.3 CP.
Rumen VFA composition was similar
among the three treatments, except that
butyrate was lower with the 17.5 diet, but
NH3
concentrations were lower in cows fed
15.2 CP and increased with increasing CP
(Table 8 . Plasma urea was lower in cows fed
15.2 CP than in cows fed either 16.3 or
17.5 CP, but total plasma protein was not
53
20.5
IS USSION
This study indicated that a rumen bypass
fatty acid and protein product prepared by
coating protein with CSFA can be utilized to
improve production and reproduction in high
producing dairy cows. This product was used
in one situation to examine the effect
of
in
creasing UIP above NRC (9) recommenda
tions. This ration also had a higher energy
density because of the CSFA, which increased
energy intake. Production of milk and milk fat
was enhanced, and increasing the UIP:CP with
Doublepro resulted in lower rumen
NH3
and
plasma urea concentrations. Plasma TG were
higher when Doublepro was fed, which was
expected because
of
enhanced uptake
of
die
tary fatty acids.
In
previous reports (16, 17)
when CSFA were fed, body reserves were
apparently utilized more in early lactation,
which contributed in part to the enhanced milk
production. However, DMI decreased in our
study and in previous studies (13, 17); al
though total energy intake was still enhanced,
energy intake and BW changes do not com
pletely account for the increased production.
Energy balance calculations indicated that the
partial efficiency of milk synthesis tended to
improve
by
use
of
Doublepro but was most
pronounced after peak lactation. A possible
I
I.7
3.2
3.8
53
70.9
8.6
1.43
1O.6
b
68.5
92.7
73
84
b
58.5
16.0
1.68
90.6
75
96
Number of cows
Conception rate,
First
AI
Second AI
AI per conception
Cows pregnant at 90
d
52.8
Cows pregnant at 150
d
Days to first
AI
Days open
Days to conception-
days open
TABLE
6.
Energy data during different periods
of
DIM for cows
fed
Doublepro and control, Experiment 1.
o to 50 d
50 to 95 d
95 to 120 d
Control Doublepro Control
Doublepro
Control
Doublepro
NEL Intake, Mcalld
43.17 43.08 46.78 47.78
46.96 48.51
BW Change, kgld
.16
.40
.04
.22
.46 .57
NEL Maintenance,l Mcalld 9.89 9.72 10.02 10.13
10.28 10.35
NEL of weight change, Mcalld
l
.79
-1.97
.23
1.12
2.36 2.92
NEL
Milk 2
Mcalld
27.83
28.98 27.56 28.75
25.55 27.04
NEL Balance,3
McaIJd
5.46 4.37
9.21
8.91
11.13 11.22
Feed efficiency4 .642 .673 .588 .602 .544 .557
Milk effici
ency
5
.804 .812 .745 .779
.736 .759
IFrom NRC (9).
2Calculated from Tyrrell and Reid (19).
3Net
energy (NE) intake - (NE maintenance
milk energy secretion).
4NE in milkINE intake.
5NE
in milk/[NE intake - (NE in weight gain or loss
NE maintenance)].
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76, No.1 1993
-
8/19/2019 sklan1993
7/8
222 SKLAN AND TINSKY
TABLE 7 Production by cows fed diets similar in undegradable protein but differing in CP, Experiment 2
Dietary P
15.2 16.3 17.5 SE
Milk, kgld
36.7
b
37.3
8
37.3
8
.2
Fat,
3 1
b
3.06 3.05
8
.03
Fat, kgld
l.lQb
1.14
8
1.14
8
1
Protein,
2.85
b
2.88
8
2.86
b
.01
Protein. kgld
1.042
b
1.075
8
1.067
8
6
3.5 FCM, kgld
33.8
b
34.7
8
34.7
8
2
l.hMeans in rows with different superscripts differ
<
.05).
source of enhanced energy supply before and
at peak lactation
in
cows
fed
Doublepro was
indicated
by
the tendency of the cows to utilize
more body reserves for milk synthesis. The
enhanced partial efficiency of milk production
may
be explained by more efficient milk syn
thesis from long-chain fatty acid precursors
compared with VFA, as suggested
by
Kronfeld
(8) and Brumby et al (2). Furthermore, synthe
sis of
more milk requires higher
AA
supply or
higher quality AA supply to the mammary
gland, which may have been provided by the
higher VIP in the present study. However,
because protein sources varied slightly in the
different treatments, AA supply to the mam
mary gland could have differed. Thus, the
combination of bypass fat and increased AA
supply to the intestine may provide
an
efficient
combination for improved production in the
first trimester of lactation.
Reproductive performance was improved by
Doublepro, particularly at the first
AI
when
body condition was similar in the two treat
ments. In a previous report (17), reproductive
response to CSFA was mainly at the second
AI However, in that study (17), body condi
tion scores
of
cows fed CSFA reached a mini
mum and began to increase later in lactation
than did controls and later than did cows ob-
served in our study. This difference may indi
cate that, in that experiment (17), the supply of
VIP
in
early lactation was limiting.
In
another situation (Experiment 2),
Doublepro was used to examine the effect of
constant dietary VIP but varied CP and DIP.
Consumption of VIP was at least 1.54 kg/d,
which is more than adequate based on NRC
(9) recommendations; DIP were 1.7, 2.1, and
2.5 kg/d. The NRC (9) recommendation for
DIP is 2.0 kg at the production tested. Both
TABLE
8
Rumen VFA and NH3 concentrations in rumen fluid and concentrations
of
some metabolites in plasma of
cows fed diets s imilar in undegradable intake protein but differing in CP level, Experiment 2.
Dietary P
15.2
16.3
17.5 SE
Rumen fluid
Acet ic acid (A), mol/1oo mol
60.3 59.9
62.4
.8
Propionic acid (P), mol/1oo mol
24.0 24.3
23.1 .7
Butyric acid (B), mol/1oo mol
13.1
13.3
8
11.2
b
.5
(A
B)/P
3 1
3.0 3.2
1
NH3, mgldl 15 6<
18.0
b
21.2
8
.9
Plasma
Urea, mgldl
14.6
b
20.0
20.6
8
.4
Protein, gldl
7.80 7.72
7.71 .08
FFA, M 46.5 45.7
43.5 2.2
TO, mgldl
29.6 32.2 32.9
2.3
8 b cMeans
in rows with different superscripts differ
<
.05).
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I 1993
222 SKLAN AND TINSKY
TABLE 7 Production by cows fed diets similar in undegradable protein but differing in CP, Experiment 2
Dietary P
15.2 16.3 17.5 SE
Milk, kgld
36.7
b
37.3
8
37.3
8
.2
Fat,
3 1
b
3.06 3.05
8
.03
Fat, kgld
l.lQb
1.14
8
1.14
8
1
Protein,
2.85
b
2.88
8
2.86
b
.01
Protein. kgld
1.042
b
1.075
8
1.067
8
6
3.5 FCM, kgld
33.8
b
34.7
8
34.7
8
2
l.hMeans in rows with different superscripts differ
<
.05).
source of enhanced energy supply before and
at peak lactation
in
cows
fed
Doublepro was
indicated
by
the tendency of the cows to utilize
more body reserves for milk synthesis. The
enhanced partial efficiency of milk production
may
be explained by more efficient milk syn
thesis from long-chain fatty acid precursors
compared with VFA, as suggested
by
Kronfeld
(8) and Brumby et al (2). Furthermore, synthe
sis of
more milk requires higher
AA
supply or
higher quality AA supply to the mammary
gland, which may have been provided by the
higher VIP in the present study. However,
because protein sources varied slightly in the
different treatments, AA supply to the mam
mary gland could have differed. Thus, the
combination of bypass fat and increased AA
supply to the intestine may provide
an
efficient
combination for improved production in the
first trimester of lactation.
Reproductive performance was improved by
Doublepro, particularly at the first
AI
when
body condition was similar in the two treat
ments. In a previous report (17), reproductive
response to CSFA was mainly at the second
AI However, in that study (17), body condi
tion scores
of
cows fed CSFA reached a mini
mum and began to increase later in lactation
than did controls and later than did cows ob-
served in our study. This difference may indi
cate that, in that experiment (17), the supply of
VIP
in
early lactation was limiting.
In
another situation (Experiment 2),
Doublepro was used to examine the effect of
constant dietary VIP but varied CP and DIP.
Consumption of VIP was at least 1.54 kg/d,
which is more than adequate based on NRC
(9) recommendations; DIP were 1.7, 2.1, and
2.5 kg/d. The NRC (9) recommendation for
DIP is 2.0 kg at the production tested. Both
TABLE
8
Rumen VFA and NH3 concentrations in rumen fluid and concentrations
of
some metabolites in plasma of
cows fed diets s imilar in undegradable intake protein but differing in CP level, Experiment 2.
Dietary P
15.2
16.3
17.5 SE
Rumen fluid
Acet ic acid (A), mol/1oo mol
60.3 59.9
62.4
.8
Propionic acid (P), mol/1oo mol
24.0 24.3
23.1 .7
Butyric acid (B), mol/1oo mol
13.1
13.3
8
11.2
b
.5
(A
B)/P
3 1
3.0 3.2
1
NH3, mgldl 15 6<
18.0
b
21.2
8
.9
Plasma
Urea, mgldl
14.6
b
20.0
20.6
8
.4
Protein, gldl
7.80 7.72
7.71 .08
FFA, M 46.5 45.7
43.5 2.2
TO, mgldl
29.6 32.2 32.9
2.3
8 b cMeans
in rows with different superscripts differ
<
.05).
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I 1993
-
8/19/2019 sklan1993
8/8
BYPASS FAT AND PROTEIN FOR PRODUCTION
223
DMI and milk production were depressed in
cows fed the ration with the lowest CP and
DIP, probably because of lower rumen
fermentable N as indicated by lower rumen
NH3
concentrations and plasma urea concen
trations. Milk production and protein produc
tion decreased, although percentage
of
protein
was not reduced. In a recent study 20)
in
which 12 CP was fed compared with 16
CP from different protein sources, low dietary
CP content reduced DMI and milk production.
Milk protein percentage was not changed from
wk lOin milk when
12
CP was fed, al
though milk protein production decreased.
Other reports 18, 21) also indicated that low
P or DIP is accompanied by decreased DMI
and milk production. Cows that were fed DIP
close
to
or kg above the percentage calcu
lated [on the basis
of
actual production from
NRC 9)] showed no differences in milk
production or composition in the present study.
Percentages
of
UIP were .2 kg more than the
minimum NRC 9) recommendation; thus, ex
cess VIP or DIP did not enhance production.
The use
of
CSFA as a coating material to
decrease degradability of proteins
in
the rumen
can enhance production. Use
of
this product to
increase VIP and to decrease DIP with added
CSFA in the ftrst trimester of lactation im
proved production and reproduction. Lack of
CP and DIP reduced milk production, and
excess DIP did not improve performance.
KNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported in part by Bi
olinol Gmbh, Hamburg, Germany.
REFEREN ES
I Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990.
Official Methods
of
Analysis. 15th ed. AOAC, Arling
ton, VA.
2 Brumby, P. E., J. E. Storry,
J.
A. Bines, and R.
J.
Fulford. 1978. Utilization of energy for maintenance
and production in dairy cows given protected tallow
during early lactation.
J.
Agric. Sci. Carob.) 91:151.
3 Chalupa. W., B. Rickabaugh, D. S. Kronfeld, and D.
SkIan. 1984. Ruminal fermentation in vitro as in
fluenced by long-chain fatty acids.
J.
Dairy Sci. 67:
1439.
4 Chalupa, W., B. Vecchiarelli,
A.
H. Elser, D. S.
Kronfeld, D. SkIan, and D. L. Palmquist. 1986. Ru-
men fermentation in vivo as influenced by long chain
fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1293.
5 Coulomb, J. J., and
L.
Favreau. 1963. A new simple
semimicro method for the colorimetric determination
of urea. CIin. Chern. 9:102.
6 Ferguson,
J.
D., D. SkIan, W. Chalupa, and D. S.
Kronfeld. 1990. Effects of hard fats on the in vitro and
in vivo rumen fermentat ion, milk product ion, and
reproduction in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2864.
7 Jenkins, T. C., and D. L. Palmquist . 1984. Effect of
fatty acid or calcium soaps on rumen and total nutrient
digestibility of dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci. 67:978.
8 Kronfeld, D. S. 1976. The potential importance of the
proportions of g1ucogenic, lipogenic and aminogenic
nutrients in regard to the health and productivity of
dairy cows. Adv. Anim. Nutr. Physiol . 7:7.
9 National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Require
ments of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci .,
Washington, DC.
10Palmquist, D. L. 1984. Use of fats in diets for lactat
ing dairy cows. Page 357 Fats in Animal Nutrition.
J. Wiseman, ed. Butterworths, London, Engl.
Palmquist , D. L., and
T.
C
Jenkins. 1980. Fat in
lactation rations: a review.
J.
Dairy Sci. 63: 1.
12 S S S T ~ for Personal Computers. 6th edi tion,
Version 6.04. 1989. SAS Inst ., Inc., Cary, NC.
13 Schneider, P., D. SkIan, W. Chalupa. and D. S. Kron
feld. 1988. Feeding calcium salts of fatty acids to
lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2143.
14 Sklan, D. 1989. In vitro and in vivo protection of
proteins coated with calcium soaps of long chain fatty
acids in ruminants. J. Agric. Sci . Camb.) 112:79.
15 SkIan, D., A. Arieli, W. Chalupa, and D. S. Kronfeld.
1985. Digestion and absorption
of
lipids and bile acids
in sheep fed stearic acid, ole ic acid,
or
tristearin. J.
Dairy Sci. 68:1667.
16 SkIan, D., E. Bogin, Y. Avidar, and S. Gur-Arie.
1989. Feeding calcium soaps of fatty acids to lactating
cows: effect on production, body condition and blood
lipids.
J.
airyRes. 56:675.
17 Sklan, D., U. Moallem, and Y. Folman. 1991. Effect
of
feeding calcium soaps
of
fatty acids on production
and reproductive responses in high producing lactating
cows.
J.
Dairy Sci. 74:510.
18 Stokes, S. R., W.
H.
Hoover, T. K. Miller, and R.
Blauweikel. 1991. Rumina digestion and microbial
utilization of diets varying in type of carbohydrate and
protein. J. Dairy Sci. 74:871.
19 Tyrrell, H. F., and J. T. Reid. 1965. Prediction of the
energy value of cows milk.
J.
Dairy Sci. 48:1215.
20 Wohlt,
J.
E., S. L. Chmiel, P. K Zajac, L. Backer, D.
B. Blethen, and J. L. Evans. 1991. Dry matter intake,
milk yield and composition and nitrogen use in Hol
stein cows fed soybean, fish, or corn gluten meals. J.
Dairy Sci. 74:1609.
21
Zimmerman, C.
A., A.
H. Rakes,
R.
D. Jacquette, B.
A. Hopkins, and W.
J.
Croom. 1991. Effects
of
pro
tein level and forage source on milk production and
composit ion in early lactat ion dairy cows. J. Dairy
Sci. 74:980.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I , 1993
BYPASS FAT AND PROTEIN FOR PRODUCTION
223
DMI and milk production were depressed in
cows fed the ration with the lowest CP and
DIP, probably because of lower rumen
fermentable N as indicated by lower rumen
NH3
concentrations and plasma urea concen
trations. Milk production and protein produc
tion decreased, although percentage
of
protein
was not reduced. In a recent study 20)
in
which 12 CP was fed compared with 16
CP from different protein sources, low dietary
CP content reduced DMI and milk production.
Milk protein percentage was not changed from
wk lOin milk when
12
CP was fed, al
though milk protein production decreased.
Other reports 18, 21) also indicated that low
P or DIP is accompanied by decreased DMI
and milk production. Cows that were fed DIP
close
to
or kg above the percentage calcu
lated [on the basis
of
actual production from
NRC 9)] showed no differences in milk
production or composition in the present study.
Percentages
of
UIP were .2 kg more than the
minimum NRC 9) recommendation; thus, ex
cess VIP or DIP did not enhance production.
The use
of
CSFA as a coating material to
decrease degradability of proteins
in
the rumen
can enhance production. Use
of
this product to
increase VIP and to decrease DIP with added
CSFA in the ftrst trimester of lactation im
proved production and reproduction. Lack of
CP and DIP reduced milk production, and
excess DIP did not improve performance.
KNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported in part by Bi
olinol Gmbh, Hamburg, Germany.
REFEREN ES
I Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990.
Official Methods
of
Analysis. 15th ed. AOAC, Arling
ton, VA.
2 Brumby, P. E., J. E. Storry,
J.
A. Bines, and R.
J.
Fulford. 1978. Utilization of energy for maintenance
and production in dairy cows given protected tallow
during early lactation.
J.
Agric. Sci. Carob.) 91:151.
3 Chalupa. W., B. Rickabaugh, D. S. Kronfeld, and D.
SkIan. 1984. Ruminal fermentation in vitro as in
fluenced by long-chain fatty acids.
J.
Dairy Sci. 67:
1439.
4 Chalupa, W., B. Vecchiarelli,
A.
H. Elser, D. S.
Kronfeld, D. SkIan, and D. L. Palmquist. 1986. Ru-
men fermentation in vivo as influenced by long chain
fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1293.
5 Coulomb, J. J., and
L.
Favreau. 1963. A new simple
semimicro method for the colorimetric determination
of urea. CIin. Chern. 9:102.
6 Ferguson,
J.
D., D. SkIan, W. Chalupa, and D. S.
Kronfeld. 1990. Effects of hard fats on the in vitro and
in vivo rumen fermentat ion, milk product ion, and
reproduction in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2864.
7 Jenkins, T. C., and D. L. Palmquist . 1984. Effect of
fatty acid or calcium soaps on rumen and total nutrient
digestibility of dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci. 67:978.
8 Kronfeld, D. S. 1976. The potential importance of the
proportions of g1ucogenic, lipogenic and aminogenic
nutrients in regard to the health and productivity of
dairy cows. Adv. Anim. Nutr. Physiol . 7:7.
9 National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Require
ments of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci .,
Washington, DC.
10Palmquist, D. L. 1984. Use of fats in diets for lactat
ing dairy cows. Page 357 Fats in Animal Nutrition.
J. Wiseman, ed. Butterworths, London, Engl.
Palmquist , D. L., and
T.
C
Jenkins. 1980. Fat in
lactation rations: a review.
J.
Dairy Sci. 63: 1.
12 S S S T ~ for Personal Computers. 6th edi tion,
Version 6.04. 1989. SAS Inst ., Inc., Cary, NC.
13 Schneider, P., D. SkIan, W. Chalupa. and D. S. Kron
feld. 1988. Feeding calcium salts of fatty acids to
lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2143.
14 Sklan, D. 1989. In vitro and in vivo protection of
proteins coated with calcium soaps of long chain fatty
acids in ruminants. J. Agric. Sci . Camb.) 112:79.
15 SkIan, D., A. Arieli, W. Chalupa, and D. S. Kronfeld.
1985. Digestion and absorption
of
lipids and bile acids
in sheep fed stearic acid, ole ic acid,
or
tristearin. J.
Dairy Sci. 68:1667.
16 SkIan, D., E. Bogin, Y. Avidar, and S. Gur-Arie.
1989. Feeding calcium soaps of fatty acids to lactating
cows: effect on production, body condition and blood
lipids.
J.
airyRes. 56:675.
17 Sklan, D., U. Moallem, and Y. Folman. 1991. Effect
of
feeding calcium soaps
of
fatty acids on production
and reproductive responses in high producing lactating
cows.
J.
Dairy Sci. 74:510.
18 Stokes, S. R., W.
H.
Hoover, T. K. Miller, and R.
Blauweikel. 1991. Rumina digestion and microbial
utilization of diets varying in type of carbohydrate and
protein. J. Dairy Sci. 74:871.
19 Tyrrell, H. F., and J. T. Reid. 1965. Prediction of the
energy value of cows milk.
J.
Dairy Sci. 48:1215.
20 Wohlt,
J.
E., S. L. Chmiel, P. K Zajac, L. Backer, D.
B. Blethen, and J. L. Evans. 1991. Dry matter intake,
milk yield and composition and nitrogen use in Hol
stein cows fed soybean, fish, or corn gluten meals. J.
Dairy Sci. 74:1609.
21
Zimmerman, C.
A., A.
H. Rakes,
R.
D. Jacquette, B.
A. Hopkins, and W.
J.
Croom. 1991. Effects
of
pro
tein level and forage source on milk production and
composit ion in early lactat ion dairy cows. J. Dairy
Sci. 74:980.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 76, No. I , 1993