Sjzl20061038-ZXCBTS MBTS (EV-DO) General Description

ZXCBTSCDMA Micro Base Transceiver Station

(EV-DO)General Description

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Revision History

Date Revision No. Serial No. Reason for Revision

07/06/2006 R1.0 sjzl20061038 First edition

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Document Name ZXCBTS CDMA Micro Base Transceiver Station (EV-DO) General Description

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Contents

About this Manual............................................................. i Purpose................................................................................ i Intended Audience ................................................................. i Prerequisite Skill and Knowledge .............................................. i What is in This Manual............................................................ i Related Documentation.......................................................... ii Conventions......................................................................... ii How to Get in Touch............................................................. iii

Chapter 1.......................................................................1

CDMA Basic Theory..........................................................1 CDMA Introduction ..........................................................2

CDMA Overview....................................................................2 Spreading Process................................................................2 CDMA Spread Code Selection..................................................3 Speech Coding Technology.....................................................6 Channel Encoding Technology.................................................7 Turbo Code ........................................................................ 11 Power Control..................................................................... 15 3G System Overview ........................................................... 15 CDMA2000 All-IP Network Overview ...................................... 16 Network Structure............................................................... 17 Interfaces Overview............................................................... 21

Basic Flow.................................................................... 22 Speech Call Process ............................................................ 22 Packet Data Call Process ...................................................... 23 Handoff Process.................................................................. 25

Basic Concepts ............................................................. 29

Chapter 2.....................................................................31

Product Introduction .....................................................31 ZXCBTS M802/M192 Position in 1x EV-DO Rev. A Network.. 32

1x EV-DO Rev. A Radio Access Network Model.........................32 M802/M192 Interfaces in 1x EV-DO Rev. A Networks................33

Product Features........................................................... 34 Product Functions ......................................................... 35

Chapter 3.....................................................................37

Product Indices..............................................................37 Technical Specification................................................... 38 Product Performance ..................................................... 39 RF Indices.................................................................... 40 Applied Standards ......................................................... 41

Chapter 4.....................................................................41

System Structure ...........................................................41 ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 Structure ............................... 41 Baseband Digital Subsystem........................................... 41 Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS) .................................. 41 Micro BTS Transmitter Receiver (MTRX) ........................... 41 Micro BTS Power Amplification (MPA) ............................... 41 Micro BTS Low Noise Amplifier (MLNA) ............................. 41 Micro BTS Duplexer (MDUP) ........................................... 41 Micro BTS Diversity (MDIV) ............................................ 41 Timing and Frequency Subsystem (TFS)........................... 41 Power Subsystem ......................................................... 41

Chapter 5.....................................................................41

Networking and Configuration ......................................41 Micro BTS Networking Modes .......................................... 41 Cell Splitting Solution .................................................... 41 System Configuration .................................................... 41

Single-Carrier Single-Sector..................................................41 Single-Carrier Two-Sector.....................................................41

Single-Carrier Three-Sector .................................................. 41 Two-Carrier Single-Sector .................................................... 41 Three-Carrier Single-Sector .................................................. 41

Appendix A..................................................................41

Support Workflow..........................................................41 Fault Rectification Handling Flow ..................................... 41 Repair Workflow Description ........................................... 41 Service Guarantee......................................................... 41

Appendix B................................................................41

Abbreviations.................................................................41

Index..............................................................................41

Figures............................................................................41

Tables.............................................................................41


Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION i

About this Manual

Purpose

This manual provides the basic information you need for the ZXCBTS M802/M192 system.

Intended Audience

This document is intended for engineers and technicians who perform operation activities on the ZXCBTS CDMA Micro Base Transceiver Station (EV-DO) General Description.

Prerequisite Skill and Knowledge

To use this document effectively, users should have a general understanding of wireless telecommunications technology. Familiarity with the following is helpful:

CDMA2000 technology

ZXC10 system and its various components

What is in This Manual

This Manual contains the following chapters:

T AB L E 1 - C H A P T E R S S U M M AR Y

Chapters Summary

Chapter 1 Overview CDMA Basic Theory

Chapter 2 Overview Product Introduction

Chapter 3 Overview Product Indices

Chapter 4 Overview System Structure

Chapter 5 Overview Networking and Configuration

ZXCBTS CDMA Micro Base Transceiver Station (EV-DO) General Description

ii Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Related Documentation

The following documentation is related to this manual:

ZXCBTS CDMA Micro Base Transceiver Station (EV-DO) Routine Maintenance Manual

Conventions

ZTE documents employ the following typographical conventions.

T AB L E 2 - TY P O G R AP H I C A L C O N V E N T I O N S

Typeface Meaning

Italics References to other Manuals and documents.

“Quotes” Links on screens.

Bold Menus, menu options, function names, input fields, radio button names, check boxes, drop-down lists, dialog box names, window names.

CAPS Keys on the keyboard and buttons on screens and company name.

Constant width Text that you type, program code, files and directory names, and function names.

[ ] Optional parameters.

{ } Mandatory parameters.

| Select one of the parameters that are delimited by it.

Note: Provides additional information about a certain topic.

Checkpoint: Indicates that a particular step needs to be checked before proceeding further.

Tip: Indicates a suggestion or hint to make things easier or more productive for the reader.

Typographical Conventions

About this Manual

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION iii

T AB L E 3 - M O U S E OP E R AT I O N C O N V E N T I O N S

Typeface Meaning

Click Refers to clicking the primary mouse button (usually the left mouse button) once.

Double-click Refers to quickly clicking the primary mouse button (usually the left mouse button) twice.

Right-click Refers to clicking the secondary mouse button (usually the right mouse button) once.

Drag Refers to pressing and holding a mouse button and moving the mouse.

How to Get in Touch

The following sections provide information on how to obtain support for the documentation and the software.

If you have problems, questions, comments, or suggestions regarding your product, contact us by e-mail at [email protected]. You can also call our customer support center at (86) 755 26771900 and (86) 800-9830-9830.

ZTE welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this document. For further questions, comments, or suggestions on the documentation, you can contact us by e-mail at [email protected]; or you can fax your comments and suggestions to (86) 755 26772236. You can also browse our website at http://support.zte.com.cn, which contains various interesting subjects like documentation, knowledge base, forum and service request.

Mouse Operation

Conventions

Customer Support

Documentation Support


iv Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION


Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 1

C h a p t e r 1

CDMA Basic Theory

This chapter describes:

CDMA Introduction

CDMA Overview

Spreading Process

CDMA Spread Code Selection

Speech Coding Technology

Channel Coding Technology

Turbo Coding

Power Control

3G system overview

CDMA2000 All-IP Network Overview

Network Structure

Interface Overview

Basic Flow

speech call process

packet data call process

soft handoff process

Basic Concepts


2 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

CDMA Introduction CDMA Overview

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a radio communication technology that defines channels based on pseudo random code. CDMA uses a group of orthogonal (or quasi-orthogonal) random PN sequences and related processes to implement the functions that allow multiple users to share frequency resource in air transmissions and to access and connect simultaneously. It is one of the most widely applied technologies in 3G mobile communication.

As a development direction of 3G, CDMA 1X (single-carrier CDMA) proposed by the 3GPP2 has been in mass commercial applications.

Spreading Process

CDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading, where spreading process is done by directly combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. Spreading Factor is the ratio of the chips (UMTS = 3.84 Mchips/s) to baseband information rate. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS. Spreading process gain can be expressed in dBs (Spreading factor 128 = 21 dB gain). OVSF codes are used in channel coding.

Figure 1 shows the CDMA spreading process.

Chapter 1 CDMA Basic Theory


F I G U R E 1 - CDM A S P R E AD I N G P R O C E S S

CDMA Spread Code Selection

Spread codes need to be able to differentiate, i.e. so-called orthogonality. The appropriate spread codes should have the following characteristics:

Correlation

The signal can only be de-spread by its own spread code but not any other spread codes.

Self-correlation

Its own latency does not influence signal de-spreading.

Easy to generate

Randomness

Have possibly the longest period to resist interference

At present, CDMA spread codes include Walsh and PN codes (m and M sequences).

Walsh code is a quadrature spread code, obtained from a Walsh function set. Walsh function is a two-variable orthogonal function system that values 1 and –1. It has multiple equivalent definition methods. Handmard numbering method, used in IS-95, is the most frequently used.

Walsh function set is a complete nonsinusoidal orthogonal set, often used as user access codes.

IS-95 standard gives out a Walsh function construction table for r=6, n=26=64.

Walsh Codes



The characteristics of Walsh function set are orthogonality and normalization. Orthogonality is the multiplication of two different Walsh functions with the same rank, and the integral within a specified range is 0. Normalization means to multiply a Walsh function by itself, and the average of the integrals within a specified range is +1.

Multiple methods can be used to generate Walsh sequences, but the most used is Handmard matrix. Iterative method is used in the process of forming a Walsh sequence using Handmard matrix.

The self-correlation and correlation of Walsh function are not ideal for asynchronous case, and will worsen with synchronization deviation.

Walsh codes are available in small number and lacking in random signal characteristics, so we need to use PN code sequences when a large number of spread codes are needed. PN code possesses the property similar to noise sequence. It is seemingly like a random sequence but it is a regular and periodic binary sequence. The mostly used PN code is m sequence.

m sequence is the abbreviation of the longest linear shift register sequence. As its name indicates, m sequence is the longest code sequence generated by a multistage shift register and other delay elements through linear feedback.

The structure of an m-sequence generator is an n-stage shift register that can be constructed by two equivalent methods:

Simple sequence random generator (SSRG)

Its input is obtained by modulo-2 adding the stage outputs of a shift register. It is equal to feedback input, which contains at least the output from the last stage.

The feedback input expressed in a polynomial is called m sequence generated polynomial.

f(x) = C0+C1x1+C2x2+……+ Cn-1xn-1+Cnxn

Where f(x) represents feedback input, xn represents nth stage output and C0~Cn represents feedback. Note that the addition in the formula is modulo-2 addition. The m sequence generator requires that C0 and Cn be 1.

Modular sequence random generator (MSRG)

The output of every stage can be modulo-2 added to that of the last stage and the result be used as input for the next stage. This m sequence generator structure is called modular sequence random generator.

SSRG is different from MSRG in that SSRG’s multistage outputs module-2 adders are in series, which produces a large latency and low speed; MSRG’s module-2 adders are in parallel, which produces small latency and fast speed. CDMA (IS-95) uses MSRG for m sequence generation.

M Sequence



The orthogonality of m sequence is not as good as Walsh code. This is shown by the correlation characteristic of m sequences at the same stage. m sequence correlation is greater than 0. This is an important reason why Walsh code is used and m sequence is not directly used.

m sequence self-correlation is strong. When the stage number is big, m sequences at different phases can be regarded as orthogonal.

m sequence period is 2r-1, where r stands for the number of stages a shift register has. The number of m sequences is related to the stage number.

When r=15, it is called PN short code.

When r=42, it is called PN long code.

The CDMA systems use the following two m sequences:

PN short code: The code length is 215.

PN long code: The code length is 242-1.

The following is a comparison of the three codes used in CDMA systems.

PN short code is used for orthogonal modulation of forward and reverse channels. Different base stations use different short codes in forward channels to identify themselves. The length of short code is 215.

PN long code is obtained by and-gate modulo-2 adding a pseudo random code generated by a 42-bit shift register and a 42-bit long code mask. The long code mask for each channel is different. It is also generated by a 42-bit shift register. The length of a long code is 242-1. In CDMA systems, long code is used to scramble forward link signals and spread reverse link signals.

Walsh code, due to its orthogonality, is used for forward spreading in CDMA systems.

Table 4 shows the comparison of three codes used in CDMA systems.

T AB L E 4 - C O D E S C O M P AR I S O N U S E D I N CDM A

Code Sequence

Length

Usage Purpose Code Rate

Characteristics

PN long code

242– 1 Reverse access channel

Reverse traffic channel

Direct sequence spreading

Identify mobile stations

1.2288 M Have sharp 2-value self-correlation

Three Codes Comparison



Code Sequence

Length

Usage Purpose Code Rate

Characteristics

Forward paging channel

Forward traffic channel

Data scrambling

19.2 K

All reverse channels

Quadrature spreading good for modulation

PN short code

215

All forward channels

Quadrature spreading good for modulation; identify base stations

1.2288 M

Equalization

All reverse channels

Orthogonal modulation

307.2 K Walsh code

64

All forward channels

Quadrature spreading; identify forward channels

1.2288 M

Orthogonality

We can combine the advantages of Walsh and PN codes in a supplementary way in real applications, i.e. using composite code to overcome their respective weaknesses.

Speech Coding Technology

Data transmission efficiency has been a critical issue in telecommunication networks development for a long time. It is extremely important. To date, researchers have been studying this issue in two ways.

Study new modulation methods and techniques to improve channel transmission bit rate. The index is the number of bits transmitted per Hz bandwidth.

Compress source coding bit rate. For example, using standard PCM coding, a 3.4 k Hz frequency band signal requires a transmission bit rate of 64 k bit/s. Obviously compressing this bit rate can increase the number of voice paths carried in a channel.

Voice coding, belonging to source coding, is completed by three coding techniques: waveform, parameter, and hybrid.

Then, what kind of voice coding technique is appropriate for mobile communication? This is mainly decided by the mobile



channel conditions. Because frequency resource is limited, signal-coding rates must be low. Because mobile channel transmission conditions are bad, coding algorithms must have good capability to prevent code errors. In addition, from users perspective, it also must offer good voice quality and small latency. To sum up, mobile communication has the following requirements for voice digital coding.

Low rate means pure coding rate should be lower than 16 k bit/s.

Voice quality must be possibly the best for a given coding rate.

Coding latency should be small, controlled within tens of seconds.

In a very noisy environment, the algorithm should have good capability to avoid code errors so as to maintain good voice quality.

The algorithm complexity should be moderate and easy for large-scale integration.

The rapid development of cellular systems all around the world has brought about an increase in CDMA cellular system’s capacity to 4~5 times other cellular mobile systems in the past, and much better service quality and coverage.

In order to adapt the development trends, current CDMA systems employ an effective voice coding technique: Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Prediction (QCELP).

It is a voice coding standard (IS-95) for the 2nd generation digital mobile systems (CDMA) in North America. This voice coding algorithm is Qualcomm’s patent. Not only can it work for fixed rates of 4/4.8/8/9.6 k bit/s etc, but also for variable rates within the range of 800 ~9600 bit/s. This technique can reduce the average data rate, which in turn doubles the capacity of CDMA systems based on digital telephone system.

QCELP algorithm is considered the most effective to date. One of its characteristics is using an appropriate threshold to decide the rate needed. The threshold varies with the background noise level, and thereby cancels the noise so that good voice quality can be achieved even in a clamor environment. CDMA voice quality is close to GSM 13 k bit/s.

Channel Encoding Technology

Due to the peculiarity of mobile communication systems, high requirement is imposed on channel encoding—mainly error control coding, also known as error correction coding, in order to obtain a specified bit error rate (BER) index. Error control coding



techniques include cyclic redundancy check (CRC), convolutional code, block interleaving code, Turbo code, and scramble code.

PHS uses: CRC and scramble codes.

GSM uses: Convolutional and block interleaving codes.

CDMA uses: CRC, convolutional, block interleaving, and scramble codes.

CDMA2000 uses CRC, convolutional, block interleaving, Turbo and scramble codes.

Radio signals may encounter various interferences during propagation. It can be said that mobile channels are the most complicated communication channels. Besides the interferences encountered in cabled channels, radio signals may come across various obstacles during its propagation, which might produce multipath and shadow effects on signals and make them disperse, diffract, and fade. The terrain and weather change might also influence radio signals and make them fade slowly. It is even worse when the mobile station is moving at a high speed, where signals may have Doppler frequency shift effect. All these factors may vary with the mobile station’s movement.

Multipath propagation

Multipath interference refers to inter-symbol interference at the receiver, induced by radio waves arriving at different times from different paths. It may attenuate the amplitude of transmitted data signals, broaden the waveforms, and thereby limit data transmission rate. The multipath in mobile channels is mainly caused by signal reflection on large buildings. From the perspective of mobile station, it receives the same signal at different times from different directions.

Figure 2 shows the radio signal multipath propagation.

F I G U R E 2 - RAD I O S I G N AL M U L T I P AT H P R O P AG AT I O N

Multipath not only significantly disperses the signal power, but also makes the mobile station receive only a part of the

Mobile Communicatio

n Channel Features



transmitted signal power. Also, multipath signals reach the mobile station at different times through different paths, resulting in different phases. Thus, multipath signals will weaken each other, leading to serious fading, big S/N drop, and bad receiving effect. Furthermore, for wideband communication where signal frequency spectrum is wide, frequency selective fading might also happen. This is mainly because different multipath situations may produce a variable degree of fading for different frequencies such that some frequency components are totally cancelled by multipath effect.

Figure 3 shows the multipath effect details.

F I G U R E 3 - MU L T I P AT H E F F E C T D E T AI L S

In the figure, the vertical axis indicates the gain in dB, and the horizontal axes are frequency and time respectively. We can see there are many “valleys”, where serious fading happens. The Rayleigh fading means the probability density function of signal electromagnetic strength complies with Rayleigh probability distribution of multipath fading. Another major contributor to Rayleigh fading is Doppler frequency shift effect. Multipath is unavoidable in mobile communications. Although it seriously interfere communications, people can also take advantage of it. For instance, when a mobile station moves to the back of a large building and enters the signal shadow area, radio signals can only reach the mobile station through reflection. People can make use of the reflected waves and/or wound waves to guarantee voice continuity. The technical measures taken against multipath in GSM and CDMA are time-domain equalization and receive diversity.

Doppler frequency shift

We often meet with such situations in our daily life, i.e. as a police car drives speedily towards us, we feel the siren becomes louder and sharper; and as it leaves us, the siren dulls down. This is the frequency change resulted from Doppler frequency shift. Doppler frequency shift means multipath effect can change not only the amplitude of transmitted signals but also their frequency structures, making the phases going up and down. It leads to data signal receive errors. The amount of Doppler frequency shift can be calculated using the following formula:



Doppler frequency shift = (moving speed/wave length) * COS (angle formed by incident wave and moving direction)

When people move slowly while talking on mobile phones, Doppler frequency shift can be neglected. But when people take a speedy car while talking on mobile phones, the influence of Doppler frequency shift has to be considered.

Signal shadow and transmission loss

As stated above, when a mobile station enters the shadow of a building, signals also fade because most of the signal power is shielded by the building. In this case, the mobile station can only receive those signals reflected and wound by other objects. However, this kind of fading is much slower than that caused by multipath, so it is called slow fading and is not as difficult to handle as fast fading.

Fading refers to the phenomenon that the amplitude of received signals keeps going up and down at random. The duration of fading is used to distinguish fast fading from slow fading. Fast fading is mostly caused by multipath. It seriously distorts signals. Slow fading is induced by various types of atmospheric reflection or obstacles such as terrain when the user is moving. With frequency increase, the curvature of signal levels varying with time gradually approaches Rayleigh distribution. Therefore, Raleigh distribution can be used to estimate the worst situation of fast fading.

CRC uses cyclic code to check and correct not only independent random errors but also accidental errors. Cyclic code is easy to implement in hardware using a feedback shift register. It is the advantages of cyclic code -- clear algebraic structure, good performance, easy coding and implementation that make it the most frequently used anti-interference method. CRC tends to be used only for error check in real applications.

Convolutional coding technique can effectively overcome random individual data errors. Elias is the first to introduce convolutional code in 1995 and named it so because the coding process can be expressed with a convolutional arithmetic operation.

Convolutional coding uses a memory system, i.e. for any given time period, the n encoder outputs are not only related to the k inputs within this period, but also related to the m inputs stored in the encoder.

Convolutional codes have a constraint length of l=m+1, where m is the number of bytes (memory length) that the register in the encoder has.

Convolutional codes require the selection of constraint length and rate. The constraint length should be as large as possible so as to produce good performance. However, the decoding complexity grows with the constraint length. Today’s super large-scale integrated circuits can process the convolutional codes with a constraint length of 6. The code rate is decided by

Cyclic Redundancy

Check

Convolutional Coding



the channel coherence time and the interleaver depth to be discussed below.

The purpose of block interleaving technique is to serialize impulsive data errors so that the number of errors in each received word after de-interleaving is not greater than the error correction code can handle. On these variable-parameter channels in terrain mobile communications, bit errors tend to happen in series. This is because the long-lasting fading valley can influence the next series of bits. But the channel encoding is only effective in checking and correcting limited number and short series of errors. To solve this problem, hopefully a way can be found to scatter the sequential bits of a message, i.e. sending the sequential bits of a message in a non sequential order (in disperse). In this way, even a series of errors happen during transmission, the message recovered after de-interleaving contains only one or a few errors. This technique is called interleaving. Using error correction code can correct the random errors contained in a de-interleaved word and recover the original message.

As we know, radio channels can produce impulsive errors. Interleaving can randomize these impulsive errors so convolutional coding is very effective in preventing random errors. Interleaving scheme falls in block interleaving and convolutional interleaving. The cellular systems usually use block interleaving.

The performance improvement brought in by interleaving is decided by channel diversity level and average fading interval. The interleaving length is determined by service delay requirement. Voice service requires shorter delay than data service. Therefore, the interleaving depth should be matched to the specific service.

Turbo Code

Turbo code is a new channel-coding scheme introduced in 1993, and is an important breakthrough in the area of error correction coding in recent years. Turbo code is encoded using relatively simple RSC (Recursive Systematic Convolutional) code and interleavers, and decoded using iteration and de-interleaving. Turbo code can produce an error correction performance close to the theoretic limit. It has strong anti-fading and anti-interference capabilities. Therefore, Turbo code is defined as one of the core systems in the 3rd generation mobile communication systems. Due to the decoding complexity and delay, Turbo code is suitable for data services that have slack delay requirement. As for voice and data services that have stringent delay requirement, convolutional code is used.

Turbo code encoder comprises of:

Two member encoders (RSC1 and RSC2)

Block Interleaving

Technique

Overview

Turbo Code Encoder



Turbo interleaver

Deletor

Figure 4 shows the turbo code encoder.

F I G U R E 4 - TU R B O C O D E EN C O D E R

RSC1

Turbo interleaver

RSC2

Sym

bol d

eletion an

d rep

etition

Nturbo

information bit input

( Nturbo+6) /R symbol output

Each RSC has two check bit outputs. RSC generated polynomial is G= [1, 15/13, 17/13]. The designed coding rate R can be 1/2, 1/3 or 1/4. Turbo encoder takes Nturbo bit inputs, including information data, frame check (CRC), and two reserved bits, and outputs (Nturbo+6)/R symbols, the last 6/R bits of which are the system bit and check bit in the tail. The tail bits are used to zero out the encoder.

The encoding process starts from RSC1 at the top of Figure 4 every time. Before that, the RSC1 registers are initialized to zero. Then, the switch is turned upward within the clock cycles from 1 to Nturbo. The input data is fed to RSC1 bit by bit, and at the same time it is written to the Turbo interleaver. Within the three clock cycles after Nturbo, the switch is turned downward, and the tail bits are generated to zero out the RSC1.

RSC2 works completely the same way as RSC1 does, except that the input for RSC2 comes from the Turbo interleaver, and it has to wait until the Turbo interleaver becomes full before it can start to work. The Turbo interleaver is a storage area, which has its input data read-in in a normal sequence and its output read-out in a pre-defined sequence.

Finally, the outputs from these two RSCs, including those corresponding to the tail bits, are deleted and multiplexed to form an encoded Turbo code. The two RSCs in the cdma2000 Turbo coding are zeroed out at the end of encoding, but the tail bits do not participate interleaving. This is different from the “classic” Turbo code published by C.Berrou.

Member encoders



Turbo interleaver interleaves the input data, frame quality indicator bit (CRC), and reserved bit. Its function is to sequentially read-in a frame of input bits and read-out the whole frame of data in a pre-defined address sequence.

Note that the interleaver size is Nturbo, and the input address is numbered from 0 to Nturbo-1. To define an interleaver is to determine the address numbers of Nturbo outputs for read-out. For example, if Nturbo=5, the input address is [01234]. We need to define a group of 5 output addresses, e.g. [10423]. The process in which the read-out addresses are generated by a Turbo interleaver in cdma2000 is described as follows:

1. Define interleaver parameter n. n is the minimum integer that satisfies Nturbo≤2n+5.

2. Construct an n+5 bit counter and initialize it to 0.

3. Take out the high-end n bits from this counter, plus 1, and then take the low-end n bits of the sum.

4. Use the low-end 5 bits of the counter as an index to search for the corresponding Turbo interleaver parameter.

5. Multiply the values obtained from step 3 and 4, and take the low-end n bits.

6. Take the low-end 5 bits of the counter, and get its opposite bit by bit.

7. Use the outcome of step 6 as high-end 5 bits and that of step 5 as low-end n bits to form an n+5 bit address.

8. If this address is valid (<Nturb), it is an output address; otherwise discard it.

9. Add 1 to the counter, and repeat the operations from step 3 to step 8 until all the Nturbo interleaver output addresses are obtained.

The output symbols from the two member encoders must go through deletion operation to form the final Turbo code block.

The main constituents are two decoders for soft input/output and encoder-related interleaver/de-interleaver.

Figure 5 shows the basic structure of turbo code decoder.

Interleaver

Delete

Turbo Code Decoder



F I G U R E 5 - TU R B O C O D E D E C O D E R B AS I C S T R U C T U R E

De-interleave

Interleave

Interleave

DEC2

De-interleave

DEC1

Soft information

Soft information

Soft information

Decision outputCheck bit of 2nd encoder

Check bit of 2nd encoder

Received information bit

The critical part of Turbo decoder is the member decoders corresponding to the encoders at the transmitter, i.e. DEC1 and DEC2 in Figure 5. Seen alone, DEC1 and DEC2 are the encoders directly corresponding to DEC1 and DEC2 in Figure 5. But these member encoders must be able to output soft information and take input of prior information. It can be seen from Figure 5 that the member decoders have three inputs. Besides the system bit and check bit inputs that all common decoders have, there is one more prior information input.

The decoding process is as follows:

1. Send the soft decision information corresponding to the system bit and check bit of the first member encoder (RSC1) to the first decoder unit (DEC1) for decoding. The soft information output from DEC1 can be decomposed into two parts: internal and external information. The external information is prior to DEC2 but sequentially it must go through de-interleaving so as to match with the system bit of DEC2.

2. The second member decoder starts to decode. Since the RSC2 system bit duplicates that of RSC1, it is deleted at the transmitter. The interleaved system bit of RSC1 can be sent to DEC2 as its system bit input. The external information output from DEC1 is used as DEC2’s prior information input. The second decoder unit (DEC2) also outputs soft information at the end of decoding. The external information parsed from it can be sent back to the first decoder unit for the next round of decoding. The connection between the rounds of decoding is attained through external information.

3. The decoding process can be repeated many times. After iterating for a specified times, make over-zero decision on the soft information to get the final decoding output.



Power Control

CDMA is interference limited multiple access system. Because all users transmit on the same frequency, internal interference generated by the system is the most significant factor in determining system capacity and call quality. The transmit power for each user must be reduced to limit interference, however, the power should be enough to maintain the required Eb/No (signal to noise ratio) for a satisfactory call quality. Maximum capacity is achieved when Eb/No of every user is at the minimum level needed for the acceptable channel performance. As the MS moves around, the RF environment continuously changes due to fast and slow fading, external interference, shadowing, and other factors. The aim of the dynamic power control is to limit transmitted power on both the links while maintaining link quality under all conditions. Additional advantages are longer mobile battery life and longer life span of BTS power amplifiers.

3G System Overview

With fast growth of wireless services and the rapid expansion of Internet services, the wireless communication system has to meet increasing demands for system capacity, data transmission rate and strong support for diverse services. The 3G mobile communication system (IMT2000) draws the attention of the whole industry. The major feature of 3G mobile communication system is the support of broadband service, especially the multimedia data service efficiently using frequency spectrum. The 3G system is designed to provide a larger system capacity and better communication quality than 2G systems, implement seamless roaming around the world, and provide subscribers with multiple services.

Mainstream technical standards for the 3G are CDMA2000, WCDMA and TD-SCDMA.

The CDMA2000 standards are usually implemented technically in two phases. In the first phase, the CDMA2000 still adopts the spread spectrum rate of CDMA ONE, i.e., 1 × 1.2288 Mbps. A single carrier occupies 1.25 MHz bandwidth. It adopts DS spread spectrum technology. The CDMA2000 system in the first phase is also called CDMA2000 1X. In the second phase, the spread spectrum rate is 3 × /6 × /9 × /12 ×/15× 1.2288 Mbps, respectively occupies 5/10/12/15/20 MHz bandwidth. It adopts multi-carrier modulation technology. The CDMA2000 system in the second phase is also called CDMA2000 3X. In addition, the 1xEV-DO Rev.A, which serves as an enhanced standard supplemental to IS2000, supports data transmission up to 3.1 Mbps in a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz.



CDMA was initially proposed in America in 1993. It evolved from IS95, a 2G mobile communication to 3G CDMA2000 mobile communications. CDMA2000 is one of the mainstream 3G mobile communication standards currently.

Figure 6 shows the evolution diagram of CDMA2000 1X technology.

F I G U R E 6 - CDM A2000 TE C H N O L O G Y E V O L U T I O N R O AD M AP

Currently, CDMA2000 1X has branched off into CDMA2000 1X Release 0, CDMA2000 1X Release A, CDMA2000 1X Release B, CDMA2000 1X Release C, and CDMA2000 1X Release D. In particular, release 0 is most commercial version. 1X EV-DV corresponds to Release C and Release A. 1X EV-DO is specially designed for transport of high-speed packet data. Currently, Release 0 and Release A have been developed.

1X EV-DV is more complicated than 1X EV-DO. In terms of technology, 1X EV-DO does not have any obvious advantage. In fact, CDMA2000 1X Release 0 will evolve towards CDMA2000 1X Release A and CDMA2000 1X EV-DO at the same time.

CDMA2000 All-IP Network Overview

The evolution from traditional networks to All-IP networks helps network builders and operators offer more flexible service platform functions at lower costs. All-IP networks, when integrated with 3G wireless access technologies, enable provisioning of multimedia services over IP (including VoIP), giving network builders and operators competitive edge.

The overall structure of the CDMA2000 All-IP network consists of the radio access network and the core network. The evolution of the core network is independent from that of the radio access network.

The CDMA2000 network evolves to All-IP network in several phases: Phase-0, Phase-1, Phase-2 and Phase-3.

Technical Evolution Overview



Phase-0 is a traditional network based on circuit switching. The access network is based on IOS 4.x, the air interface is based on CDMA2000 and the core network is based on TIA/EIA-41.

Since Phase-1, the core network separates from the access network, forming independent signaling layer and bearer layer. The access network signaling is transmitted over IP.

Phase-2 corresponds to the LMSD (Legacy MS Domain) phase, which requires the IP network to support traditional terminal services and provide new service functions (such as TrFO/RTO) for users using new terminals.

Phase-3 corresponds to the MMD phase, and is the end point of the evolution to All-IP. In this phase, the air interface based on IP is implemented and finally IP-based transmission is realized throughout the network.

Network Structure

Figure 7 shows CDMA system network structure.



F I G U R E 7 - CDM A2000 S Y S T E M N E T W O R K S T R U C T U R E

Note: CDMA system of ZTE also provides proprietary PTT service functions. To implement these PTT functions, add PDS sub-system on BSC side.



CDMA mobile communication system consists of:

Core Network (CN)

Base Station Sub-system (BSS)

Mobile Station (MS)

CN is control and switching center of entire CDMA system. It is responsible for call connection, mobility management, user equipment confidential authentication management, and other functions related to mobile subscribers. In addition, it provides inter-working between Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN) and Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Core network consists of further subsystems which are described as follows:

The MSC is basically an ISDN-switch, coordinating and setting up calls to and from MSs. An Inter-Working Function (IWF) may be required to adapt GSM specific rates to that used in a particular PSTN/ PLMN.

VLR

The VLR (Visitor Location Register) contains all the subscriber data, both permanent and temporary, which are necessary to control a MS in the MSCs coverage area. The VLR is commonly realised as an integral part of the MSC, rather than a separate entity.

AuC

The AuC (Authentication Centre) database contains the subscriber authentication keys and the algorithm required to calculate the authentication parameters to be transferred to the HLR.

HLR

The HLR (Home Location Register) database is used to store permanent and semi-permanent subscriber data; as such, the HLR will always know in which location area the MS is (assuming the MS is in a coverage area), and this data is used to locate an MS in the event of a MS terminating call set-up

EIR

The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) database contains information on the MS and its capabilities. The IMEI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) is used to interrogate the EIR.

CN

MSC



GMSC

The GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) is the point to which a MS terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the HLR based on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN number, the "directory number" of a MS) and routing the call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part of the term GMSC is misleading, since the gateway operation does not require any linking to a MSC.

As radio access network, BSS provides access of MS into CDMA system. MS is the mobile terminal and mobile subscriber equipment. It can initiate and receive a call and complete communication with BSS.

BSS is bridge between CN and MS to implement radio channel management and radio transceiving functions. BSS consists of base station controller (BSC) and base transceiver station (BTS). In addition, to implement management of BSS, BBS also provides operation and maintenance sub-system.

BSC

BSC can control and managing one or more BTS. It implements radio channel allocation, power control, cross-cell channel handoff and voice coding functions. BSC is also a Private Branch Exchange (PBX). It converges voice stream and connects to mobile switching center (MSC) via A interface and converges data stream and connects to packet data service node (PDSN) via A11 and A12 interface.

BTS

BTS is radio transceiving equipment of BSS and is controlled by BSC. It implements radio transmission, channel control, channel coding and diversity functions.

TRAU

The TRAU (Transcoder Rate Adaptor Unit) functionally belongs to the BTS. The TRAU enables the use of lower rates (32, 16 or 8 kbps) over the Abis interface instead of the 64 kbps ISDN rate for which the MSC is designed. The TRAU can be located at the BTS, the BSC, or (immediately in front of) the MSC.

OMS

OMS is operation and maintenance part of BSS. All functional units of BSS (BTS and BSC) can be connected to OMS through BSC network. OMS can implement configuration, monitoring, status reporting, statistics and fault diagnosis functions of functional units of BSS network.

MS

BSS



Interfaces Overview The previous figure also shows the GSM interfaces; they are briefly explained below.

UM: The air interface is used for exchanges between a MS and a BTS. LAPDm, a modified version of the ISDN LAPD, is used for signaling.

Abis: This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been standardized. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency allocation in the BTS.

A: The A interface is between the BSC and the MSC. The A interface manages the allocation of suitable radio resources to the MSs and mobility management.

B: The B interface between the MSC and the VLR uses the MAP/B protocol. Most MSCs are associated with a VLR, making the B interface "internal". Whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area, it interrogates the VLR using the MAP/B protocol over the B interface.

C: The C interface is between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G. Each call originating outside of GSM (i.e., a MS terminating call from the PSTN) has to go through a Gateway to obtain the routing information required to complete the call, and the MAP/C protocol over the C interface is used for this purpose. Also, the MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR after call clearing.

D: The D interface is between the VLR and HLR, and uses the MAP/D protocol to exchange the data related to the location of the MS and to the management of the subscriber.

E: The E interface interconnects two MSCs. The E interface exchanges data related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.

F: The F interface connects the MSC to the EIR, and uses the MAP/F protocol to verify the status of the IMEI that the MSC has retrieved from the MS.

G: The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G protocol to transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.

H: The H interface is between the MSC and the SMS-G, and uses the MAP/H protocol to support the transfer of short messages.



I: The I interface (not shown in Figure 1) is the interface between the MSC and the MS. Messages exchanged over the I interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.

Basic Flow Speech Call Process

A speech call refers to the process in which MS initiates a call or responds to an incoming call. Process involves establishment of a service channel. A speech call can be divided into MS calling and MS called. Here MS calling process is utilized to exemplify the details of a voice call.

Figure 8 shows the process in which MS initiates a speech call.

F I G U R E 8 - MS I N I T I AT I N G A C AL L I M P L E M E N T AT I O N P R O C E S S

MS MSCtime

Initiating message

Initiating acknowledgment

Service request

Allocate radio resource

Channel provisioning

Connection completed

Provisioning completed

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Return a ring back tone

i

BTS BSC

Forward the MS initiating message

Provisioning request

j

1. MS initiates a call message in the access channel.

2. BTS will confirm it in the paging channel and if BTS rejects this call due to control by overload level, the BTS will return the initiating call rejection command to the MS.

3. Through Abis interface, BTS transmits the initiating call message from MS to BSC requesting the BSC to establish a call.



4. BSC creates a service request message and sends it to MSC.

5. MSC assigns a terrestrial circuit to send a provisioning request to BSC. If BSC finds the terrestrial circuit required is valid and the device is faulty, it will return the provisioning failure message to MSC. The flow is then over.

6. BSC allocates the radio resources (channel unit and radio resource), and sends radio channel establishment request message to BTS.

7. BTS sends channel provisioning message to MS in the paging channel.

8. MS sends the prefix in backward service channel. If BTS successfully captures it then BTS will send message to BSC, indicating the connection is completed.

9. BSC informs MSC that the provisioning is completed and call flow enters into conversation status.

10. MSC transfers a ring-back tone in the forward service channel through SVM. The call establishment flow is then completed.

Packet Data Call Process

Packet data service is most important function that differentiates 1x system from 95 systems. Supplementary channel serves to provide high-speed packet data transmission of up to 153.6K rate.

Take MS-initiated call establishment (from Null to Active status) as an example to describe the process of data call establishment.

Figure 9 shows MS-originated data call establishment (from null to active) procedure.



F I G U R E 9 - MS- I N I T I AT E D D AT A C AL L E S T AB L I S H M E N T P R O C E S S

MS sends an initiating call message to BSC through BTS.

BSC receives call-initiating message and then examine whether it is a data service, and sends service establishment request to MSC.

BSC receives provisioning request sent by MSC. During this period BSC should examine whether the resources (radio resources and terrestrial circuit resources) are available.

BSC sends channel provisioning message to BTS, which sends this message to MS through the paging channel. This message contains information such as configuration, multiplexing mode and rate set of F-FCH, configuration, recommended multiplexing mode and rate set of R-FCH and pilot offset.

When message is received sent by BTS about assigned channel, BSC creates A8 connection with PCF.

BSC sends message to PDSN for the establishment of A10 connection.

PDSN responds to message, indicating that A10 connection is successfully established.



BSC performs service negotiation with MS through BS.

MS receives current configuration and sends service connection establishment message to BS and service negotiation has completed.

BSC sends provisioning completion message to MSC.

PPP connection between MS and PDSN is established and the mobile IP registration process starts. FCH serves to transfer low speed packet data between MS and PDSN.

Handoff Process

Soft handoff is a "Make before break" handoff. That is, the mobile station (MS) is up on a call and moves from one base station (BS) to another, but the MS starts communicating with a new BS before terminating communications with the old BS.

Soft handoffs can only be used between BSs on the same frequency. Technique improves reception as MSs move between cells (on cell boundaries).

During soft handoff MS actually communicates with more than one BS at a time, so that when it's time to move from weaker BS to stronger one, MS is already in communication with stronger one.

During a soft handoff, MS receives independent closed loop power control bits from two BSs and perform "Or of Downs" logic to determine how to adjust its power. That means MS will increase its power level if and only if both power control bits from two BSs are 0 (indicating up). If power control bit from any base station equals to '1' (indicating down), MS shall decrease its power.

Soft handoff takes place in following circumstances:

Handoff between the same carrier frequencies of different sectors in the same BTS.

Handoff in the same carrier between different BTS in the same BSC.

Handoff in the same carrier between different BSC in the same MSC.

Since the implementation processes of different soft handoffs are similar, here we introduce only the implementation process of soft handoff in the BSC. Soft handoff in BSC is divided into soft and softer handoff addition and the soft/softer handoff removal, which are to be described below.

Soft handoff



A softer handoff occurs when the MS is communicating with two sectors of a cell. Softer handoff is identical to the soft handoff with the following exceptions.

MS receives identical power control from both sectors and provides diversity combining of power control bits to determine whether BSs are sending an up bit or a down bit (ignore the weaker bits). It's NOT "or of downs" logic.

CDMA system uses soft and softer handoff technique to improve receptions when mobile stations move between cells or sectors (on cell or sector boundaries).

Figure 10 shows soft and softer handoff technique.

F I G U R E 10 - SO F T V S S O F T E R H AN D O F F

Figure 11 shows implementation of soft and softer handoff addition process within BSC.

Softer Handoffs

Soft Handoff Vs softer Handoff

Soft and Softer Handoff Addition



F I G U R E 11 - SO F T AN D S O F T E R H AN D O F F AD D I T I O N P R O C E S S

1. When MS in the service status detects that the intensity of a certain pilot in the candidate set satisfies the conditions, MS sends to BS a pilot frequency measurement report message, Umr Pilot Strength Measurement Msg, reporting to BSC pilot phase, intensity, pilot holding indication bit (removal of timer of handoff expired or not), and other information of each pilot signal in current valid set and candidate set.

2. BSC analyzes pilot signal measurement report received. When it judges a new pilot signal need be added, it applies to database sub-system for channel unit and code-division channel of BTS to be added. BSC can determine the handoff type according to this resource. BSC sends a handoff request message to destination BTS.

3. When destination BTS receives handoff request message, if it is softer handoff, this BTS directly add a modulation path in the corresponding channel unit, if it is soft handoff, this BTS creates the service link and then returns handoff request response to BSC.

4. BSC sends handoff instruction message to MS through source and destination BTS, to guide MS operate the handoff addition operation once.

5. After receiving handoff instruction, MS updates pilot signal set, executes handoff, adds new pilot signal to valid set and



demodulates forward service channels in each pilot set in valid set. It then combines demodulated message and sends handoff completion message to BSC.

6. BSC informs MSC of reason causing handoff and all cell identification information supporting this handoff. Based on such information, MSC examine that BS has performed a soft/softer handoff addition operation.

Figure 12 shows procedure of soft and softer handoff removal.

F I G U R E 12 - IM P L E M E N T AT I O N P R O C E S S O F S O F T /S O F T E R H AN D O F F R E M O V AL

MS Source BTS Dstation BTS BSC MSC

Pilot Frequency Measurement

Release Acknowledgement

Handoff Indication

Handoff Completed

Handoff Execution

Time

a

e

d

c

b

f

Radio Channel Released

1. When MS, after the soft handoff addition process, detects that intensity of a pilot signal of valid set is smaller than T_DROP and reaches T-TDROP value for handoff removing timer, it sends messages to BTSs corresponding to valid sets through backward traffic channel to report offset, phase, intensity and pilot holding position (whether the handoff removing timer has expired) of each pilot signal of valid sets to BSC.

2. BSC analyzes and examine pilot frequency measurement report message received, and determines radio channel to be removed. It sends a handoff instruction message to MS to remove this pilot signal from valid set with intensity lower than T_DROP and T_TROP timer expired.

Soft and Softer Handoff

Removal



3. MS sends a handoff completion message in backward traffic channel and informs BTS about offset of each pilot signal in the current valid set, indicating the completion of handoff removal.

4. BSC sends a handoff execution message to inform MSC, reason of handoff and all cell identification information supporting this handoff. Based on such information, MSC examine that BS has executed a soft or softer handoff removal operation.

5. BTS releases the corresponding radio resources and sends radio channel release message to BSC.

6. After completing radio channel release, BTS transmits release confirmation message to BSC.

Basic Concepts Service area

Service area refers to the area where MS can acquire services. That is, it is an area where subscribers of different communication networks (for example, CDMA, PLMN, and PSTN) do not need to know actual location of MS and can communicate with it.

A service area can be one or more in CDMA networks. It can also be one country or part of a country. It can be a number of countries.

Cellular

Mobile communication system adopts BTS to provide a radio service scope. Coverage of BTS is called a cellular.

Reason that the mobile communication system adopts cellular is to improve the frequency multiplexing.

Cell

A cell is minimal divided area of cellular mobile communication. It is smallest radio coverage area that MS can identify, and is also smallest division of radio management.

In case of an omni antenna structure, a cell is coverage of BTS.

Carrier

Carrier or carrier frequency is the fundamental frequency used in both amplitude modulation i.e. it is the frequency of carrier which is modulated and is frequency to which a receiver should be tuned in order to demodulate information signal. It is, simply, the fixed frequency upon which the



variable modulator frequency will be imposed, and the beat frequency is what the listener will hear.

A carrier signal can transport a number of voice signals. After each voice signal modulates the carrier, a modulated signal is formed. It ensures that the modulated signal is correctly transported. The bandwidth required by the channel is called channel bandwidth.

Foreground

Foreground refers to the hardware equipment entity of mobile communication system. In BSS system, it refers to the hardware entities of BTS and BSC.

Background

Corresponding to the foreground, background refers to the software system that performs operations and maintenance of different components of the foreground equipment. In a BSS system, it refers to the OMS


C h a p t e r 2

Product Introduction


ZXCBTS M802/M192 Position in 1x EV-DO Rev. A Network

1x EV-DO Rev.A radio access network reference model

M802/M192 interfaces in 1x EV-DO Rev.A Network

Product Features

Product Functions



ZXCBTS M802/M192 Position in 1x EV-DO Rev. A Network ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 developed by ZTE is Micro-BTS that functions on 800MHz and 1900 MHz frequency range respectively, with Tx power of 20 W. It supports 1x EV-DO service. In CDMA2000 1x EV-DO system, it forms the radio part of Radio Access Network (RAN). It completes radio transmission of subscribers over Access Terminals (AT) and implements control of radio channels over Um air interface. Micro BTS also provides wired interface with BSCB. Cells covered by ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 are Omni directional (Omni) or follow sector based structure.

Note: M802 mentioned in this document refers to ZXCBTS Micro BTS (EV-DO) M802/ZXCBTS MBTS (EV-DO) M802, which functions at 800 MHz, whereas M192 refers to ZXCBTS Micro BTS (EV-DO) M192/ZXCBTS MBTS (EV-DO) M192, which functions at 1900 MHz.

1x EV-DO Rev. A Radio Access Network Model

Figure 13 shows the 1x EV-DO Rev.A radio access network reference model.

F I G U R E 13 - 1X EV-DO R E V. A R AD I O AC C E S S N E T W O R K R E F E R E N C E M O D E L

Chapter 2 Product Introduction


CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev.A system consists of Access Terminal (AT), Radio Access Network (RAN) and core network.

Radio Access Network (RAN) provides radio bearer between core network and AT, and is responsible for establishing, maintaining and releasing radio channels. In addition, it also manages radio resources and mobility. RAN consists of functional entities such as Access Network, Packet Control Function (PCF) and Access Network AAA.

AN consists of BSCB and BTS, and provides data inter-connection between packet network and access terminal, to implement BTS transmission/reception, call control, and mobility management.

AN-AAA is a logical entity for access networks to implement access authentication and user authentication. It exchanges parameters and results for access authentication with AN through A12 interface.

PCF and AN jointly implement radio channel control function related to packet data service. In the specific ZXC10-BSCB implementation, joint PCF and BSCB configuration takes place. A8/A9 interface is the internal AN/PCF interface. PCF communicates with PDSN through A10/A11 interface.

Core network (CN) consists of core packet network and core switching network. PS core network includes functional entities such as PDSN and AAA. Switching core network includes MSCe.

Access Terminal (AT) is a device that provides data connection for users. It can establish connection with a computing device, such as PC, or serve as independent data device, such as mobile phone.

M802/M192 Interfaces in 1x EV-DO Rev. A Networks

Figure 14 shows the ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 interfaces in 1x EV-DO Rev.A Network.

RAN

CN

AT



F I G U R E 14 - M802 /M192 IN T E R F AC E S I N 1 X EV-DO R E V . A N E T W O R K

In 1x EV-DO Rev.A networks, ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 connects with BSCB over Abis interface, and with AT over Air or Um interface.

Abis protocol is an interface protocol between BSCB and BTSB. It consists of two parts in the application layer, comprising control part (Abisc) and service part (Abist). Control part converts Um interface control channel signaling, and service part controls traffic channel.

UM interface is the interface between BTS and AT. It complies with IS-856-A standards.

Product Features ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 incorporates existing CDMA features along with improvements according to carrier requirements. Following section lists ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 features.

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 absorbs advantages of existing CDMA micro BTS products locally and overseas to maintain unmatched system design.

System design takes into consideration, transition and integration to next generation mobile communication systems, so that the system evolves to CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev B.

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 applies vast portion of advanced devices and design technologies, to improve system integrity, while bringing down type and number of modules used.

Shelf implements compatible indoor and outdoor wall-mounted structure. ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 implements a compatible structure. Simple module replacement or shelf addition/deletion enables implementation of mutual conversion between micro BTS/remote station products.

Abis Interface

Um Interface

Superior Performance

Forward Compatibility

High Integrity

Compact Structure

Chapter 2 Product Introduction


ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 design involves high integrity. A small number of module types incorporate advanced fault tolerance software design to improve system reliability.

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 combines and implements multiple configurations. It connects directly with BSCB or original macro BTS in daisy chain mode supporting connections between ultra-wide coverage micro BTSs and micro BTSs and between micro BTSs. New micro BTSs and ultra-wide coverage micro BTSs do not affect arrangement and connection of existing BSCBs and macro BTSs. A single micro BTS or single ultra-wide coverage micro BTS implements single-carrier omni-direction, and when configured with remote station system, it implements system configurations of “single-carrier two-sector”, “single-carrier three-sector”, “two-carrier single-sector” and “three-carrier single-sector”. Remote station system connects with micro BTS or macro BTS.

System supports monitoring external power supplies using dry contact or RS-485 interface to facilitate monitoring, management, and maintenance of system operations.

Product Functions BTS has powerful functions such as radio resource assignment, control and power control. Following section lists main ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 functions.

3GPP2 C.S0024-A (TIA/EIA IS-856-A) air interface specifications.

CDMA 800 MHz and 1900 MHz frequency configuration.

Transmission Power Track Loop (TPTL) control of BTS in CDMA cellular systems.

Normal call, Markov call services.

Land circuit and radio resource management.

Hand-off control from micro BTSs to micro BTSs and micro BTSs to macro BTSs.

Equipment operation & maintenance, performance management, alarm management, configuration management, diagnosis management and security management.

Support monitoring of external power.

High Reliability

Flexible Configuration

System Management





C h a p t e r 3

Product Indices


Technical Specification

Product performance

RF indices

Applied Standards



Technical Specification Dimensions of a single cabinet: Integrated equipment Dimensions (height × width × depth): 630 mm × 400 mm × 285 mm.

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 cabinet is silver gray in color.

Figure 15 shows the ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 outer view.

F I G U R E 15 – ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 OU T E R V I E W

Single shelf weighs 37kg.

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 power supplies operate in two modes: 220 V AC power supply and -48 V DC power supply.

Table 5 describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 working voltage.

T AB L E 5 - P O W E R S U P P L Y W O R K I N G V O L T A G E R AN G E

SN Nominal Value Allowed Fluctuation

1 220 V AC 150 V ~ 300 V/45 Hz ~ 65 Hz

2 -48 V DC -40 V ~ -57 V

Dimensions

Outer View and Color

Gross Equipment

Weight Power Supply Requirements

Chapter 3 Product Indices


T AB L E 6 - M802 P O W E R C O N S U M P T I O N D U R I N G N O R M AL W O R K I N G

Typical Configuration

Output Power

1x EV-DO Maximum Power Consumption (Full -Loading)

1x EV-DO Typical Power Consumption (Half-Loading)

1 C(Carrier) 1 S(Sector)

20 W 340 W 310 W

2C1S 20 W 590 W 540 W

3C1S 20W 860 W 780 W

1C2S 20 W 590 W 540 W

1C3S 20 W 860 W 780 W

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 equipment must operate reliably and stably in the following environmental conditions.

T AB L E 7 - N O R M AL W O R K I N G E N V I R O N M E N T R E Q U I R E M E N T S

Item Requirements

Working Temperature -30 °C ~ +55 °C

Working Humidity 5% RH ~ 98% RH

Ambient temperature range is -45 °C ~ +75 °C.

Relative humidity is 5%~98%.

Sand density ≤ 1000 mg/m3.

Floating dust density ≤ 15 mg/m3.

Sediment dust density ≤ 1000 mg/m2.

Product Performance 1. Electrical interface (E1):

Line rate is 2.048 Mbps (± 50 ppm)

Impedance is 75 Ω unbalanced.

Line Code: HDB3

2. Electrical interface (T1):

Line rate: 1.544 Mbps (± 32 ppm)

Impedance: 100 Ω unbalanced

Line Code: AMI or B8ZS

One single ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 rack can support at most three carriers/sectors.

Power Consumption

Working Environment

Requirements

Storage conditions

Mechanically Active

Substances

Interface Indices

Capacity Indices



Supports at most 192 traffic channels.

Following section describes system reliability indices:

Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) > 100,000 hours.

Availability > 99.9995%ion.

RF Indices CDMA BTS RF indices follow 3GPP2 C.S0010-A (TIA-97-D), Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for CDMA2000 Spread Spectrum Base Stations.

T AB L E 8 - 800 MH Z TX I N D I C E S

Working Frequency band

Band Class 0 (869 MHz ~ 894 MHz)

Frequency Tolerance ≤ 5 ×10-8

Channel bandwidth 1.23 MHz

Modulation mode QPSK

Limitations on Conducted Spurious Emissions and Limitations on Radiated Spurious Emissions

< -45 dBc @ ±750 KHz offset Center Freq (RBW 30kHz)

< -60 dBc @ ±1.98 MHz offset Center Freq (RBW 30 KHz)

>4MHz OFFSET:

< -36 dBm (RBW 1 KHz) @ 9 KHz < f < 150 KHz

< -36 dBm (RBW 10kHz) @ 150KHz < f < 30 MHz

<-30 dBm (RBW 1MHz) @ 1GHz < f < 12.5 GHz

4-6.4 MHz OFFSET:

<-36 dBm (RBW 1 KHz) @ 30 MHz < f < 1 GHz

6.4 M TO 16 M OFFSET:


>16 MHz OFFSET:


Code domain power Each inactive channel code domain power is 32 dB or more below total output power.

Total power Total power is within +2 dB and -4 dB of manufacturer’s rated power (See IS-97D for definition of total power and testing).

Waveform quality The normalized cross correlation coefficient,ρ is greater than 0.98.

Reliability Indices



Pilot time tolerance

Pilot time alignment error is less than 3 µs and maximum error is less than 10 µs. Pilot time tolerance of all CDMA channels radiated by base station is within ± 1us of each other.

In the event of external system clock interruption, timing error between BTS and CDMA system must not be over ±10 us within 8 hours.

Pilot Channel to Code Channel

Time Tolerance

< ±50 ns within one forward CDMA Channel

Pilot Channel to Code Channel Phase Tolerance

Phase difference between Pilot Channel and all other code channels sharing same forward CDMA Channel must not exceed 0.05 radians.

Pilot power Pilot Channel power to total power ratio must be within ±0.5 dB of configured value.

Output power 20 W

Dynamic linear output range

> 30 dB

RFE standing wave ratio

< 1.50

T AB L E 9 - 800 MH Z R X I N D I C E S

Working Frequency Band

Band Class 0 (824 MHz ~ 849 MHz)

Channel bandwidth

1.23 MHz

Receiver sensitivity

Less than -127 dBm

Receiver Dynamic Range

Lower limit is less than -127 dBm.

Upper limit noise power spectral density is -65 dBm/1.23 MHz (Eb/N0= 10 dB ± 1 dB), the FER (Frame Error Rate) must be less than 1%.

Single Tone Desensitization

In the presence of a single tone that is 50 dB above CDMA signal level, and is at ±750 KHz offset from assigned channel center frequency, mobile station output power increases by no more than 3 dB, and FER must be less than 1.5%.

In the presence of 87 dB single tone above CDMA signal level, offset of ±900 KHz from the center frequency of assigned channel, mobile station output power increases by no more than 3 dB, and FER must be less than 1.5%.

Intermodulation Spurious

In the presence of two interfering tones 72 dB above CDMA signal level, at +900 KHz



Response Attenuation

offset and +1700 KHz, and -900 KHz and -1700 KHz from CDMA frequency assignment, mobile station output power increases by no more than 3 dB, and FER is less than 1.5%.

Conducted Spurious Emissions and Radiated Spurious Emissions

Less than -80 dBm, measured in a 30 KHz resolution bandwidth at the base station RF input ports, for frequencies within BTS receiver band.

Less than -60 dBm, measured in a 30 KHz resolution bandwidth at BTS RF input ports, for frequencies within base station transmission band.

Less than -47 dBm measured in a 30 KHz resolution bandwidth at base station RF input ports for all other frequencies.

RFE standing wave ratio

< 1.50

T AB L E 10 - 1900 MH Z R X IN D I C E S

Working Band Band Class 6

Channel Bandwidth

1.25 MHz

Receiving Sensitivity

< -127 dBm

Dynamic Receiving Range

Lower limit stands for receiver sensitivity (< -125 dBm) while upper limit for noise level of antennae interface that should not be less than -65 dBm / 1.25 MHz. If Eb/N0 is equal to 10 dB ± 1 dB, FER should be less than 1%

Blocking Performance

With central frequency offset being ±1.25 KHz and single tone interference being 80 dB compared with CDMA signal level without any interference, FER should be less than 1.5% and increased output power of MSs should be less than 3 dB

Inter-Modulation Spurious Response

With central frequency offset being ±1.25 MHz / ±2.05 MHz, and dual tone interference being 70 dB compared with CDMA signal level without any interference, FER should be less than 1.5 % and the increased output power of MSs should be less than 3 dB

Conductive and Spurious Radiation Emission Requirement of Receiving End

Within MBTS receiving band: < -80 dBm; within transmitting band: < -60 dBm

BAND 1:

< -47 dBm, RBW (30 KHz) All other frequencies

BAND 6:

-57 dBm (RBW 100 KHz) 30 MHz< f< 1 GHz



-47 dBm (RBW 1 MHz) 1 GHz < f< 12.75 GHz

RF (Receiving) Front End Standing Wave Ratio

< 1.50

T AB L E 11 - 1900 MH Z TX IN D I C E S

Working Band Band Class 6

Transmitter Frequency Tolerance

≤ 5×10-8

Channel Bandwidth 1.25 MHz

Transmission Modulation

Quadrature modulation

Conductive Spurious Emission and Radiation Spurious Emission

Within Band Class 6:

< -45 dBc @ ±885 KHz offset Center Freq (RBW 30 kHz)

< -55 dBc @ ±1.98 MHz offset Center Freq (RBW 30 kHz)

< -13 dBm @ ±2.75 MHz offset Center Freq (RBW 1 MHz)

>4 MHz OFFSET:

< -36 dBm (RBW 1 KHz) @ 9 KHz < f < 150 KHz

< -36 dBm (RBW 10 KHz) @ 150 KHz < f < 30 MHz

< -36 dBm (RBW 100 KHz) @ 30 MHz < f < 1 GHz

4 MHz to 16 MHz OFFSET:

< -30 dBm (RBW 30 KHz) @ 1 GHz < f < 12.5 GHz

16 MHz TO 19.2 MHz OFFSET:

< -30 dBm (RBW 300 KHz) @ 1 GHz < f < 12.5 GHz

Code Domain Power Inactive channel code domain power is less than total output power and equals 32 dB. (Note: By definition is 32 dB in YDN 091.2-1998 specifications, while 27 dB in the IS-97 specifications)

Total Power Total transmission is well within rated offset power: -4 dB ~ +2 dB (for definition and total power test, refer to IS-97D)

Waveform Quality Cross relation coefficient ρ > 0.97

Pilot Time Tolerance

Pilot time tolerance is less than 3 us. Difference between two CDMA channels is less than ±1 us. Interruption of external system clock leads to timing error of MBTS less than ±10 us within eight hours as compared with CDMA system time.



Time Tolerance between Pilot Channel and Code Channel

Within same CDMA channel: < ±50 ns.

Phase Tolerance between Pilot Channel and Code Channel

Within same CDMA channel: ≤ 0.05 rad.

Pilot Power Ratio of pilot power to total power is within ±0.5 dB, as compared with configured value.

Power Amplification Output Power

40 W / 80 W

Output Linear Dynamic Range

> 30 dB

RF (Transmitting) Front End Standing Wave Ratio

< 1.50

Following section describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 clock indices:

Frequency reference is 10 MHz with precision higher than 10-

11 in GPS locked mode or 10-10 in holdover mode.

Temperature variation is less than ±0.5×10-9.

Clock Synchronization Source: GPS adopts dual thermostat crystal to guarantee clock stability within a short term in case synchronization source is lost temporarily or BS clock is out of synchronization. Here, HOLDOVER algorithm guarantees recover from loss of GPS synchronization signals within 72 hours. Phase shift is less than 10 μs, so that BS keeps working normally.

Clock System Performance: Frequency difference < 0.05 ppm, and Phase difference < 10 μs.

EMC indices comply with Part 2, “Base Transceiver Station and Its Auxiliary Equipment” in YD 1169.2-2001 EMC Requirements and Measurements of 800 MHz/1900 MHz CDMA Digital Cellular Mobile Communications System released by Ministry of Information Industry.

Table 12 describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 electrostatic discharge immunity.

Clock Indices

EMC Indices



T AB L E 12 - EL E C T R O S T AT I C D I S C H AR G E I M M U N I T Y

Standard Stress Grade Performance Criterion

Applicable Port

IEC61000-4-2 (1995)

EN 301 489-26 (2001-9)

YD 1169.2-2001

Contact ± 6 KV

Air ± 8 KV B

Applicable to any surface that may expose in EUT operation and in maintenance of the operation personnel

Table 13 describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 radiated RF electromagnetic field immunity.

T AB L E 13 - R AD I AT E D RF E L E C T R O M AG N E T I C F I E L D IM M U N I T Y


Applicable Port

IEC61000-4-3 (1995)

EN 301 489-26 (2001-9)

YD 1169.2-2001

(27 MHz) 80 MHz ∼ 800 MHz: 10 V/m

800 MHz ∼ 960 MHz: 10 V/m

960 MHz ∼ 1400 MHz: 10 V/m

1400 MHz ∼ 2000 MHz: 10 V/m.

A Applicable to the integrated equipment

Table 14 describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 electrical fast transient/burst immunity.

T AB L E 14 - EL E C T R I C AL F A S T TR AN S I E N T /B U R S T IM M U N I T Y


Applicable Port

IEC61000-4-4 (1995)

EN 301 489-26 (2001-9)

YD 1169.2-2001

Communication port: 2 KV

Antenna feeder port: 2 KV

Power port: 2 KV

B

Communication port

Signal and control port

DC power port

Table 15 describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 surge immunity.



T AB L E 15 - M802 /M192 S U R G E IM M U N I T Y


Applicable Port

IEC61000-4-5 (1995)

ITU-T K.20

EN 301 489-26 (2001-9)

YD 1169.2-2001

Communication port: 4 KV (1.2/50, 8/20)

Antenna feeder port: 6 KV (1.2/50, 8/20)

Power port: common mode 6 KV, differential mode 6 KV (1.2/50, 8/20)

B

Communication port


Power port

Table 16 describes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 immunity to conducted disturbances and radio-frequency field induction.

T AB L E 16 - IM M U N I T Y T O C O N D U C T E D D I S T U R B AN C E S A N D I N D U C E D B Y R AD I O -FR E Q U E N C Y F I E L D


Applicable Port

IEC61000-4-6 (1995)

EN 301 489-26 (2001-9)

YD 1169.2-2001

Communication port, signal and control port:

3 V rms, 150 KHz ∼ 80 MHz

DC power port:

3 V rms, 20 KHz ∼ 80 MHz

A

Communication port


Power port

Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity

Standard: IEC61000-4-11, YD 1169.2-2001.

Applicable port: AC power port.

The power supply voltage drops by 30%, lasting 10 ms.

The power supply voltage drops by 60%, lasting 100 ms.

The power supply voltage drops over >95%, lasting 5000 ms.

Shelf port radiated spurious disturbance

Standard: YD 1169.2-2001.

Applicable port: shelf.

Table 17 describes limits for spuriously radiated disturbance of shelve port.



T AB L E 17 - L I M I T S F O R S H E L F P O R T S P U R I O U S L Y R AD I AT E D D I S T U R B AN C E

Frequency Range Limit (peak value)

30 MHz ∼ 88 MHz -57 dBm

88 MHz ∼ 216 MHz -54 dBm

216 MHz ∼ 960 MHz -51 dBm

960 MHz ∼ 10000 MHz -43 dBm

Power port conducted disturbances

Standard: CISPR22 (1997), EN 301 489-26 (2001-9), YD 1169.2-2001.

Applicable port: Power port.

Limit: CLASS B.

Table 18 describes AC power port limits for conducted disturbances outside a telecommunication center.

T AB L E 18 - AC P O W E R P O R T L I M I T S F O R C O N D U C T E D D I S T U R B AN C E S OU T S I D E A TE L E C O M M U N I C AT I O N C E N T R E

Note:

Make sure to use lower limit at transitional frequencies in the range 0.50 MHz and 5 MHz.

Limit decreases linearly with logarithm of frequency in the range 0.15 MHz ~ 0.50 MHz.

Signal and control line port conducted disturbances :

Standard: CISPR22 (1997), EN 301 489-26 (2001-9), YD 1169.2-2001.

Applicable port: Signal and control line port.

Limits: CLASS B.

Table 19 describes limits for signal and control line port conducted disturbances.

Limit (dB μV) Frequency Range (MHz)

Quasi-peak Value Average Value

0.15 ~ 0.50 66 ~ 56 56 ~ 46

0.50 ~ 5 56 46

5 ~ 30 60 50



T AB L E 19 - L I M I T S F O R S I G N AL AN D C O N T R O L L I N E P O R T C O N D U C T E D D I S T U R B AN C E S

Voltage Limit (dB μV) Current Limit (dB μA) Frequency Range (MHz) Quasi-Peak

Value Average Value

Quasi-Peak Value

Average Value

0.15 ∼ 0.5 84 ∼ 74 74 ∼ 64 40 ∼ 30 30 ∼ 20

0.5 ∼ 30 74 64 30 20

Harmonic current and flicker

Standard: IEC 61000-3-2 (2001-10); IEC 61000-3-3 (2001-01).

Applicable port: AC port.

Safety indices comply with IEC 60950-2001 Safety of Information Technology Equipment specifications.

Protective grounding conductor resistance

Limit: Protective grounding resistance is less than 0.1Ω.

Contact current and protective conductor current

Applicable port: AC port.

Limit: Make sure contact current is less than 3.5 mA and protective conduction current is less than 5% of input current.

Dielectric strength

Applicable port: AC power.

Limit: 1500 V AC between primary circuit and ground, 3000 V A between primary circuit and secondary circuit, 500 V DC between secondary circuit and group or between mutually independent secondary circuits.

Applied Standards 3GPP2 C.S0024-A (TIA/EIA IS-856-A): CDMA2000 High Rate

Packet Data Air Interface Specification, August 2005

3GPP2 C.S0024 (TIA/EIA IS-856): CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification, October 2002

3GPP2 A.S0008 (TIA/EIA IS-878), IOS Specification for High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Radio Access Network Interfaces

3GPP2 A.S0008-A

Safety Indices



3GPP2 A.S0007, Inter-Operability Specification (IOS) for High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Access Network Interfaces, November 2001

3GPP2 C.S0029: Test Application Specification (TAS) for High Rate Packet Data Air Interface

3GPP2 C.S0032-A, Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Access Network, December 2005

3GPP2 C.S0032, Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Access Network, January 2004

3GPP2 C.S0010-A (TIA-97-D), Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for CDMA2000 Spread Spectrum Base Stations, March 2001

ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber and cable

ITU-T G.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces

ITU-T G.773 Protocol suites for Q-interfaces for management of transmission systems

ITU-T G.803 Architecture of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy

ITU-T G.811 Timing characteristics of primary reference clocks

ITU-T G.812 Timing requirements of slave clocks suitable for use as node clocks in synchronization networks

ITU-T G.831 Management capabilities of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy





C h a p t e r 4

System Structure


ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 system structure

Baseband Digital Subsystem (BDS)

Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS)

Micro BTS Transmitter Receiver(MTRX)

Micro BTS Power Amplification (MPA)

Micro BTS Low Noise amplifier (MLNA)

Micro BTS Duplexer (MDUP)

Micro BTS Diversity (MDIV)

Timing and Frequency Subsystem (TFS)

Power Subsystem



ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 Structure Figure 16 shows the ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 system structure. It consists of five main subsystems: Baseband Digital Subsystem (BDS), Timing & Frequency Subsystem (TFS), Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS), Power Subsystem (PS), and Lightning-protection Subsystem.

F I G U R E 16 – ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 S T R U C T U R E

BDS completes CDMA baseband signal modulation/demodulation and provides functions such as resource management, signal processing and operation & maintenance. In addition, BDS provides Abis interface with BSCB.

TFS provides time and frequency signals necessary for BDS and RFS. Using an antenna, RFS provides air interface, completes transmitter side modulation and receiver side demodulation of CDMA signals and implements associated detection, monitoring, configuration and control functions.

Power subsystem supplies system power for the entire system. Micro-BTS lightning protection consists of antenna feeder lightning protection, power lightning protection and signal line lightning protection. Antenna feeder lightning protection involves lightning protection of Tx/Rx antennas and GPS antenna feeder.

Chapter 4 System Structure


Figure 17 illustrates logic relation of ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 internal components.

F I G U R E 17 – ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 B L O C K D I AG R AM

Baseband Digital Subsystem Baseband Digital Subsystem (BDS) is a part that characterizes CDMA features present in ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192. Several key CDMA technologies apply to BDS such as diversity technology, RAKE receiving, softer handoff and, power control. Primary BDS functions are to complete baseband signal modulation & demodulation and to provide RF interface and Abis interface with BSCB.

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 Baseband Digital Subsystem (BDS) is a digital board Baseband Processor Module (BPM). The board also provides interfaces between BDS, and TFS and RFS.

Baseband Processor Module (BPM) is the core ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 module, which completes baseband data modulation & demodulation, signal processing, resource management, and operation & maintenance.

BPM implements following functions:

Receives Rx antenna digital sampling signals from RFS, implements demodulation and then sends service/signal frames to BSCB via E1/T1 links.

Overview

Baseband Processor

Module



Performs service/signaling frame demodulation from BSCB and sends data to Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS).

Completes Abis interface protocol processing (NAT/CUDP/MPPP/HDLC).

Completes ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 centralized monitoring and maintenance.

Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS) Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS) is an important ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 part. Following section lists RFS functions:

Provides air interface over antenna.

Implements interface with BDS over RFCM.

Completes modulation transmission and demodulation receiving of CDMA signals.

Implements detection, monitoring, configuration, and control functions.

F I G U R E 18 - RFS P O S I T I O N I N ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192

Figure 16 shows RFS block diagram. At present, the subsystem supports “single-carrier single-sector”, “two-carrier two-sectors (where, second carrier is a remote station) and “single-carrier two-sector” configurations. Compared with “single-carrier single-sector” configuration, hardware configuration of dual-carrier micro BTS is slightly different from “two-carrier two-sector” or “single-carrier two-sector” configuration, as it does not require MDIV’s presence. Normally, RFS comprises modules such as Micro Transmitter & Receiver (MTRX), Micro Power Amplifier

Overview



(MPA), Duplexer (MDUP), Diversity (MDIV), Micro Low Noise Amplifier (MLNA) and arrestor.

F I G U R E 19 - S I N G L E -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -S E C T O R RFS S U B S Y S T E M

TX

MPA

RX0

RFCM

MDUP MDIV

BDS

RFS

Antenna 0 Antenna 1

RX1

Note: TX, RX0, RX1 and RFCM boards comprise an MTRX module.



F I G U R E 20 - TW O -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -S E C T O R RFS

Antenna 0

MPA

RFCM

MDUP

BPM OIB

MGPSTM

MPA

RFCM

MDUP

RFS

RFM

Antenna1

FiberRemote station shelf

Interconnection cable

RFS

GPS antenna

ZXCBTS - M802 shelf




F I G U R E 21 - S I N G L E -C AR R I E R TW O -S E C T O R RFS

TX

MPA

RX

0

RX

1

RFCM

BPM OIB

MGPSTM

GPS antenna

TX

MPA

RX

0

RX

1

RFCM

MDUP

RFS

RFM

FiberRemote station shelf

RFS

MDUP

Antenna 0

MDUP

Antenna 1

MDUP

Antenna 0 Antenna 1

ZXCBTS – M802 shelf


Micro BTS Transmitter Receiver (MTRX) MTRX connects radio frequencies and baseband signals. An MTRX corresponds to a sector and carrier. MTRX receives master receiving and diversity receiving signals of two RFEs of a sector. MTRX separately conducts down conversion and intermediate frequency filtering, completes I/Q demodulation after AGC processing and converts received RF modulation signals into baseband I/Q signals. During that time, MTRX also receives forward baseband I/Q signals, implements I/Q modulation, intermediate frequency filtering, and converts them to RF modulation signals by means of up conversion. In addition, MTRX implements TPTL power control operation. MTRX is the key to Tx/Rx link signal processing in RFS.

Following section lists basic MTRX functions:



Provides interfaces between baseband signals, MPA, and RFE modules. Transfers Tx/Rx baseband data and transmits information about configuration, control, status, and alarm maintenance.

Converts baseband digital signals to RF debugging signals in forward link.

Converts RF signals to baseband digital signals in reverse link.

Completes system power control and cell breathing.

Micro BTS Power Amplification (MPA) MPA is a very important RFS module. Its power determines BTS coverage. Major power amplifier examination indices consist of work efficiency, ACPR, gain flatness and gain fluctuation.

Following section lists primary MPA functions:

RF signal amplification.

Input, output and reverse output power detection.

Temperature detection.

Alarm signal generation and reporting.

Micro Power Amplifier (MPA) receives CDMA forward Tx signals from MTRX amplifies power so that RF signals can reach requisite power value. After duplex filter processing at RF front end, antennas transmit signals to cells to cover corresponding areas. A CDMA system has special requirements for BTS MPA. Forward Tx CDMA signals follow QPSK modulation mode and belong to non-constant envelope signals in linear modulation with peak-to-average ratio of signals relatively higher.

To ensure lower Tx signal distortion and spread spectrum signal prevention, the MPA must have linearity. System applies, “power backoff” technology, feed-forward technology, and digital pre-distortion technology to guarantee MPA linearity.

Power amplifier is a high-temperature device that has high heat dissipation requirements. Inefficient power amplifier heat dissipation control leads to easy amplifier damage due to high operating temperature environment for a long duration. Better power amplifier protection and efficient fault diagnosis requires proper software configuration to monitor temperature alarm, standing wave alarm, excess power alarm and device failure alarm/switch off.



Over Temperature Alarm

If MCU in power amplifier detects amplifier operating temperature exceeding a preset value, it switches off RF signal voltage bias and amplifier tube and switches on amplifier again when temperature drops to a specific value.

Standing Wave Alarm

Improper RFE cable connection leads to inefficient amplifier power transmitted to the air, resulting in standing wave alarm generation to switch off amplifier. Standing wave alarm generation requires manual intervention to restart amplifier.

Over Power Alarm

Power amplifier output reaches “rated power + 3 dB” leading to excess power alarm generation leading to amplifier switch off. When input power is less than -9 dBm, amplifier switches on restarting operations automatically.

Device Failure Alarm

Power amplifier gain of 6 dB leads to device failure alarm generation, which switches off amplifier, and necessitates manual intervention to restart amplifier.

Micro BTS Low Noise Amplifier (MLNA) MLNA board is an independent ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 module. Each ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 has two MLNA boards connected with MDUP and MDIV separately that implements low-noise amplification of weak signals received by antenna.

Following section lists MLNA board Functions:

Low-noise amplification of small signals received by antenna.

Power distribution of received signals after low-noise amplification.

Low-noise amplifier status monitoring.

Micro BTS Duplexer (MDUP) RFE-MDUP module is ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 RF front-end RFE module, which is an important module that implements transmission and reception functions simultaneously in RFE. This module enables antenna to implement transmission and reception of RF signals that reduces costs. The frequent use of this module is common in frequency division duplexer systems.



Following section lists RFE-MDUP functions:

Filtering small signals received by antenna.

Tx/Rx duplex.

Filtering forward Tx power signals.

Micro BTS Diversity (MDIV) MDIV module is ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 RF front-end RFE module, which is an important module that implements RFE diversity receiving function.

MDIV filters small signals received by antenna.

Timing and Frequency Subsystem (TFS) TFS is an acronym for Timing & Frequency Subsystem. TFS provides synchronous clock and frequency reference for entire CDMA radio section systems, in addition to providing standard system time.

TFS provides BDS with clocks like 16 CHIP and PP2S necessary for the system, while providing TOD (Time of Date) message.

TFS provides 10 MHz and 12 MHz sinusoidal signals for RFS.

Figure 22 illustrates MGPSTM position in ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192.

In CDMA mobile communications system, synchronization contains transmission and radio synchronization. Transmission synchronization operates in master/slave mode, while radio synchronization operates in GPS synchronization mode in most CDMA systems. All cellular system radio interfaces synchronize to the same standard time. GPS system provides standard time, which is synchronous with UTC (Universal Time Coordinated).

In ZTE CDMA systems, synchronization timing scheme requires MBTS and BSCB synchronization according to a standard GPS time signal. MPSTM provides ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 with standard timing signals and related system references.

Overview

MGPSTM – Micro BTS GPS Timing Module



F I G U R E 22 - MGPSTM P O S I T I O N I N M I C R O BTS

In ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 system, MGPSTM provides input to BDS. Physically, BPM board and RFS comprise modules such as MTRX, HPA, LNA and RFE in addition to timing moment reference and frequency reference signals. Timing moment reference signals are PP2S (even seconds), 16 Chip, and 10 MHz and 12 MHz frequency reference signal. MGPSTM provides BPM with TOD interface and control interface.

MGPSTM provides BPM module with 16 Chip and PP2S clock necessary for system, and TOD message. MGPSTM also provides MTRX module with 10 MHz and 12 MHz sine signals.

Following section lists output interfaces:

One 16 CHIP signal, one PP2S signal, with PECL signal level connected with BPM module via DB25 cable.

One 10 MHz signal, with level 1 SINE signal connected with MTRX module via coaxial cable.

One 12 MHz signal, with level 1 SINE signal connected with MTRX module via coaxial cable.

One TOD message, with RS232 level connected with BPM module via DB25 cable.

Following section lists MGPSTM input signals:

GPS antenna, receiving GPS satellite signals transmission on a shielded coaxial cable.

One TOD message, with RS232 level connected with BDM module via DB25 cable.

+12 V and +5 V power supplies.



Power Subsystem Power subsystem supplies power for modules in ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192.

Figure 23 shows the power subsystem block diagram.

F I G U R E 23 - PO W E R S U B S Y S T E M B L O C K D I A G R AM (220 V AC I N P U T )

F I G U R E 24 - PO W E R S U B S Y S T E M B L O C K D I A G R AM ( -48 V DC I N P U T )

Power subsystem transforms 220 V AC or -48 V DC power into appropriate voltages to supply power for modules in micro BTS/remote station system.

Power subsystem controls switching of heater in micro BTS/remote station system to stabilize internal system environment.

Power distribution module also supports power monitoring.


C h a p t e r 5

Networking and Configuration


Micro BTS Networking Modes

Cell Splitting Solution

System Configuration

single-carrier single-sector

single-carrier Two-sector

single-carrier Three-sector

Two-carrier Single-sector

Three-carrier Single-sector



Micro BTS Networking Modes ZXCBTS MBTS CDMA micro BTSs and remote stations can implement multiple networking modes. A remote station directly connects with macro BTS or micro BTS to extend one or more sectors of macro/micro BTS to implement different networking modes. As Figure 25 illustrates, micro BTS directly connects with ZXC10 BSCB over Abis interface or connects with macro/micro BTS in daisy chain mode.

F I G U R E 25 – M I C R O BTS AN D R E M O T E ST AT I O N N E T W O R K I N G

BSC

Macro BTS

Macro BTS Micro BTS Micro BTS Micro BTS

Micro BTS

Four- carrier single sector system composed of remote station and macro station

Typical application of remote station Single - carrier three

sector application composed of remote

station and BTS

Micro-BTS cascade

application

Three - carrier single sector application composed of micro BTS and remote

station

Cell Splitting Solution Use of cell splitting solution enables coverage in two special areas. The solution saves user investment. Figure 26 illustrates cell splitting solution implementation.

Chapter 5 Networking and Configuration


F I G U R E 26 - M802 /M192 CE L L S P L I T T I N G S O L U T I O N

System Configuration Following two tables separately list unit/board configurations of a single ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 shelf. A single ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 shelf supports a sector and implements “single-carrier single-sector” configuration. A single remote station supports one sector signal. The sector signal is either a ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 sector or that of macro BTS. ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 sector remote station necessitates addition of OIB module. Macro BTS sector remote station necessitates LFM module addition. ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and remote station combination can implement multiple system configurations, such as “single-carrier two-sector”, “single-carrier three-sector”, “two-carrier single-sector” and “three-carrier single-sector”.

Single-Carrier Single-Sector

Figure 27 illustrates ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 single-carrier single-sector configuration. ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 connection with upper-level BTS or BSCB via E1/T1 can implement ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 single-carrier single-sector configuration.



F I G U R E 27 - M802 /M192 S I N G L E -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Single-Carrier Two-Sector

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and remote station combine to implement single-carrier two-sector configuration. Connect remote station to ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 remote station sector using fiber. Connect ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 to upper-level BTS or BSCB using E1/T1, and configure single-carrier two-sector, as illustrated in Table 20.

T AB L E 20 - M802 /M192 S I N G L E -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

S.No Unit/Module Name

Unit ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 (single shelf)

Remarks

1 MGPSTM PCS 1

2 MDUP PCS 1

3 MDIV PCS 1

4 MTRX PCS 1

5 MPA PCS 1

6 MPD PCS 1

7 MLNA PCS 2

8 BPM PCS 1

9 OIB PCS 0 Provided if a remote station is available

10 BRFS PCS 1 MTRX backplane

11 Shelf PCS 1



F I G U R E 28 - M802 /M192 /RE M O T E S T AT I O N S I N G L E -CAR R I E R TW O -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

T AB L E 21 - M802 /M192 AN D R E M O T E S T AT I O N S I N G L E -C AR R I E R TW O -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 + Remote Station S.No

Unit/Module Name Unit

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192

Remote Station

Remarks

1 MGPSTM PCS 1 0

2 MDUP PCS 1 1

3 MDIV PCS 1 1

4 MTRX PCS 1 1

5 MPA PCS 1 1

6 MPD PCS 1 1

7 MLNA PCS 2 2

8 BPM PCS 1 0

9 RFM PCS 0 1

10 OIB PCS 1 0

11 BRFS PCS 1 1 MTRX backplane

12 Shelf PCS 1 1

Single-Carrier Three-Sector

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and two remote stations combine to implement single-carrier three-sector configuration. Connect two



remote stations to two ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 remote station sectors using fiber, connect ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 to an upper-level BTS or BSCB using E1/T1, and configure single-carrier three-sector configuration, as illustrated in Figure 29.

F I G U R E 29 - M802 /M192 RE M O T E S T AT I O N S I N G L E -CAR R I E R TH R E E -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Table 22 describes single-carrier three-sector configuration that consists of ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and two remote stations.

T AB L E 22 - S I N G L E -C AR R I E R TH R E E -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N W I T H ON E M802 /M192 AN D TW O R E M O T E S T AT I O N S


Unit/Module Name

Unit


Remote Station

Remarks

1 MGPSTM PCS 1 0

2 MDUP PCS 1 2

3 MDIV PCS 1 2

4 MTRX PCS 1 2

5 MPA PCS 1 2

6 MPD PCS 1 2

7 MLNA PCS 2 4

8 BPM PCS 1 0




Unit/Module Name Unit


Remote Station

Remarks

9 RFM PCS 0 2

10 OIB PCS 2 0


12 Shelf PCS 1 2

Two-Carrier Single-Sector

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and remote station combine to implement two-carrier single-sector configuration. Connect remote station to ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 remote station sector using fiber, and configure ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and remote station MDUPs as mutual diversity receivers. Connect ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 MDUP to remote station diversity receiving end using RF cable. Connect remote station MDUP to ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 diversity receiving end, and connect ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 to upper-level BTS or BSCB using E1/T1. Figure 30 shows the two-carrier single-sector configuration.

F I G U R E 30 - M802 /M192 /RE M O T E S T AT I O N TW O -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -SE C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Table 23 describes two-carrier single-sector configuration that consists of ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and remote station.



T AB L E 23 - TW O -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -S E C T O R W I T H M802 /M192 AN D R E M O T E S T AT I O N

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 + Remote Station

S.No Unit/Module Name Unit


Remote Station

Remarks

1 MGPSTM PCS 1 0

2 MDUP PCS 1 1

3 MDIV PCS 0 0

4 MTRX PCS 1 1

5 MPA PCS 1 1

6 MPD PCS 1 1

7 MLNA PCS 1 1

8 BPM PCS 1 0

9 RFM PCS 0 1

10 OIB PCS 1 0


12 Shelf PCS 1 1

Three-Carrier Single-Sector

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and two remote stations combine to implement three-carrier single-sector configuration. Connect remote station (a) to ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 remote station sector using fiber, and connect remote station (b) to the other ZXCBTS MBTS M802 remote station sector using fiber. Configure ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 MDUPs and two remote stations as mutual diversity receivers. Connect ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 MDUP to remote station (a) diversity receiving end using RF cable, and connect remote station (a) MDUP to remote station (b) diversity receiving end. Connect remote station (b) MDUP to ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 diversity receiving end, and connect ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 to upper-level BTS or BSCB using E1/T1. Figure 31 illustrates three-carrier single-sector configuration.



F I G U R E 31 - M802 /M192 /RE M O T E S T AT I O N TH R E E -C AR R I E R S I N G L E-S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Table 24 describes three-carrier single-sector configuration that consists of ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 and two remote stations.

T AB L E 24 - TH R E E -C AR R I E R S I N G L E -S E C T O R C O N F I G U R AT I O N C O M P R I S I N G M802 /M192 AN D T W O R E M O T E S T AT I O N S

ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192+ two Remote Stations

S.No Unit/Module Name

Unit ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192

Two Remote Stations

Remarks

1 MGPSTM PCS 1 0

2 MDUP PCS 1 1*2

3 MDIV PCS 0 0

4 MTRX PCS 1 1*2

5 MPA PCS 1 1*2

6 MPD PCS 1 1*2

7 MLNA PCS 1 1*2

8 BPM PCS 1 0

9 RFM PCS 0 1*2

10 OIB PCS 2 0

11 BRFS PCS 1 1*2 MTRX backplane

12 Shelf PCS 1 1*2





A p p e n d i x A

Support Workflow

This Chapter describes:

Fault Rectification Handling Flow

Repair workflow

Service guarantee



Fault Rectification Handling Flow With strict operation regulation, clear responsibility allocation and simple service flow, each department in ZTE runs in a customer oriented way.

Figure 32 shows the ZTE customer service center general fault handling flow.

F I G U R E 32 - ZTE C U S T O M E R S E R V I C E C E N T E R GE N E R AL F AU L T H AN D L I N G FL O W

Appendix A Support Workflow


Figure 33 shows the ZTE customer service center fatal fault handling flow.

F I G U R E 33 - ZTE C U S T O M E R S E R V I C E C E N T E R F AT AL F A U L T H AN D L I N G FL O W



Repair Workflow Description This document describes the flow of sending ZTE’s faulty hardware for repair. It is intended to use the standard flow to make the process of repairing or replacing faulty hardware prompt and effective manner. This document is applicable to all users. If any discrepancy arises between this document and the service contract, the clauses in the service contract shall prevail.

This flow applies only to faulty hardware occurs during the maintenance period. If maintenance personal wants to know the handling flow for faulty hardware occurs during the maintenance period, please consult the local ZTE office.

If maintenance personal have any problem, like application for repair services and spare part services, “Fault Record Card”, “RMA Label” and “Form to Send Faulty Devices for Repair”, and inquires information on relevant hardware services (including information on ZTE’s transport agents), please contact the local ZTE office.

Maintenance personal can send the feed back about complaints and suggestions by E-mail at [email protected].

ZTE normal working hours are 8:30 to 18:00 on Monday to Friday. If ZTE receives repair applications in working hours, ZTE will begin to provide services immediately. If ZTE receives repair applications in non-working hours or statutory national festivals holidays and public holidays, ZTE will begin to provide services on the first working day after the applications are received.

Emergency services: If an emergency fault occurs in non-working hours, please call the hotline of ZTE’s Global Customer Support Center: 800–8301118 and 400-8301118 (for mobile users).

Figure 34 shows the common Flow Chart for sending Faulty Hardware.

Contact Information

Service Time

Common Flow Chart for

sending Faulty Hardware



F I G U R E 34 - CO M M O N FL O W C H AR T FO R S E N D I N G F AU L T Y H AR D W AR E

1. Before remove the faulty hardware, wear the anti-static

shoes and an anti-static wrist strap. Fill in a Fault Record Card for faulty hardware. Tie the Fault Record Card on the faulty hardware.

2. Faulty Devices Form for Repair Send by E-mails or Fax to the local ZTE office.

3. ZTE relevant personnel confirm the application and the confirmation number will send by E-mails or fax on the same day.

4. Attach in the box the Form to Send Faulty Devices for Repair confirmed by ZTE as the packing list. Fill the RMA number confirmed by ZTE in the RMA label and stick the label outside the box. Send the box to local ZTE office in a secure, prompt way.

5. ZTE receives the faulty hardware and verifies it according to the Faulty Devices Form. Sending by E-mails or fax a receipt confirmation for maintenance personal.



6. ZTE repairs or replaces each piece of faulty hardware according to the service contract.

7. ZTE sends the repaired or replaced hardware to the maintenance personal with the Receipt Feedback Form for Repaired Devices (Attachment 4) attached, and notifies the maintenance personal of delivery information.

After receiving and checking hardware, the maintenance personal signs the Receipt Feedback Form for Repaired Devices and sends it back to local ZTE office. If the hardware gets faulty again within three months of receipt, operate according to the flow described in the following Section.

If replacement hardware gets faulty again within three months, just call ZTE local service hotline. Maintenance personal does not need to send the hardware for repair according to the common flow; instead, use the following DOS flow:

1. Maintenance personal Call to ZTE local service hotline and inform related problems, so that ZTE can learn details of fault and create a record to trace the fault.

2. Maintenance personal received an E-mails or fax and feedback – DOS Confirmation Form (Attachment 5) – for Maintenance personal future verification and query.

3. If ZTE gets the DOS Confirmation Form, next day ZTE sends the corresponding spare part(s). Please confirm it and send back to a receipt confirmation.

Pack the faulty hardware and attach the DOS Confirmation Form. After that, notify local ZTE office arrange transport agent for collection. 1. When Maintenance personal finds hardware gets faulty, with

out ZTE’s permission do not attempt to repair for further damage.

2. Pay attention to ESD when dismount and pack the hardware. Avoid touching circuit components to prevent ESD from damaging circuit boards.

3. If faulty hardware damaged in transportation because of improper packing, ZTE will not provide repair or replacement services.

4. Faulty hardware is received but not confirmed by ZTE, or the RMA confirmation number is incorrect, or information in the Form for Sending Faulty Devices for Repair does not agree with the real object, the faulty hardware will not be handled on time and the whole service process will be delayed.

5. Please fill in the Fault Record Card in time when Maintenance personal hardware to ensure the fault information is complete and accurate.

6. To enhance handling efficiency, please send the faulty hardware in time and avoid backlogging.

Handling Flow Chart For After

Repair or Replacement

(Dos –Dead On Swap)

Precautions



7. If any changes occur to Maintenance personal contact person, address or telephone number, notify ZTE through E-mail or fax as soon as possible.

8. If any changes occur to this document or related documentation, the contents in our Website http://support.zte.com.cn shall prevail.

Attachment 1: Fault Record Card

Attachment 2: Form to Send Faulty Devices for Repair

Attachment 3: RMA Label

Attachment 4: Receipt Feedback Form for Repaired Devices

Attachment 5: DOS Confirmation Form

Service Guarantee ZTE global customer service center works at 7 × 24 (including public holidays) for customer complaints processing.

Tel ：0755-26771776

Fax ：0755-26770801

Email ：[email protected]

Website ：http://support.zte.com.cn

Address ：ZTE Global Customer Service Center, 3rd Floor, Bldg.A,Hi-Tech Industrial Park,

Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R.CHINA – 518057.

ZTE will notify to customers before 1 month any changing about contact details.

Definition of reaction

Reaction refers to the initial communication between ZTE complaints operator and customer in the complaint processing flow:

Prompt reaction guarantee

ZTE guarantees prompt response is only for working day

Prompt response guarantee

Definition of response

Response refers to the initial solution provides by quality manager.

Response promise

i. 4 hours in the working day (complaint about service)

ii. 1 working day (complaint about product quality)

Attachments

Process guarantee

Response guarantee



Definition of problem solving

The satisfactory solution provides by zte.

Prompt problem solving guarantee (complaint about service)

i. 2 working days

Prompt problem solving guarantee (complaint about product quality)

i. 3 days (category A products)

ii. 15 days (category B products)

iii. 30 days (category c products)

Definition of close-loop time

Close-loop time refers to the duration from customer complaint.

Prompt close-loop guarantee

i. 1 month (complaint about service)

ii. 2 months (complaint about product quality)

Prompt problem solving

guarantee

Close-loop guarantee


A p p e n d i x B

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Full Name

AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

Abis Interface Abis Interface — Interface between BSC--BTS

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A Interface A Interface — Interface between BSC and MSC

BPM Baseband Process Module

BDS Baseband Digital Subsystem

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BSC Base Station Controller

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BTS Base Transceiver Station

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CE Channel Element

DBS Database Subsystem

DUP Duplexer

EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMI Electromagnetic Interference

FE Front End

FPGA field programmable gate array

GPS Global Position System

HA Home Agent

HDLC High-level Data Link Control

HLR Home Location Register

LFM Local Fiber Module

LNA Low Noise Amplifier

MBTS Micro Base Station Transceiver



Abbreviation Full Name

MCU Media Control Unit

MDIV Micro BTS Diversity

MDUP Micro BTS Duplex

MGPSTM Micro BTS GPS Timing Module

MLNA Micro BTS Low Noise Amplifier

MPA Micro-BTS Power Amplifier

MPD Micro-BTS Power Distribution

MSC Mobile Switching Center

MTBF Mean Time Between Failures

MTRX Micro Transmitter & Receiver

OIB Optical Interface Board

PCF Packet Control Function

PDSN Packet Data Serving Node

PP2S Pulse Per 2S

PWS Power System

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RFE Radio Front End

RFM Remote Fiber Module

RFS Radio Frequency Subsystem

RX Receiver

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

TFS Timing & Frequency Subsystem

TOD Time of Date

TPTL Transmission Power Track Loop

TRX Transmitter and Receiver

TX Transmitter

Um Interface Um Interface - Interface between MS and BTS

UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply

VLR Visitor Location Register


Index

AAA ................ , 33, 81 AC ....... , 38, 46, 47, 48, 62 ACPR ..................., 58 AN ....................., 33 AT .............. , 32, 33, 34 ATM ...................., 81 BAND ..................., 42 BDS .......................

. , 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 61, 81 BS ........ , 25, 27, 28, 29, 44 BSC .......................

. , 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 52, 53, 54, 60, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 81

BSCB ......................, i, 32, 33, 34, 35, 52, 53, 54, 60, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70

BSC--BTS ..............., 81 BSS ...., 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 81 BSSB .................... , i BTS .......................

. , 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 81, 82

CDMA ......................, 1, 3, i, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 64, 81

CDMA2000 ................... , i, 1, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34, 40, 48, 49

CE ....................., 81 channel............. , 43, 44 Channel Bandwidth ... , 42, 43 CHIP ............... , 60, 61 CLASS.................., 47 CN..........., 19, 20, 32, 33 Code Domain Power ......, 43 CONTROL ............... , 15

CRC ........... , 8, 10, 12, 13 DB25 .................. , 61 DBS ................... , 81 DC ....... , 38, 45, 46, 48, 62 DROP .................. , 28 DUP ................ , 59, 81 DV .................... , 16 E1 ........................

., 39, 53, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70 E1/T1 .....................

.... , 53, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70 EMC ................ , 44, 81 EMI ................... , 81 EV ........................

, 1, 3, i, 16, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39

EV-DO ....................., 1, 3, i, 16, 31, 32, 33, 34,

39 FCH ................ , 24, 25 FE .................... , 81 FER ................ , 41, 42 FPGA .................. , 81 Front End Standing Wave Ratio.

................. , 43, 44 GPS ... , 44, 52, 60, 61, 81, 82 HA .................... , 81 HDB3 .................. , 39 HDLC ............... , 54, 81 HLR .......... , 19, 20, 21, 81 HOLDOVER .............. , 44 HRPD ............... , 48, 49 INFORMATION ............ , 2 Inter-Modulation Spurious

Response ............, 42 IOS ..........., 17, 48, 49 IP ............ , 1, 16, 17, 25 IS ........................

., 3, 4, 7, 34, 35, 40, 43, 48 IS2000 ................ , 15 IS-97, 40 .............. , 43 IS-97D ............. , 40, 43 ITU ................ , 46, 49



ITU-T ..............., 46, 49 LEGAL ................... , 2 LNA ................., 61, 81 MAP .................... , 21 MCU ................., 59, 82 MS ........................

. , 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 82

MSC ........................ , 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 81, 82

MTBF ................, 40, 82 NAT .................... , 54 NOT .................... , 26 OFFSET .............., 40, 43 OIB .......................

. , 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 82 ONE .................... , 15 P ........................

, 1, 3, 20, 24, 25, 33, 79, 82 PA ..................... , 58 PCF ............. , 24, 33, 82 PCS ... , 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 PDS .................... , 18 PDSN ...... , 20, 24, 25, 33, 82 Pilot Power.............. , 44 POWER .................. , 15 PP2S ............ , 60, 61, 82 PPP .................... , 25 PROCESS ................. , 2 PTT .................... , 18 PWS .................... , 82 Quadrature modulation ... , 43 R&D ..................... , 3 R1 .................... , 2, 3 RAKE ................... , 53 RBW ............. , 40, 42, 43

RF ........................, 15, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,

53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70 RF (Receiving) Front End

Standing Wave Ratio ... , 43 RFE .......................

. , 41, 42, 58, 59, 60, 61, 82 RFS .......................

, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 82

RS232 .................. , 61 RS-485 ................. , 35 RX ..................... , 82 RX0 ............. , 55, 56, 57 RX1 ............. , 55, 56, 57 S0007 .................. , 49 S0024 .............. , 35, 48 S0029 .................. , 49 SDH .................... , 82 SN ..................... , 38 SPREADING ............... , 2 TAS .................... , 49 TD-SCDMA ............... , 15 TFS .......... , 52, 53, 60, 82 TO ................. , 40, 43 TOD ............. , 60, 61, 82 TPTL ............ , 35, 57, 82 TRX .................... , 82 TX ........... , 55, 56, 57, 82 URL ..................... , 1 UTC .................... , 60 V ........................

. , 38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 61, 62 VLR ............. , 19, 21, 82 WCDMA .................. , 15 ZXC10 ............. , i, 33, 64


Figures

Figure 1 - CDMA Spreading Process.......................................3 Figure 2 - Radio Signal Multipath Propagation.........................8 Figure 3 - Multipath Effect Details .........................................9 Figure 4 - Turbo Code Encoder ........................................... 12 Figure 5 - Turbo Code Decoder Basic Structure ..................... 14 Figure 6 - CDMA2000 Technology Evolution Roadmap............ 16 Figure 7 - CDMA2000 System Network Structure .................. 18 Figure 8 - MS Initiating a Call Implementation Process........... 22 Figure 9 - MS-Initiated Data Call establishment Process ......... 24 Figure 10 - Soft Vs Softer Handoff ...................................... 26 Figure 11 - Soft And Softer Handoff Addition Process............. 27 Figure 12 - Implementation Process of Soft/Softer Handoff Removal ......................................................................... 28 Figure 13 - 1x EV-DO Rev. A Radio Access Network Reference Model ............................................................................. 32 Figure 14 - M802/M192 Interfaces in 1x EV-DO Rev.A Network ....................................................................................... 34 Figure 15 – ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 Outer View................ 38 Figure 16 – ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 Structure.................. 41 Figure 17 – ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192 Block Diagram........... 41 Figure 18 - RFS Position in ZXCBTS MBTS M802/M192........... 41 Figure 19 - Single-Carrier Single-Sector RFS Subsystem ........ 41 Figure 20 - Two-Carrier Single-Sector RFS ........................... 41 Figure 21 - Single-Carrier Two-Sector RFS ........................... 41 Figure 22 - MGPSTM Position in Micro BTS............................ 41 Figure 23 - Power Subsystem Block Diagram (220 V AC input)........................................................................................ 41 Figure 24 - Power Subsystem Block Diagram (-48 V DC input) ........................................................................................ 41 Figure 25 – Micro BTS and Remote Station Networking .......... 41 Figure 26 - M802/M192 Cell Splitting Solution ...................... 41



Figure 27 - M802/M192 Single-Carrier Single-Sector Configuration................................................................... 41 Figure 28 - M802/M192/Remote Station Single-Carrier Two-Sector Configuration ......................................................... 41 Figure 29 - M802/M192 Remote Station Single-Carrier Three-Sector Configuration ......................................................... 41 Figure 30 - M802/M192/Remote Station Two-Carrier Single-Sector Configuration ......................................................... 41 Figure 31 - M802/M192/Remote Station Three-Carrier Single-Sector Configuration ......................................................... 41 Figure 32 - ZTE Customer Service Center General Fault Handling Flow ............................................................................... 41 Figure 33 - ZTE Customer Service Center Fatal Fault Handling Flow ............................................................................... 41 Figure 34 - Common Flow Chart For Sending Faulty Hardware ......................................................................................... 41


Tables

Table 1 - Chapters Summary.................................................i Table 2 - Typographical Conventions ..................................... ii Table 3 - Mouse Operation Conventions ................................ iii Table 4 - Codes Comparison used in CDMA ............................5 Table 5 - Power Supply Working Voltage Range .................... 38 Table 6 - M802 Power Consumption during Normal Working ... 39 Table 11 - Normal Working Environment Requirements.......... 39 Table 8 - 800 MHz Tx Indices ............................................. 40 Table 9 - 800 MHz Rx Indices............................................. 41 Table 10 - 1900 MHz Rx Indices ......................................... 41 Table 11 - 1900 MHz Tx Indices.......................................... 41 Table 12 - Electrostatic Discharge Immunity......................... 41 Table 13 - Radiated RF Electromagnetic Field Immunity ......... 41 Table 14 - Electrical Fast Transient/Burst Immunity............... 41 Table 15 - M802/M192 Surge Immunity............................... 41 Table 16 - Immunity to Conducted Disturbances and Induced by Radio-Frequency Field ....................................................... 41 Table 17 - Limits for Shelf Port Spuriously Radiated Disturbance..................................................................................... 41 Table 18 - AC Power Port Limits for Conducted Disturbances Outside a Telecommunication Centre................................... 41 Table 19 - Limits for Signal and Control Line Port Conducted Disturbances.................................................................... 41 Table 20 - M802/M192 Single-Carrier Single-Sector Configuration................................................................... 41 Table 21 - M802/M192 and Remote Station Single-Carrier Two-Sector Configuration ......................................................... 41 Table 22 - Single-Carrier Three-Sector Configuration With One M802/M192 and Two Remote Stations................................. 41 Table 23 - Two-Carrier single-Sector With M802/M192 and Remote Station ................................................................ 41



Table 24 - Three-Carrier Single-Sector Configuration Comprising M802/M192 and two Remote Stations ................................. 41

Sjzl20061038-ZXCBTS MBTS (EV-DO) General Description

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