Dr Prennie Vidiera Fr Muller Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
Superficial Layer
• EPIDERMIS
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Deeper Layer
•DERMIS
• Connective Tissue
The line of junction between the 2 layers is wavy
because of
The presence of numerous finger like projections of
Dermis upwards into the epidermis
Dermal papillae
The surface of the epidermis is marked by elevations & depressions
Prominent on the palms & ventral surface of the fingers & feet
These elevation form EPIDERMAL RIDGES
Essential for finger prints
5 layers
Basal layer
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
(Malpighian layer)
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum
Stratum Basale
• Deepest
• Single layer of columnar cells
• Undergo mitosis & give off cells called Keratinocytes
also known as
Germinal layer/ Stratum Germinativum
Stratum spinosum
• Several layers of polygonal keratinocytes
• Cells are attached to one another by numerous Desmosomes
• Some mitosis may occur in the deeper cells
• Germinative zone
Stratum Granulosum
• Overlies the stratum spinosa
• Few (1-5) layers of flattened cells (deeply staining)
• The granules consists of a protein called keratohyalin.
Stratum Lucidum
• Lucid=Clear
• Appears homogenous
• Cell boundaries extremely indistinct
• Traces of flattened nuclei
Stratum Corneum
• Superficial layer
• Acellular
• Made up of flattened scale like elements containing keratin filaments embedded in protein
• held together by a glue like material containing lipids & carbohydrates
• Resistant to permeability
• The thickness of this layer is greatest where the skin is exposed to maximal friction
• Eg:- Soles and palms
• The superficial layer constantly sheds off & replaced by proliferation of cells in deeper layers
Papillary Layer
Connective Tissue is dense
Thick skin of palms and soles
Reticular Layer
Thick fibre bundles & elastic
fibres
Interval between the fibre bundles are occupied by adipose tissue.
• Present almost the whole body
• Not present : Palms, Soles, Ventral surface & sides of the digits & some parts of the male & female external genitalia
Parts
• The visible part – shaft
• Embedded part – root
• Expanded lower end of the root – bulb
• The bulb is generated invaginated from below by part of the dermis – hair papilla
• Root is surrounded by a tubular sheath – hair follicle
Structure of hair shaft
Hair – Modified part of stratum corneum
Has outer cortex and inner medulla in large hairs, no medulla in thin hairs
Cortex is acellular & is made up of keratin
Medulla consists of cornified cells of irregular shapes
Surface is covered by a thin membrane
Cuticle
formed by
flattened cornified cells
contains
melanin
responsible for colour
Structure of Hair Follicle
• Part of the epidermis that has been invaginated into the dermis around the hair root
• Its innermost layer continues with the surface of the skin & outermost layer continues with the dermis
Arrector Pili Muscles
• These are bands of smooth muscles attached at one end to the dermis, just below the dermal papilla &
• at the other end to the connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle
• Found in dermis of the skin
• Ducts open into the hair follicle
• Holocrine gland
• Secretes sebum: antifungal & anti bacterial. Contains lipids & cholesterol– Oily in nature
– Prevents dryness
– Resistant to moisture
• The secretary acinus has,
– flattened epithelial cells
– Centrally placed rounded cells / sebocytes
The part of the duct present in the dermis is straight
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
the part passing through the dermis is coiled
epidermal cells
ECCRINE GLANDS
• Widely distributed
• Numerous on forehead, scalp, palms & soles
• Absent on
– Tympanic Membrane
– Margins of lips
– Labia minora
– Glans penis
• Each gland is long, unbranched tubular structure
• Presents a highly coiled secretory portion called as body within the dermis & a narrower ductal portion, which opens on skin surface
• Secretions of sweat glands are clear, colourless and hypotonic
APOCRINE GLANDS
• Found in
– Axilla
– Areola
– Perianal region
– Prepuce scrotum
– Mons pubis
– External acoustic meatus
• These glands secrete a protein rich, milky fluid which is initially odourless but acquires a distinct odour due to bacterial decomposition
• Nails are plates of keratinised epithelial cells on dorsal surface of distal phalynx
• Consists of 3 parts
– Proximal part or root
– Exposed part or body
– Free distal border
• Consists of dead anucleate keratin
• Body rests on nail bed which is composed of stratum basale & stratum spinosum