Skeletal System - londonsci.weebly.comlondonsci.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/2/4/37242935/3.1... · Types of Joints (Articulations) •Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures) •Amphiarthrotic

Skeletal System

Webquest – The Mystery of Bones

Written Response #1: Types of Bone Cells

Type of Bone Cell Function of Bone Cell Drawing of Bone Cell

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteogenic Cell

Osteoclast

Bone Cells

Types of Bone Cells

• Osteoblasts• Immature bone cells

• Responsible for bone formation by secreting a matrix of organic compounds and mineral salts.

• Controlled by the level of Calcitonin hormone which promotes calcium to be deposited into the bone.

Types of Bone Cells

• Osteocytes• Mature bone cells enclosed in tiny capsules called

lucanae – the principle cells of bone tissue

• Maintain cellular activities of bone tissue, but don’t carry out mitosis.

• these form rings called lamella around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels

• CANALICULI - tiny canals that link osteocytes

Types of Bone Cells

• Osteoclasts• Cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium from

the bones (erodes the bones) – controlled by the Parathyroid hormone.

• Important in the dev., growth, maintenance and repair of bone tissue.

• Help to maintain blood calcium levels

Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support and protection of vital organs (Framework and muscle attachment.)

• Movement Facilitation

• Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation

• occurs in bone marrow

• Mineral Storage (salt, calcium, potassium….)

• Energy Storage

Organization

• About 206 bones in adults.

• Two Main Divisions:• Axial & Appendicular

Axial Skeleton

• Head, neck, trunk

• Skull

• Hyoid Bone

• Vertebral Column

• Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)

• Sternum

Hyoid Bone

Appendicular Skeleton

• Limbs & Bones that connect to the:• Pectoral Girdle (scapula, clavicle, arms)

• Pelvic Girdle (coxal bones, legs)

Written Response #2: Bone Classification

Bone ClassificationDescribe the appearance

Function Examples

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid

Types of Bones

Coloring of a Long Bone - Handout

Written Response #3

1. If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?

2. In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?

3. In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?

4. Considering how a long bone develops, what are the similarities and differences between a primary and a secondary ossification center?

Bone Structure – Long Bone

1. Epiphysis (end)

2. Diaphysis (shaft)

3. Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage, padding)

4. Periosteum (membrane that covers entire bone)

Inside the Long Bone

5. Medullary Cavity –hollow chamber filled with bone marrow• Red Marrow (blood)

• Yellow Marrow (fat)

• Endosteum – lining of the medullary

Types of Bone Tissue

• Compact (wall of the diaphysis)

• Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

Structure of a Long Bone

Review the Structure of a Long Bone• Complete the following

quiz as a warm up. Quiz Monday.

• Matching quiz at: http://tinyurl.com/nfgd4v3

Osteocytes

Haversian CanalVolkmann’s Canal

Compact Bone – Bone Matrix Coloring

Test Yourself

• Find the...• Haversian Canal• Volkmann's Canal• Canaliculi• Lamellae• Lacuna• Osteocyte• Perforating Fibers• Periosteum• Spongy Bone• Compact Bone

Ossification & Bone Growth

• The process by which bones form in the body by replacing pre-existing connective tissue with bone. This occurs during bone development

• There are two types of bone growth:• Intramembraneous bone growth

• Occurs in the skull

• Osteoblasts form osteocytes

• Endochondral bone growth• Occurs in skeletal bones; also occurs in the growth plates of

long bones.

• Hyaline cartilage turns to bone

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Bone Development & Growth

1. Bones first form as hyaline cartilage.

2. The cartilage then gradually changes into bone tissue - a process called OSSIFICATION

• PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft)

• SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

Bone Development & Growth

• Epiphyseal disk (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis

• These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify

Resorption

• Osteoclasts - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

Bone Growth

• Coloring of the Aging Hand - Assignment

BONES!Season 1 Episode 14

Types of Joints (Articulations)

• Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures)

• Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)

• Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

Synovial Fluid

• Synovial fluid: fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate

• Types of Joints:1. Ball and Socket

2. Hinge

3. Pivot

4. Saddle

Tendons and Ligaments

• Tendons: connect muscle to bone• A band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue

extending from a muscle to a bone for attachment

• Ligaments: connect bone to bone• A band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue

extending from one bone to another bone to provide a joint with structural stability

ACL Surgery

• ACL = anterior cruciate ligament

• PCL = poster cruciate ligament

• MCL = medial collateral ligament

• LCL = lateral collateral ligament

Bones as Levers - Activity

Bones of the Skull: Skull Labeling Assignment1. Frontal –

2. Parietal –

3. Occipital –

4. Temporal –

5. Sphenoid –

6. Maxilla –

7. Mandible -

8. Zygomatic -

Sphenoid Bone

• Named for its shape - a butterfly!

Sutures

• Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)

• Fissure - any wide gap between bones

Sutures: Connection Points

1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones

2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones

3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones

4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

Fontanels are “soft spots” on an infant’s skull

Topography of the Skull

• Foramen - refers to any opening in the skull, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face

Mental Foramen

Foramen

Magnum

Foramen Magnum

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.10

Don’t Need To Know

You Get the point!

Yup, these too.

Nope

As far as you are concerned, this is the

occipital bone.

Written Response #4

The Rest of the Bones: Human Skeleton Model – Assignment

Vertebrae

• Neck = cervical

• Middle Back = thoracic

• Lower Back = lumbar

Thoracic Cage – 12 pairs of ribs

• True Ribs = First seven• Connects directly to the

sternum

• False Ribs = Next five pairs

• Connects to sternum with assistance of cartilage.

• Floating Ribs = Last two pairs

• Don’t connect at all.

Pectoral Girdle

• Two CLAVICLES (collarbones)

• Two SCAPULAS (shoulder blade)

Bones of the Arm

• Ulna goes to pinky (P-U)

• Radius goes to thumb

Wrist Bones

• Wrist - 8 small bones called carpals

• Metacarpals (hand)

• Phalanges (fingers)

Assignment –

Carpels Labeling

Carpal Labeling - Assignment

Pelvic Girdle – two large Coxal Bones (separated)

Pelvic Girdle

• The sacrum is between coxal bones, coccyx is the tailbone

COXALCOXAL

Bones of the Leg

• Femur – upper leg

• Patella – knee cap

• Tibia and Fibula – lower leg

Bones of the Ankle: Carpals Labeling - Assignment• Tarsals: ankle and upper

foot - 7 bones

• Calcaneous: large heel bone

• Foot = metatarsals

• Toes = phalanges

Medical Imaging -Handout

Broken Bones

Bone Disorders

• 1. Bone spurs (osteophytes) occur when the body grows small projections on the edges of bones

2. Plantar fasciitis

• common cause of heel pain.

• inflammation of the plantar fascia

• walking can be painful

3. OSTEOPOROSIS

• Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, bones become more fragile

• The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.

Causes of Osteoporosis

1. Lack of exercise

2. Poor diet

3. Genetics

4. Ethnicity

5. Gender

You Tube video called Osteoporosis can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uAXX5GvGrI&feature=related

Why do older people break their hips?• A femoral neck fracture

is common among older adults and can be related to osteoporosis. This type of fracture may cause a complication because the break usually cuts off the blood supply to the head of the femur.

Hip Replacement Surgery

4. Rheumatoid arthritis

• an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity

Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece

4. Rickets

• This preventable bone disease affects young children and is caused by a deficiency of the nutrient vitamin D. Rickets causes weak, brittle bones that fracture easily and bone and muscle pain.

Abnormalities of the Spine

• KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve

• LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.

• Curvature of the spine video

Abnormalities of the Spine

• ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

• Fibrodysplasiaossificans progressive: soft tissue regrows as bone. Sufferers are slowly imprisoned by their own skeletons

Herniated Discs (Slipped Discs)

• Rupture of the fibrocartilage discs

• Usually caused by compression forces

• Usually occurs between L4 and L5 or L5 and the 1st Sacral Vertebrae

• Disc protrudes and exerts pressure on spinal nerves

• To decrease risk of herniated discs:1. maintain optimal body weight2. strengthen abdominal muscles3. increase lower back flexibility

Herniated Disc

You Tube Video called Disc Protrusion found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEOlXmUeK7o&feature=related

Spina Bifida

• congenital defect where the neural arch fails to unite

• usually involves the lumbar vertebrae

• symptoms may be mild to severe• usually results in paralysis

• partial or complete loss of bladder control

• absence of reflexes

• can be diagnosed during pregnancy by sonography, amniocentesis, blood tests

You Tube Video called Spina Bifida Animation can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouMi5z1vwbE

Fun Facts About Bones

• Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.

• Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.

• The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total.

• The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5 mph.

Male Vs Female Skeletal Structure

Male

• Pelvic cavity narrower and less roomier.

• Coccyx less movable

• Sacrum long, narrower with concavity.

• Larger joint surfaces

• Smaller pelvic arch.

• Pelvic heavy and thick.

Female• Pelvic cavity wider,

deeper.• Coccyx more movable.• Sacrum short, wide

nearly flat with forward curvature in lower part.

• Pelvic light and thin.• Smaller joint surfaces.• Pelvic arch wider than

males.