Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report For Proposed 2x660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Project near Chausa, Buxar District, Bihar State October 2016 Project Proponent SJVN Thermal Private Limited (STPL) (Wholly Owned Subsidiary of SJVN Ltd.-A Mini Ratna and Schedule A PSU under Govt. of India) Study Conducted by Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited Accredited EIA Consulting Organization Certificate No: NABET/EIA/1316/RA009 Parry House, 4 th Floor, No. 2, N.S.C Bose Road Chennai 60001 Final Report
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Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report
For
Proposed 2x660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Project near Chausa, Buxar District, Bihar State
October 2016
Project Proponent
SJVN Thermal Private Limited (STPL)
(Wholly Owned Subsidiary of SJVN Ltd.-A Mini Ratna and Schedule A PSU under Govt. of
1 AP- Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring & Control
Mr. Ravishankar D June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Site visit, design of Ambient air quality monitoring network, evaluation of result of ambient air quality monitoring, inferring baseline data collected, identification of potential impact to air quality during construction and operation phase, suggesting relevant pollution control systems as per regulations, developing and finalizing EMP to minimize impact to air quality and monthly monitoring needed.
2 WP- Water Pollution Monitoring Prevention & Control
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Site visit, Finalization of sampling locations, finalizing water balance for the project, suggesting relevant waste water treatment systems, inference of baseline
PROJECT DECLARATION BY EIA CONSULTANT ORGANIZATION
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
5
S.No. Functional
Areas Name of the
Expert/s Involvement
(Period and Task) Signature
data collected identification of impacts and preparation of mitigation plan.
3 SHW Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Mr. Ravishankar D June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Identification of solid waste to be generated from the process and suggesting mitigation plan.
4 SE Socio-Economic Aspects
Dr. Mangalam Balasubramanian
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Undertaking primary socio-economic survey, identification of social impact due to proposed project, preparation of mitigation plan, development of CSR plan.
5 SE Socio-Economic Aspects
Mr. Karthick C S
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Undertaking primary socio-economic survey, identification of social impact due to proposed project, preparation of mitigation plan, development of CSR plan.
6 EB Ecology and Biodiversity
Mr. I. Siva Ram Krishna and Dr. T. Balakrishna
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Field survey. Impact prediction and suggesting mitigation measures. Preparation of ecology management plan.
7 AQ Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Prediction
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Supervision of air quality modeling and identification of impacts due to proposed expansion. Finalization of mitigation measures with client.
8 NV Noise & Vibration
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Inference from noise modelling, identification of potential impacts due to proposed project and developing mitigation measures.
9 LU Land Use
Mr. Rajendra Prasad
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Preparation of land use land cover maps for the study area using GIS/ related tools followed by ground truth verification.
10 RH Risk & Hazard Management
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Identification of risk due to storage of fuel and raw materials, interpreting consequence contours, suggesting risk mitigation measures.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
6
S.No. Functional
Areas Name of the
Expert/s Involvement
(Period and Task) Signature
11 MSW and Team Member
Ms. Sathya.S June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Identification of solid waste to be generated from the process and suggesting mitigation plan and coordination with EIA coordinator & functional area expert in report writing
Associate Functional Area Experts involved:
1. Mr. Pudi Rama Satya Kamesh – AFAE – AP & AP
2. Mr.Ganta Srikanth- AFAE- WP & AP
Team Member:
1. Mr.Mahendra.B
2. Ms.Saumya
Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization/ Authorized
Person
I, N V Subbarao, hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA
Report as per the project inputs prepared by SJVN Thermal Private Limited after
incorporating the public hearing aspects for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal
Power project near Chausa, Buxar District .
I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any
misleading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature:
Name: N V Subbarao
Name of the EIA Consultant Organization: M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services
Limited
NABET Certificate No.: NABET/EIA/1316/RA009
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
About SJVN Thermal Private Limited
In order to meet the growing electricity demand in the State of Bihar and neighboring
States, Government of Bihar, in 2008, has taken the initiative for developing Thermal
Power Projects in the state through Bihar Power Infrastructure Company (BPIC), a joint
venture between Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) with IL&FS
Energy Development Company Limited (IEDCL). BPIC and BSEB had identified a site
near village Chausa in District Buxar for the development of 2x660 MW Coal based
Thermal Power Project. The Project was housed in the Company named “Buxar Bijlee
Company Private Limited” In the year 2013, Govt. of Bihar decided to award the
implementation of the Project to M/s. SJVN Ltd (SJVN), a Central Public Sector Utility,
and the MoU for transfer of the Project to SJVN was signed after the approval of the
State Cabinet. SJVNL, after taking over the Project Company has renamed the company
as “SJVN Thermal Private Limited (STPL)”
Need and Benefits of the Proposed Thermal Power Plant
The proposed Power Project by STPL will be able to bridge the demand and supply gap
of electrical power in the state of Bihar and also will improve the overall quality of the
power in this region. The proposed power project can propel both economic and social
growth in the region through direct benefits of power supply and indirect benefits
through various induced economic development in the region. In addition to the above
factors, STPL proposes to take up comprehensive community development plans under
the Corporate Social Responsibility programs of the company.
The proposed power project will provide the following overall benefits to the country:
Adequate compensation was already paid to more than 1100 beneficiaries as per
the latest applicable regulations and guidelines and land acquisition is already
completed. Since there are no settlements and permanent structures located at
the project site, no displacement of people and material are envisaged under this
project.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
8
The proposed power plant will be designed and operated on modern and
environmental friendly technologies which will help to reduce the carbon
footprint (carbon dioxide emissions) when compared with conventional thermal
power plants.
The proposed power plant adopts highest level of pollution control management
measures such as electrostatic precipitators (ESP), flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
and technologies to reduce the NOx emissions from the boiler.
The proposed power plant will adopt zero liquid discharge program and the
entire treated wastewater will be reused for the project.
STPL has budgeted to spend about Rs. 61 Cr for various community development
activities under Corporate Social Responsibility Program (CSR) over a period of
10 to 15 years.
The proposed power plant will provide direct and indirect employment to many
people based on their qualification, skill sets and experience.
Project Location
The proposed power plant site is located in the Western side of Bihar state and located
about 10 kms south west of Buxar City near Chausa village in the Chausa Gola region in
Buxar District of Bihar. Uttar Pradesh State Boundary is about 0.8 km from the project
site and the River Karmanasa is dividing the two states. The study area (10 km radius)
lies in between North Latitudes of 25° 23' and 25°34' and East Longitude of 83° 48' and
83°58" and forms part of the Survey of India Top sheet Nos. 63 O-14 & 15with an aerial
extent is around 363.42 Sq.Km. The Project site is located in SOI Topo sheet of 63 O-15.
Location of the project is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The nearest village is located
at about 0.7 Km from the proposed project site boundary and there are no major
industries located within 10Km radius of the project. As per the revenue records and
also Indian Topo sheet data, there are no forest land parcels at the project site and also
10Km radius study area. There are no notified ecologically sensitive areas in the study
area.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
9
Figure ES-1-10Km Radius of the Project Site (Land Use and Land Cover Map)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
10
Figure ES-2-The Project Area represented on a Toposheet
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
11
Project Chronology
The project was initially appraised in MoEF&CC EAC meeting 11th July 2008 and the
project was accorded terms of reference as per the EIA Notification 2006. Subsequently
the then project proponent (M/s. BPIC) has undertaken the EIA study during April –
June 2008. The EIA report was presented in public hearing held on 30th July 2010 at the
Town hall, Buxar. After obtaining the necessary coal linkage from the concerned
authorities, the current project proponent (STPL) has approached MoEF&CC for
environmental clearance along with a revised baseline studies conducted in 2015 and
an addendum EIA Report with updated studies. The project was further appraised in the
55th Meeting of the Re-Constituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of Thermal
Power & Coal Mining Projects, Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change
and was issued revised terms of reference for EIA study of the project. Although there
are no significant changes in the background environmental setting since the earlier EIA
study period 2008 and the revised baseline conducted in 2015 by the Project
Proponent, the EAC has recommended to undertake a revised EIA study based on a one
month air quality monitoring data, prepare EIA report and carryout a public
consultation. As per the revised TOR issued by MoEF&CC, (ToR) Letter No.J-
About SJVN Thermal Private Limited ...................................................................................... 7
Need and Benefits of the Proposed Thermal Power Plant ......................................................... 7 Project Location ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Preamble .................................................................................................................... 27 1.2. Overview of the Project............................................................................................. 27
1.3. Environmental Setting of the Proposed Project ........................................................ 31 1.4. Need for the Project................................................................................................... 32
2.1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 44 2.2. Land for the Project ................................................................................................... 46 2.3. Vision of the Project.................................................................................................. 48 2.3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 48 2.3.2. Long Term Vision for the Project.................................................................................. 49
2.4. Process Description and Technology ........................................................................ 51 2.4.1. Technology & Layout .................................................................................................. 51 2.4.2. Design Parameters ....................................................................................................... 53 2.4.3. Steam Generating Unit and Auxiliaries.......................................................................... 55 2.4.4. Turbine Generator Unit and its Auxiliaries .................................................................... 61 2.4.5. Power Evacuation System ............................................................................................ 62
2.5. Requirement of Major Inputs for Manufacture ......................................................... 63 2.5.1. Coal ............................................................................................................................ 63
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
19
2.5.2. Coal Transportation and Handling System ..................................................................... 63 2.5.3. Fuel Oil Handling Plant................................................................................................ 64 2.5.4. Water Resources and Water Requirement for the Project ................................................ 65 2.5.5. Water Treatment Systems ............................................................................................. 68 2.5.6. Wastewater Treatment Systems .................................................................................... 70
3.1. Preamble .................................................................................................................... 74 3.2. Study area .................................................................................................................. 74 3.3. Scope and Methodology of Conducting Baseline Study........................................... 75
3.4. Administration Setup of the Study Area District ...................................................... 80 3.5. Land Environment ..................................................................................................... 81 3.5.1. Physiography and Drainage .......................................................................................... 81 3.5.2. Land Use Pattern based on Remote Sensing Data ........................................................... 89
3.6. Geology and Soil Quality .......................................................................................... 97 3.6.1. Geology of the Region ................................................................................................. 97 3.6.2. Geology of the Study Area ........................................................................................... 98 3.6.3. Geomorphology ........................................................................................................... 99 3.6.4. Soil Environment ....................................................................................................... 101
3.7. Meteorological Conditions ...................................................................................... 107 3.7.1. Climatological Data – IMD Chapra (Bihar) Observatory .............................................. 107 3.7.2. Site Specific Meteorological Data for the Study Period ................................................ 110 3.7.3. Rainfall ..................................................................................................................... 111
3.8. Air Environment...................................................................................................... 112 3.8.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations .................................................................... 112 3.9. Noise Environment.................................................................................................. 116
3.10. Water Environment ................................................................................................. 118 3.10.1. Surface Water Resources in the Study Area ................................................................. 118 3.10.2. Surface Water Quality ................................................................................................ 119 3.10.3. Ground Water Resources ............................................................................................ 120 3.10.4. Ground Water Quality ................................................................................................ 129
3.11. Ecological Environment .......................................................................................... 131 3.11.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 131 3.11.2. Scope of Study .......................................................................................................... 133 3.11.3. Objectives and purpose of the study ............................................................................ 134 3.11.4. Review of the Literature ............................................................................................. 135 3.11.5. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 138 3.11.6. Results ...................................................................................................................... 145 3.11.7. Ecosystem wise Study ................................................................................................ 147 3.11.8. Flora of the Study Area .............................................................................................. 150 3.11.9. Fauna of the Study Area ............................................................................................. 151 3.11.10. Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................. 152 3.11.11. Aquatic Ecosystem ................................................................................................. 157
3.12. Socio Economic Environment................................................................................. 159 3.12.1. Socioeconomic Environment based on Census 2011..................................................... 159
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
20
4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................................................................................... 174
4.1 General .................................................................................................................... 174 4.2 Identification of Likely Impacts .............................................................................. 174
4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase ................................ 179 4.3.1 Land Use................................................................................................................... 179 4.3.2 Soil Quality ............................................................................................................... 179 4.3.3 Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 180 4.3.4 Noise Levels.............................................................................................................. 180 4.3.5 Predicted Impacts on Water Quality ............................................................................ 181 4.3.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste ........................................................................................ 182 4.3.7 Ecology and Biodiversity ........................................................................................... 183 4.3.8 Socio-Economic Impacts ............................................................................................ 183
4.4. Impacts during operational phase............................................................................ 183 4.4.1. Land Use................................................................................................................... 184 4.4.2. Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 184 4.4.3. Fugitive Coal Dust Emissions and Associated Environmental Impacts .......................... 197 4.4.4. Fugitive Dust Control Management............................................................................. 200 4.4.5. Traffic related Impacts ............................................................................................... 201
4.5. Noise Levels and Impacts ....................................................................................... 202 4.5.1. Impact Assessment .................................................................................................... 202 4.5.2. Mitigation Measures for Noise.................................................................................... 204
4.7. Flood Risk Impact ................................................................................................... 208 4.7.1. Flood Scenario at the Project Site and Risk Mitigation Measures .................................. 208
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
21
7.1. Public Consultation ................................................................................................. 224 7.2. Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures .................................................... 228 7.2.1. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 228
7.3. Construction Phase Safety Management Plan......................................................... 229 7.3.1. General Safety Aspects .............................................................................................. 229 7.3.2. Occupational Health Risks and Risk Mitigation Plan – Construction Phase.................... 230
7.4 Safety Hazards during Operational Phase ............................................................... 231 7.4.1 Hazardous Operations ................................................................................................ 231 7.4.2 Safety Aspects of Storage of Furnace Oil..................................................................... 232 7.4.3 Risk Mitigation Measures for the Storage and Handling of Coal ................................... 234 7.4.4 Risk Mitigation Measures for Storage of Chlorine Tonners ........................................... 235 7.4.5 Occupational Safety Management and Surveillance Program ........................................ 240 7.5 Fire Protection and Fire Fighting Systems .............................................................. 243
7.6 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan ..................................................................... 244 7.6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 244 7.6.2 Existing Laws and Policies related to R&R.................................................................. 245 7.6.3 Project Site and Land Acquisition ............................................................................... 247 7.6.4 Displacement of People & Public Amenities and R&R applicability.............................. 247 7.6.5 Compensation Entitlement Plan for Land Acquisition................................................... 248
7.7 Disaster Management Plan ...................................................................................... 250 7.7.1 Preamble ................................................................................................................... 250 7.7.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP] ......................................................... 251 7.7.3 Actuation of the plan .................................................................................................. 252 7.7.4 Emergency Equipment ............................................................................................... 253 7.7.5 Emergency response .................................................................................................. 253 7.7.6 Emergency control center ........................................................................................... 254 7.7.7 Response Evaluation, Testing and Updating of the Plan................................................ 254 7.7.8 Reporting to Authorities ............................................................................................. 255
8.1. Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure ............................................................ 256
8.2. Improvement in Social Infrastructure ..................................................................... 256 8.2.1. Induced Development ................................................................................................ 256 8.2.2. Power supply ............................................................................................................. 256
8.3. Direct and Indirect Benefit for Public ..................................................................... 256 8.3.1. Employment .............................................................................................................. 256 8.3.2. Improved socio-economic conditions .......................................................................... 257 8.3.3. Health ....................................................................................................................... 257 8.3.4. Training for developing skills for locals ...................................................................... 257
9. ENVIRONMNENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................. 258
9.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 258 9.2. Summary of Proposed Pollution Control Measures ................................................ 258
9.6. Green belt Development.......................................................................................... 274 9.6.1. Criteria for Selection of Species (Selection of species done as per Green Belt Development Plan given by CPCB manual, MoEF&CC) ................................................................................. 275
9.7. Rain Water Harvesting Programs............................................................................ 278 9.7.1. Rainfall Runoff Estimations........................................................................................ 278 9.7.2. Rain Water Harvesting – Rooftop runoff collection and recharge .................................. 280 9.7.3. Storage cum Percolation Pond .................................................................................... 281
9.8. Renewable Energy and Reduction in Carbon Footprint.......................................... 281
9.9. Occupational Health Facility................................................................................... 282 9.10. Corporate Social Responsibility.............................................................................. 285 9.10.1. CSR Programs carried out by STPL ............................................................................ 285 9.10.2. Proposed Need Based CSR Programs .......................................................................... 287 9.10.3. Eligible Development Programs under Companies Act 2013 ........................................ 289 9.10.4. CSR Budget .............................................................................................................. 290
9.11. Budgetary Cost Estimates for Environmental Management ................................... 296
11.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant .............................. 298 11.2.1. Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study .......................................... 298 11.2.2. Other Technical Team Members ................................................................................. 299 11.2.3. External Labs/Agencies involved in EIA Study............................................................ 299
List of Tables
Table 1-1 Salient Features of the site and Its Environs ........................................................................ 31 Table 1-2 Project Chronology ............................................................................................................................... 32
Table 1-3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards................................................................................. 38
Table 1-4 General Ambient Noise Standards .............................................................................................. 40
Table 1-5 Liquid Effluent Standards for Thermal Power Plant ....................................................... 41 Table 2-1 Overview of the proposed project requirements .............................................................. 44
Table 2-2 Land use break-up of the Proposed Plant .............................................................................. 47
Table 2-3 Water Balance.......................................................................................................................................... 68
Table 3-2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology ............................................................................... 77
Table 3-3 Land use classes around 10 km radius..................................................................................... 94
Table 3-4 General Geological Succession....................................................................................................... 98 Table 3-5Details of Soil Sampling Locations ............................................................................................ 104
Table 3-6 Physico-Chemical characteristics of soil samples collected within the study area..................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
Table 3-7 Climatological Normals (30 Years Met Data: 1971-2001) Station: Chapra (Bihar) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 108
Table 3-8 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations .................................................. 113
Table 3-9 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants ........................ 115
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
23
Table 3-10 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants (April to June 2008 VS March to June 2015)................................................................................................................. 115 Table 3-11 Noise Sampling Locations .......................................................................................................... 116
Table 3-12 Recorded Noise Levels (May 2016)...................................................................................... 117
Table 3-13 Surface Water sampling............................................................................................................... 119
Table 3-14 Ground Water Resources & Development Potential of Buxar District (in Ham) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 122
Table 3-15 Ground water level and depth (10 m radius)................................................................. 124
Table 3-16: Details of Water Sampling Locations ................................................................................. 129
Table 3-17 GPS coordinates of the sampling points ............................................................................ 137 Table 3-18 Population Distribution ............................................................................................................... 159
Table 3-19 BPL Households and Rate of BPL Households in Blocks......................................... 164
Table 3-20 Workers Group Distribution in the Study Area ............................................................ 164
Table 3-21 Literacy pattern in the Study Area ........................................................................................ 168
Table 3-22 Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study Area ........................................... 172 Table 4-1 Activity-Impact Identification Matrix for Construction Phase of the Proposed Project .............................................................................................................................................................................. 175
Table 4-2 Activity – Impact Identification Matrix for Operation Phase of the Proposed Project .............................................................................................................................................................................. 178 Table 4-3 Air Quality Modeling Inputs ......................................................................................................... 185
Table 4-4 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)............................................................................................... 187
Table 4-5 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)....................................................................................................................................... 188
Table 4-6 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)............................................................................................... 189
Table 4-7 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)....................................................................................................................................... 190
Table 4-8 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)............................................................................................... 191
Table 4-9 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)....................................................................................................................................... 192
Table 4-10 Summary of the predicted GLCs and Post Project Scenario .................................. 192
Table 4-11 Envisaged Peak Fly Ash Load on the ESPs ....................................................................... 193
Table 4-12 Proposed Vehicular Movement in Terms of PCU’s per Day................................... 201 Table 4-13 Envisaged Equipment Noise Levels (Sound Pressure Levels) ............................. 202
Table 4-14 Elevation at the Project Site ......................................................................................................... 210
Table 4-15 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Indian coal ................................................................ 211
Table 4-16 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Imported Coal ......................................................... 212 Table 4-17 Impact Vs Mitigation Matrix...................................................................................................... 215
Table 5-1: Alternative Sites Evaluated ......................................................................................................... 219
Table 6-1 Environmental Monitoring during Project Construction Phase ............................ 221
Table 6-2 Environmental Monitoring Programs during Operation Phase ............................ 222
Table 6-3 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Plan............................................................. 223 Table 7-1 Environmental Social Management Plan for the Points Raised in Public Hearing ............................................................................................................................................................................ 225
Table 7-2 Estimated Heat Radiation Levels due to Fire from Furnace Oil Tank Rupture............................................................................................................................................................................................... 233
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
24
Table 7-3 Effect of Chlorine at Various Concentrations .................................................................... 237
Table 7-4 Suggested Frequency of Medical Examination under Occupational Health Surveillance Program.............................................................................................................................................. 242
Table 7-5 Suggested Medical Tests under Occupational Health Surveillance Program 242
Table 7-6 Village Wise Land Acquisition Details ................................................................................... 248
Table 7-7 Budget Estimated by Govt. of Bihar for the Land Acquisition as per the Applicable Regulations and Guidelines ....................................................................................................... 248
Table 9-1 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Construction Phase ................................................................................................................................................................................. 264
Table 9-2 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Operation Phase............................................................................................................................................................................................... 265
Table 9-3 Fly Ash Generation and Utilization Plan............................................................................... 268
Table 9-4:Various Tie-ups for Fly Ash Utilization ................................................................................. 269
Table 9-5 List of plants identified for greenbelt and plantations within the Power plant area (Three tier model along the fencing wall) ...................................................................................... 276 Table 9-6 Proposed financial Budget for the Green belt development (Rs in Lakhs)..... 277
Table 9-7 Proposed financial Budget for the habitat conservation (Rs in Lakhs) ............ 277
Table 9-8 Pre project Runoff Estimations .................................................................................................. 279
Table 9-9 Predicted Post Project Run-Off from the Project Area ................................................ 279 Table 9-10 Calculation of Rainwater Harvesting................................................................................... 280
Table 9-11 Suggested Frequency of Medical Examination under Occupational Health Surveillance Program.............................................................................................................................................. 284
Table 9-12 Suggested Medical Tests under Occupational Health Surveillance Program............................................................................................................................................................................................... 284
Table 9-13 Expenditure on CSR Activities Carried out ...................................................................... 286
Table 9-15 Proposed Budget for Environmental Management Plan......................................... 296
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Project site location............................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 1-2 Topo map within 10Km radius from the Project boundary...................................... 29
Figure 1-3 Google Map showing 10 Km Radius ......................................................................................... 30
Figure 1-4 Google Map showing Project area with Co-Ordinates .................................................. 30 Figure 2-1 Proposed Project Layout................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 2-2 Photographs showing typical view of the proposed Project Site........................... 48
Figure 2-3Location of the Proposed River Water Intake Point ....................................................... 66
Figure 2-4 River Water Intake.............................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 3-1High Resolution Satellite image showing project site and its Latitude and Longitude........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 3-2 Topo Map (10 Km radius) of the Study area....................................................................... 79
Figure 3-3 Administrative Map of Buxar District ..................................................................................... 80 Figure 3-4 Physiographic map of the study area ...................................................................................... 82
Figure 3-5 Phyisiography of the Study Area................................................................................................ 83
Figure 3-6 Drainage Map of Bihar ...................................................................................................................... 84
Figure 3-7 Drainage & Water Bodies Map of the Project Site ........................................................... 85 Figure 3-8 Flow Chart showing Methodology of Land use mapping............................................ 91
Figure 3-9 Bar Chart showing the Land use classes around 10 km radius............................... 95
Figure 3-10 IRS Resourcesat-2 L4FMX Image of the Buffer Zone (10km)................................ 95
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
25
Figure 3-11 Land Use/Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area.................................................................... 96
Figure 3-12 Geological Map of Bihar ................................................................................................................ 97 Figure 3-13 Geology of the Study area ............................................................................................................ 99
Figure 3-14 Geomorphology of the Study area ....................................................................................... 101
Figure 3-15 Soil classification of Study area............................................................................................. 103
Figure 3-16 Soil Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area.................................................. 105 Figure 3-17 Annual Windrose as per IMD Chapra Observatory Data....................................... 109
Figure 3-18 Windrose Diagram for Various Seasons as per IMD Chapra Observatory Data .................................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Figure 3-19 Site Specific Wind Rose for the Study Period (17th May 2016 to 15th June 2016)................................................................................................................................................................................. 110
Figure 3-20 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area .............................. 113
Figure 3-22 Surface water Resources in the Study area ................................................................... 119
Figure 3-23 Hydrogeology Map of Buxar District ................................................................................. 121 Figure 3-24 The season wise ground water level.................................................................................. 123
Figure 3-25 Ground water level zone of the Study area.................................................................... 125
Figure 3-26 Ground water Table of the Study area (Pre monsoon) .......................................... 127
Figure 3-27 Ground water Table of the Study area (Post monsoon) ........................................ 128 Figure 3-28 Water Sampling locations......................................................................................................... 130
Figure 3-29 Map from Google earth depecting the GPS coordinates ........................................ 138
Figure 4-1 Isopleths of SO2 .................................................................................................................................. 187
Figure 4-2 Isopleths of NO2 ................................................................................................................................. 189 Figure 4-3 Isopleths of PM................................................................................................................................... 191
Figure 4-4 Layout of the ESPs in the proposed 2x660MW Power Plant ................................. 193
Figure 4-5 Typical View of a FGD System .................................................................................................. 195
Figure 4-6 Typical Process Flow Diagram of FGD System ................................................................. 195 Figure 4-7 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Google Image – 5KM radius)............................................................................ 199
Figure 4-8 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Plant Layout) ............................................................................................................. 199 Figure 4-9 Coal Dust Suppression Sprinklers Arrangements ........................................................ 200
Figure 4-10 Typical View of Dust Suppression Sprinklers .............................................................. 201
Figure 4-11 Predicted Noise Levels due to the Proposed Power Plant Operation ........... 204
Figure 4-12 Flood Map of Bihar State (ref) .................................................................................................. 209 Figure 7-1 Consequence Distance – Heat Radiation Levels ............................................................ 233
Figure 7-2: Dispersion Model of Chlorine Release from 900 Kg Tonner ................................ 237
Figure 7-3 Google Map Showing the Project layout and Site Photographs ........................... 249
Figure 9-1 Location of some of the Major Brick Manufacturing Units in the Region ...... 270 Figure 9-2 Fly Ash Brick Manufacturing Units ........................................................................................ 270
Figure 9-3 Use of Fly ash for Underground Mine Reclamation (ref) ......................................... 271
Figure 9-4 Greenbelt Development Map..................................................................................................... 273
Figure 9-5 CSR Programs Carried by STPL................................................................................................ 286
Figure 9-6 Proposed Village Specific CSR Program.............................................................................. 289
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
26
List of Abbreviation’s
AAQM Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ASI Archaeological Survey of India BDL Below Detection able Limit BPIC Bihar Power Infrastructure Company BSEB Bihar State Electricity Board CBD Conventional Biological Diversity
CGWB Central Ground Water Board CMS Conventional Migratory Species
CMSRSL Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd. CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
EIA Environment Impact Assessment EPTRI Environment Protection Training and Research Institute
IAIA International Association of Impact Assessment IL&FS Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services LULC Land Use and Land Cover
NABET National Accreditation Board of Education and Training PCU Passenger Car Unit
SOI Survey of India STPL SJVN Thermal Private Limited TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference
List of Annexure
1. TOR Letter dated 10th September 2008
2. Approved ToR_7th June 2016 and
3. Compliance to the ToR
4. NABET Certificate
5. Coal Linkage for Indian Coal and MoU for imported coal
5.1 Aproval for coal transportation from Indian Railways
6. Water Allocation Letter
6.1 Water Allocation MOU
7. Water Balance
8. EOI and MoU for Fly Ash Disposal
9. Baseline Monitoring Report 2016
10. List of Flora and Fauna in the study area
11. Air quality Modeling Output file
12. Public Hearing Proceedings
13. Application for NOC of diversion of Budhanala
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-27
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Preamble
In order to meet the growing electricity demand in the State of Bihar and neighboring
States, Government of Bihar, in 2008, has taken the initiative for developing Thermal
Power Projects in the state through Bihar Power Infrastructure Company (BPIC), a joint
venture between Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) with IL&FS
Energy Development Company Limited. BPIC and BSEB had identified a site near village
Chausa in District Buxar for the development of 2x660 MW Coal based Thermal Power
Project. The Project was housed in the Company named “Buxar Bijlee Company Private
Limited” In the year 2013, Govt of Bihar decided to award the implementation of the
Project to M/s. SJVN Ltd (SJVNL), a Central Public Sector Utility, and the MoU for
transfer of the Project to SJVNL was signed after the approval of the State Cabinet.
SJVNL, after taking over the Project Company has renamed the company as “SJVNL
Thermal Private Limited”
1.2. Overview of the Project
The proposed site is located in the Western side of Bihar state and located about 10 kms
south west of Buxar City near Chausa village in the Chausa Gola region in Buxar District
of Bihar. Uttar Pradesh State Boundary is about 0.8 km from the project site and the
River Karmanasa is dividing the two states. The nearest railway station Chausa is about
5 - 6 km from the project site, which is connected to Howrah – New Delhi main line
railway track of East Central Railway Zone. Nearest airport is Patna, which is
approximately 120 kms. The nearest major seaport to the site is Haldia, West Bengal.
The study area (10 km radius) lies in between North Latitudes of 25° 23' and 25°34' and
East Longitude of 83° 48' and 83°58" and forms part of the Survey of India Top sheet
Nos. 63O-14 & 15. The Project site is located in Survey of India Topo sheet of 63O/15.
The project site location is given in Figure 1.1 and Toposheet showing 10 km radius
and the Google map showing the 10 Km radius is given in Figure 1.2 & 1.3. Google Map
showing Project area with Co-ordinates is given in Figure 1.4
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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Figure 1-1 Project site location
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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Figure 1-2 Topo map within 10Km radius from the Project boundary
(Survey of India Top sheet Nos. 63O-14 & 15)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-30
Figure 1-3 Google Map showing 10 Km Radius
Figure 1-4 Google Map showing Project area with Co-Ordinates
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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1.3. Environmental Setting of the Proposed Project
The details of environmental setting around the proposed site are given in the following
Table 1.1.
Table 1-1 Salient Features of the site and Its Environs
S.No. Particulars Details
1
Location:
Village Chausa District Buxar
State Bihar
2 Elevation above mean sea level (MSL)
56.5m to 66.5m
3 Present land use at the proposed site
Barren Land
4 State Boundary Uttar Pradesh State Boundary- 0.8 Km River Karmanasa is dividing the two states
5 Nearest Highway/Road State Highway-13 State Highway-17
6 Defence Installations None within 10 Km radius 7 Nearest Railway Station Chausa - ~5 to 6 km 8 Nearest airport/air strip Patna Airport-122Km
9 Nearest village Banarpur Village- 0.47 Km 10 Nearest town Buxar- 19 Km
11 Nearest river River Karmanasa- 0.8 Km River Ganga- 3.5 km
12 Hills/valleys None within 10 Km radius
13 Archaeologically important places
None within 10 Km radius as per Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Buxar Fort is located at 13 km from the project site which is not declared Archaeologically important places as per ASI.
14 Nearest place of Tourist/Religious importance
None within 10 Km radius. Buxar Fort is located at 13 km.
15
Ecologically sensitive areas (National Parks/Wildlife sanctuaries/bio-sphere reserves)
None within 10 Km radius.
16 Reserved/Protected forests within 10 km radius
None within 10 Km radius
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Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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1.4. Need for the Project
The installed power generation capacity of India as on 30th September 2016 is 3,06,358
MW and out of this the installed generation capacity in Bihar is 3,030 MW including the
allocated shares from central generating stations. As per the 18th EPS published by
Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the estimated peak load demand in Bihar at the end of
12th 5-year plan (2016-17) is 5,018 MW and at the end of 13th 5-year plan (FY 2021-22) is
9,306 MW. The actual peak demand for the financial year 2015-16 in Bihar was 3735 MW
and the peak demand met was 3484 MW leaving a peak deficit of 6.7%. It may be noted
that the actual power scenarios is less than the projections as per the 18 th EPS and also
the per capita power consumption in Bihar is lowest at 265 units per annum, against the
national average of 1,060 units per annum.
To meet up with this overall national objective and to enable Bihar access to additional
power required to sustain the high growth rate being witnessed, Govt. of Bihar with the
support of Bihar Power Infrastructure Company Pvt. Ltd. (BPIC) has been keen on
development of power projects in the state in a fast-track mode and the proposed project
at Chausa village at Buxar was one of them.
The Project Company has executed a Power Purchase Agreement with the erstwhile Bihar
State Electricity Board, to supply 85% of power generated from the Project to the discoms
in Bihar and the balance power would be available for supply elsewhere. Due to the
location advantage of the Project in terms of availability of coal, water and evacuation
facilities the cost of power is expected to be competitive.
1.5. The Project Chronology
The detailed project chronology is given below in Table 1.2
Table 1-2 Project Chronology
Event Period Reference
Submission of Form I & PFR 22 May 2008 EAC meeting on 11th July 2008 for ToR approval
Approval of ToR Aug 2008 EAC meeting held on 12th-13th August, 2008
ToR Letter Sep 2008 No.J-13012/69/2008/IA.II (T) dated, 10th September 2008
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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Event Period Reference
Baseline Study Period Apr – Jun
2008 Conducted by Environment Protection Training & Research Institute (EPTRI)
Public Hearing : Date & Venue
July 2010 30th July 2010 at Town hall, Buxar
Public Hearing Minutes to MoEF&CC
Nov 2010 19th November 2010
MoU for Project Take-over by SJVN Ltd
Jan 2013 17th Jan 2013
Coal Block allocation Sep 2013 6th September 2013
Fresh baseline monitoring by accredited laboratory
Mar – Jun 2015
March 2015 to June 2015 by AES Laboratories Private Limited
MoU signed for Imported Coal supply
Feb 2016 24th February 2016
Studies for addendum EIA Report (ecology, socioeconomic, hydrogeology, meteorological data, air quality modeling etc)
Mar – Apr 2016
Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai
Revised Form 1 and updated PFR submitted to MoEF&CC
May 2016 MoEF&CC online acceptance confirmation – 2nd May 2016
ToR Presentation 5th & 6th May
2016
55th Meeting of the Re-Constituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) on EIA) of Thermal Power & Coal Mining Projects
While the total projected water demand in the facility will remain unchanged from
the earlier EIA Report 2008, a revised water balance, wastewater quantities,
treatment schemes and disposal methods have also been developed with
discussions.
The possible vehicle traffic at the power plant (post project scenario) due to
transportation of coal (partial quantities) and also disposal of fly ash to various
end users as per the identified flyash utilization scheme have been estimated.
The details on the fly ash generation, fly ash disposal and ash pond management
etc have been worked out and presented in the report.
Along with the earlier EIA report, 2008 the addendum report was submitted to MoEF&CC
on 11th April 2016 and the Proposed project was appraised by Expert Appraisal
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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Committee (Thermal Power), Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF&CC) during the
55th Meeting of the Re-Constituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) on
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Thermal Power & Coal Mining Projects
meeting held on 6th May 2016.
1.6. Revised EIA Report
The project was appraised during the 55th EAC meeting and after detailed deliberations,
the Committee recommended the standard ToRs (as applicable) for undertaking detailed
EIA study and preparation of EMP along with public hearing requirement.
The Revised EIA study was undertaken in conformity of Reference (ToR) vide Letter No.J-
13012/69/2008-IA.I (T) dated 07.06.2016, and with the guidelines of Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF&CC), covering all the aspects of the specific conditions
mentioned in the terms of reference issued by MoEF&CC and the copy of the ToR is
enclosed as Annexure 2. The ToR compliance is also enclosed in Annexure 3.
This EIA study was undertaken by M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, a NABET
accredited EIA consulting organization, with specific project related inputs required for
undertaking the EIA studies obtained from the project proponent.
M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services is authorized to undertake EIA studies for thermal
power plants as per the NABET accreditation scheme. A copy of the accreditation status is
presented in Annexure 4.
EAC committee, MoEF&CC has permitted STPL to use the baseline data of March –
June, 2015 in the preparation of EIA/EMP report and specified to carry out a fresh
baseline monitoring for one month period to confirm the environmental settings of the
study area. The fresh baseline monitoring was undertaken by MOEF&CC/NABL approved
environment testing laboratory, M/s AES Laboratories, Delhi during the Month of 15th
May 2016 to 15th June 2016.
The public hearing was held on 4th October 2016 at The Town Hall, Buxar Town which was
accessible to all the concerned people and stake holders of the project. All persons including
bonafide residents, Environmental Groups and others located at the project site/sites of
displacement/sites likely to be affected were requested to participate in the public hearing and
to make oral/written suggestions to Environmental Engineer, Bihar State Pollution Control
Board, Patna.
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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1.7. About the Consultant and Accreditation
1.7.1. Introduction
The EIA report has been prepared by carrying out various scientific studies. The studies
have been carried out by M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai,
India, based on the technical inputs provided in the detailed project report prepared by
M/s NTPC Limited on behalf of STPL.
The profiles of the Consultants are given below
1.7.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant
Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd (CMSRSL) is a joint venture between the
Murugappa group, India and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group, Japan. CMSRSL is an ISO
9001:2008 certified company. CMSRSL offers safety and environmental consulting
services across Indian, Middle East and East Asian countries. CMSRL consists of six
consulting domains such as environmental engineering and management, process safety,
fire safety, electrical safety, construction safety and logistics risk assessment. CMSRS is a
NABET accredited EIA consulting organization for undertaking EIA studies in the
following sectors: paper and pulp, thermal power plants, petroleum refineries,
petrochemical complex, chemical fertilizers, synthetic organic chemical industries, ports
and harbours and area development projects. CMSRSL has offered environmental and
safety related consulting services for more than 5000 clients during last decade.
1.7.3. Details of Experts Engaged for this Study
Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study
1 Mr.V S Bhaskar
EIA Coordinator – Thermal Power Plant Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Noise / Vibration Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Risk & Hazards Management
2 Mr.Ravi Shankar Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Air Pollution Control, Solid and Hazardous Waste Management.
3 Mr.T.P.Natesan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Land Use, Hydrology, Ground Water & Water Conservation
4 Dr. Mangalam Balasubramaniam Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study 5 Mr. C.S.Karthick Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
6 Mr. I. Sivaramakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
7 Dr. T. Balakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
8 Ms. Sathya.S Functional Area Expert (FAE) – MSW and Team Member
8 Mr.Pudi Rama Satya kamesh Associate Functional Area Expert (AFAE)- Meteorology, Air Quality Modelling and Prediction & team member.
1.8. Regulatory Context
The following environmental laws are applicable to the proposed project: Environment
Protection Act 1986, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Manufacture, Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 as amended in 2000, Hazardous Wastes (Management,
Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2008.
The following guidelines and regulations are applicable for the proposed project: EIA
Notification and its amendments, Emission and wastewater discharge standards
stipulated by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF&CC) and Bihar State Pollution
Control Board (BSPCB), Noise level standards, National Ambient Air Quality Standards,
minimum stack height requirements specified by Central Pollution Control Board, fly ash
utilization notifications etc.
1.8.1. Ambient Air Quality Standards
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, with its latest amendment, to
prevent and control air pollution, in line with the general standards prescribed in the Act.
The general standards for National Ambient Air Quality follow Schedule VII prescribed in
Environment (Protection) Rules 1986 and Schedule I of Environment (Protection) Rules
1986. The National ambient air quality standard is given in Table 1.3
Table 1-3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Time
Weighted Average
Concentration in Ambient Air (µg/m3)
Industrial Residential, Rural &
Other Areas
Ecologically Sensitive Areas (notified by
Central Government)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
50 20
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Chapter 1-Introduction
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Pollutant Time Weighted Average
Concentration in Ambient Air (µg/m3) 24 hrs** 80 80
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
40 30
24 hrs ** 80 80 Particulate Matter (Size less than 10 µg) (PM10) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
60 60
24 hrs ** 100 100
Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 µg) (PM2.5) (µg/m3)
Significant increase due to inclusion of FGD and other pollution control systems to meet the new thermal power plant emission norms.
Power Plant Area (except corridors)
1167 Acres 1064.69 Acres Efforts are made to reduce the land requirement
Configuration 1320 Mw
(2x660MW) 1320 Mw (2x660MW) No change
Fuel Linkage
Based on the envisaged fuel linkage from
Jharkhand mines.
Deocha-pachami Coal Block
Allocated by MoC through letter dated 6th September 2013
Coal requirement
6.25 MTPA 6.7 MTPA (Indian Coal) or 3.9 MTPA (Imported
Coal)
Imported coal will be used during the initial 4 year period and thereafter Indian coal will be used for the project.
Water Allocation
55 Cusec ( 5600 m3/hr)
55 Cusec ( 5600 m3/hr)
Water allocation was already granted for the
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Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-45
Parameter As per 2008 EIA
study Current Submission as on August 2016
Status
project.
Water Requirement
5494 m3/hr 3265 m3/hr
Due to adoption of treated wastewater recycling program, the fresh water consumption will be limited to about 2.5 m3/MWhr.
BPIC has been looking at sites in and around Chausa village, District Buxar for locating the
Project. The important criterion for site selection being adopted by BPIC is as follows:
i. Total land required for setting up the project facility shall be around 1,000 to 1,500
acres at a stretch including the green belt and water bodies.
ii. The project site shall be close to the water source and near the source of fuel i.e.
coal.
iii. The project site requires minimum displacement of habitation and away from the
habitation area.
iv. The project site is closer to highway with hindrance free approach for
transportation of heavy equipment. Project site is well connected by roads.
v. The project site is close to railway lines to enable efficient transportation of coal.
Initially for 4 years Coal will be imported and used, subsequently coal supply will
be from the coal block allocated to the project in West Bengal and the
transportation for the proposed site will be by Railway wagons.
vi. The project site shall be free from forest growth.
The site comprising 1,064.69 acres of land area is located approximately 10 kms from
Buxar city on Ghazipur road. The site offers mostly barren land owned by the local
villagers. Hindrance free approach for the transportation of heavy equipment & coal is
provided through the main road which is 1 km from site and Eastern railway main line, 3
km from site. The site is approximately 3.5 kms from River Ganga, which is the source of
water for the Power project. The water requirement for the project is estimate d at 55
cusecs on continuous basis. Nearest airfield at Patna is more than 122 km from site and
hence the chimney would not fall within the approach funnel of the airport runway. The
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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project site is free from reserve forestlands, sanctuaries and monuments and meets the
environment requirements and guidelines.
2.2. Land for the Project
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has prescribed the land requirement for different
configurations of thermal power plants. Accordingly 2x660 MW plant would require a
land of about 1480 acres. As land is precious and keeping in view of large requirement of
land for the proposed project, asadvised by MoEF&CC Expert Committee the project
proponent has made extensive efforts to optimize the land requirement for the proposed
project.
As an output of the exercise the project proponent could optimize the land requirement
for the proposed thermal power plant of 1320 MW (i.e. 2x660MW) from approximately
1480 acres to 1064 acres. Considering the CEA norms and domestic usage of the thermal
power plant the project proponent has optimized the land requirement for the proposed
power plant. Even though the proponent has optimized the overall land requirement,
considering the environmental aspects the land requirements for the green belt and ash
dyke are within the prescribed CEA norms.
The Government of Bihar is carrying out land acquisition and compensation is paid as per
the provisions of “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013”
The entire private land of 1048.69 acres has been acquired andthe compensation to 95%
beneficiaries has been disbursed by the District Administration, Buxar. For the 16 acres
of Government land, notification from Government of Bihar for transfer of land to the
Project has already been issued.
1,064.69 acres of land is required for the proposed project as per the broad break-up
given in the Table 2.2. The overall project Layout showing the proposed project is given
in Figure 2.1 and the photographs of the area for proposed facilities is given in Figure
2.2.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Table 2-2 Land use break-up of the Proposed Plant
S.No Description Area in Acres 1 Main Plant, BOP & CHP & Misc. Facilities 450 2 Ash disposal area 282
3 Green Belt for total plant 178 4 Township 95 5 Land for miscellaneous facilities like roads, etc. 60
6 Total 1065 7 Railway Siding and water pipeline corridor 225
Figure 2-1 Proposed Project Layout
Ash dyke Area
Main Plant Area
Proposed Railway Line
Buda Nallah
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Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Figure 2-2 Photographs showing typical view of the proposed Project Site
2.3. Vision of the Project
2.3.1. Introduction
The installed power generation capacity of India as on 30th September 2016 is 3,06,358
MW and out of this the installed generation capacity in Bihar is 3,030 MW including the
allocated shares from central generating stations. As per the 18 th EPS published by
Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the estimated peak load demand in Bihar at the end of
13th 5-year plan (FY 2021-22) is 9,306 MW. The actual peak demand for the financial year
2015-16 in Bihar was 3735 MW and the peak demand met was 3484 MW leaving a peak
deficit of 6.7%. It may be noted that the actual power scenarios is less than the
projections as per the 18th EPS and also the per capita power consumption in Bihar is
lowest at 265 units per annum, against the national average of 1,060 units per annum.
The Bihar state government is taking steps to provide access to electricity all households
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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and also agriculture needs in rural areas. To meet up with overall national objective and
to enable Bihar access to additional power required to sustain the high growth rate being
witnessed, Govt. of Bihar had taken the initiative for developing Thermal Power Projects
in the state through Bihar Power Infrastructure Company (BPIC), a joint venture between
Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) with IL&FS Energy Development
Company Limited (IEDCL). BPIC and BSEB had identified a site near village Chausa in
District Buxar for the development of 2x660 MW Coal based Thermal Power Project.
The proposed 2x660MW power project was conceived to meet the energy deficit of Bihar
state. As per the power purchase agreement 85% of the power generated at the proposed
project will be made available to Bihar state for various uses. Due to the location
advantage of the Project in terms of availability of water, power evacuation facilities and
coal, the cost of power is expected to be competitive.
The proposed project would cater to the ever increasing demand of electricity in the state
of Bihar. It will also increase the availability of electricity in rural areas for agricultural
purposes, small scale industries and subsequently helps in improving overall
development in agricultural, industrial and infrastructural facilities.
2.3.2. Long Term Vision for the Project
The long term vision of the proposed power project is sustainable power generation
maintaining high standards of efficiency and financial strength, over the design life (25
years) and extended life of the project through suitable Renovation and Modernization
Programmes from Time to Time and stated hereunder
2.3.2.1. Vision for Project Site
To provide uninterrupted and quality power to the Bihar state grid to bridge
the demand and supply gap
Optimal utilization of land by maximizing electrical generation per unit area
of the plant. Optimizing specific water consumption requirement for the
plant processes to meet the norms for the thermal power projects
prescribed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC). Continual improvement in efficiency and PLF through efficient
operation and maintenance and Renovation and Modernization Programmes
from Time to Time gaining extended life of the project
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-50
Certification of Project with ISO: 9001, ISO 14001, OSHAS-18001, SA-8000
2.3.2.2. Vision towards Technology Selection
The proposed 2x660 MW power plant based on super critical technology which is the
best available technology for the operation of the proposed project. The main advantages
of the technology are:
High Thermal Efficiency, PLF;
Lower fuel consumption;
Reduced ash generation;
Faster load-changes;
Faster start up time;
High part load efficiency and higher adaptability for sliding pressure operation
2.3.2.3. Vision Towards the Environmental Protection & Pollution Control
To achieve better performance of the 2x660 MW proposed power plant, the following
pollution control and abatement measures are envisaged.
Recycle and Reuse of wastewater
Adopting the good environmental management practices as per the applicable
guidelines and achieving 100% compliance with regulations,
275 m multi-flue stack with ESP of more than 99.99 % efficiency which will be
provided to control suspended particulate matter to less than 30 mg/Nm3,
Providing quality fly ash (low carbon content and desired grain size) to enhance
the fly ash utilization opportunities in the region, 20% of the fly ash will be
provided to local brick manufacturers with no cost to encourage alternative brick
manufacturing practices to conserve the natural clay soil that is being widely used
by the local brick manufacturers,
Dry fly ash handling system and achieving 100% fly ash utilization as per the
MOEF&CC fly ash utilization notification
Greenbelt will be developed in and around the plant site. Plantation of trees will
also be encouraged in the nearby villages. Greenbelt will be developed with locally
available plant species.
Surveillance of all important environmental parameters on a continuous basis and
application of corrective measures
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-51
2.3.2.4. Vision towards CSR
To become an integral part of the local communities and encouraging social,
economic and cultural aspects in the region through a sustained and need
based Corporate Social Responsibility programs
CSR activities will be taken up to fulfill the basic requirements of the people
in the area. The basic requirements of the community needs will be
strengthened by extending health care; educational facilities will be
improved.
To participate in various CSR activities like infrastructure development,
education, medical facilities, self-employment, community development and
awareness programmes, vocational training in and around the project site.
The proposed power plant will provide direct and indirect employment to
many people based on their qualification, skill sets and experience
2.4. Process Description and Technology
2.4.1. Technology & Layout
The project proposes to use conventional coal fired boilers, which is a proven technology
for power generation. Around 450 acres of land would suffice to accommodate the main
Power plant, which would include besides the main power block, the Electrostatic
Precipitator, the chimney, coal handling plant, space for FGD transmission switchyard,
Water systems (including cooling towers), etc.
The layout shall include railway tracks proposed to be used for transporting fuel – either
by Indian Railways using the main line or a merry-go-round system, depending on where
the site is located with reference to the coalmines. The coal storage of 30 days
requirement of crushed coal is proposed to be provided at the power plant.
A common multi-flue concrete chimney for the two units has been proposed for this
project. A chimney height of about 275 mtrs has been considered in accordance with the
guidelines given by the Central Pollution Control Board. The plant is proposed to have a
50-meter wide green belt around perimeter as well as plantation in the other dust prone
areas like coal and ash areas.
While finalizing the plant layout the general principles under consideration are as under:
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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All facilities of the 2 x 660 MW units are in close proximity to each other to the
extent practicable so as to accommodate all facilities efficiently within the plant
boundary
One(1) no. of multi-flue chimney (Two flues in one Chimney)
Sufficient area in the turbine hall allowing the laydown of all turbine components
during overhauls.
Location of Water source and method of drawl.
Space for coal storage for thirty (30) days.
Space for ash disposal.
Facility for dry ash disposal road tankers/ trucks starting with 25% utilization in
the first year and 100 % utilization during the 4th year
Space for fuel oil receiving, storage and handling etc.,
To facilitate movement of men and materials between the various facilities both
during initial construction and also during subsequent operation and maintenance.
Major external functional system are so oriented that any maintenance work as
well as subsequent construction work can be carried out without any interference
and/or hindrance to the operational units.
Steel storage yard and pre-assembly yard required for storing and assembling of
plant equipments during construction phase and later this space will converted
into green belt during the operational phase.
33KVA substation will be installed
Power evacuation corridor for connection to grid.
Approach road to power plant from the National Highways.
Unit system concept will be adopted for following systems with no interconnection
with other units of the plant:
a. Steam water cycle except with the interconnection on the Auxiliary steam
system.
b. Circulating water system.
c. Auxiliary cooling water system.
d. Closed circuit cooling water system.
Coal Handling system, Ash disposal, Fuel oil receiving & storage, River water
intake, DM plant, Waste water treatment plant, Fire protection, Labs, Workshop,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Hydrogen Generation plant etc. will be common for all the units. However the
phasing of equipment, supply & erection will be detailed under project
implementation.
2.4.2. Design Parameters
The coal based Thermal Power Station is designed as a Two-unit station of 660 MW (at
Maximum Continuous Rating) capacity each. To achieve efficiency without sacrificing
availability, it has been decided to operate the steam parameters in the super-critical
range. 6.7 MMTPA of coal is required for the 1320 MW Power Plant. Coal for the proposed
thermal power station is expected to be made available from Deocha Pachmi coal block in
West Bengal. The coal with average gross calorific value of about 3500 Kcal/Kg is
considered for design and estimation purposes.
The steam parameters have been fixed at approximately about 250 kg/cm2 and 565°
C/595°C in line with the established practice of most of the international manufacturers
of 660 MW capacity machines. Single reheat is envisaged in the turbine cycle in
conformity with prevailing practice. The condenser vacuum i.e. heat sink level is
considered to be 76mm Hg absolute on consideration of circulating water inlet
temperature of 33 Degree Celsius (max).
The design of the system and system components for the proposed station would
consider the following basic design parameters:
Maximum ambient temperature 50 Degree Celsius Seismic Zone Zone IV as per IS:1893 (Part-I) 2002 Maximum wind velocity 39 m/sec
Power supply to drives (3-Ph, 50 Hz, DOL-start)
Up to 160 KW rating at 415 V Between 160 KW to 2000 KW rating at 6.6kVAbove 2000 KW rating at 11 KV
Control voltage for electrical equipment
At 220 V DC (unearthed)
Power supply for instrumentation and control
At 240 V AC (UPS)
Adequate provisions have been made for spare capacities in various systems and system
components both in size and number in accordance with good engineering practice for
high availability of the plant.
The plant will be designed to operate as a base load station. However, continuous
operation under two shift and cyclic modes during certain periods will also be envisaged:
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Examples of Possible operation modes:
Base load operation
Peak load operation
Island operation
Frequency support
2.4.2.1. Thermodynamic Cycle
A super-critical pressure reheat steam cycle with regenerative feed heating arrangement
is proposed.
The main steam from the boiler, after expansion through the HP turbine, would be sent
back to the boiler for reheating. The reheated steam, after expansion through double flow
IP and LP turbines respectively would be exhausted into the main condenser, where the
exhaust steam from the LP turbine would be cooled and condensed by circulation of
cooling water and its vacuum would be maintained by two (2) (1 working + 1 standby)
100% capacity vacuum pumps. The condensate from the hot well would be extracted by 3
x 50% capacity condensate extraction pumps (2 working + 1 standby) and pumped to the
de-aerator through condensate polishing unit (when in use), gland steam condenser and
the LP heaters. The feed water after being de-aerated in the de-aerator would be drawn
by the boiler feed pumps and pumped to the respective boiler through the high-pressure
heaters. Four (4) 50% capacity boiler feed pumps have been envisaged for each unit. The
boiler feed pumps will be provided with variable speed hydraulic coupling, lube oil
system, automatic leak off and minimum flow bypass valves. Feed water will be heated up
in the feed water heaters progressively by bled steam drawn from cold reheat line and
extraction points of the IP Turbine and Condensate water would be heated in the LP
Heaters by steam extracted from the extractions from LP Turbine.
Condensate drain from the HP heaters would be cascaded to the de-aerator feed storage
tank and drain from the LP heaters would be cascaded to the condenser through the drain
cooler.
Auxiliary steam for the station will be drawn from a suitable point in the boiler and after
pressure reduction and de-superheating would be used for various services. Auxiliary
steam system shall supply steam to the de-aerator, turbine gland sealing system (during
light load and start-up conditions), fuel oil heating and atomization system etc. Provision
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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for steam supply to auxiliary steam system from cold reheat piping through adequately
sized pressure reducing and de-superheating station will be made. The 660 MW units will
also be provided with adequately sized HP and LP turbine bypass stations for quick hot
start and boiler stability with large load rejections.
2.4.2.2. Power-House & Ancillary Building
The superstructure of the powerhouse building is expected to be enclosed type in
fabricated structural steel work. The roof and floors will be RCC slab on steel truss/beam.
Side cladding may be of plastered brickwork supported on steel wall beams, double skin
insulated metal sheeting or PC panel.
The superstructure of the CW pump house, DM plant etc. will be of steel and enclosed
with brick walls, un-insulated metal or aluminum cladding.
All other building, viz., the workshop, store, control room buildings, pump houses,
administrative building etc. will have RCC frames with cast-in-situ roof and masonry
cladding. In case of long span roof, however, steel truss with AC/metal sheeting would be
adopted. Foundations in all cases will be of RCC spread or raft Type.
2.4.3. Steam Generating Unit and Auxiliaries
The steam generators shall be Super-Critical, once through, water tube, direct pulverized
coal fired, top supported, balanced draft furnace, single reheat, radiant, dry bottom type,
suitable for outdoor installation. The gas path arrangement shall be single pass (Tower
type) or two pass type.
Boiler design shall be suitable for variable pressure operation from 30% to 100%
BMCR with and without 20% throttle margin. The main parameters at 100% BMCR will
be as follows:
1 Main steam flow at Super Heater (SH) outlet 2120 T/Hr
2 Pressure at Super Heater outlet 256 kg/cm2 (a)
3 Temperature at SH outlet 5680 C
4 Steam flow to reheater 1708 T/Hr
5 Steam temperature at reheater outlet 5960 C
6 Feed water temperature at economizer inlet 293.70 C
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.4.3.1. Furnace
The furnace will be radiant, dry bottom type with tangential or opposed wall firing and
enclosed by water cooled and all welded membrane walls. The furnace bottom shall be
suitable both for installation of water impounded bottom ash system and submerged
scrapper chain conveying system. Spray type attemperator is envisaged to contro l the
superheater and reheater outlet temperature for varying loads. The superheater and
reheater tubes will be a combination of radiation and convection type. Economizer will
be non-steaming type and shall be of modular construction.
2.4.3.2. Steam Generator Circulation System
The steam generator start up system envisages boiler start up drain system with boiler
start up drain circulation pump. Separator(s) will be used during start up for separating
the steam water mixture upto a load of 40% BMCR, above which it will be running dry.
Lower part of furnace / water wall will consist of vertical plain/rifle tubes or wrap
around /helical tubes.
2.4.3.3. Air and Flue Gas System
A balanced draft system will be provided. There will be two (2) axial type FD fans and
two (2) axial type ID fans and two (2) pairs of regenerative rotary type air pre-heaters.
One pair of air pre-heater will be used for primary air system & second pair for secondary
air system. Four (4) numbers of steam coil air pre-heaters-two on primary and two on
secondary air system will be provided for start-up, low load operation or abnormal
conditions when an increased air inlet temperature is considered desirable to minimize
the cold end corrosion of regenerative air pre-heaters.
2.4.3.4. Fuel Oil Burning System
Start-up, warm up and low load (upto 30%) carrying shall be done by Light Diesel Oil
(LDO). Boiler will be so designed that oil firing for flame stabilization will not be required
beyond 30% MCR. Necessary pumps, filters and heaters will be provided. Ignition of
heavy oil shall be directly by high energy arc igniters.
2.4.3.5. Coal Burning System
The coal burning system will comprise of coal mills of vertical spindle type which include
a) Bowl Mills,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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b) Roller Mills and
c) Balls & Race Mills or any approved equivalent
The number and capacities of the mills shall be so selected that while firing the worst and
design coals at BMCR/TMCR, the following spare capacities
With 90% mill loading of the working mills, no spare at 100% BMCR while firing
the worst coal.
With 90% mill loading of the working mills, at least one mill will be spare while
firing the design coal at 100% BMCR.
With 90% loading of the working mills at least one mill will be spare at 100%
TMCR load with worst coal firing. shall be ensured:
Coal from raw coal bunkers will be fed into the mills by belt driven gravimetric coal
feeders suitable for handling moist coal. There will be two axial Primary Air (PA) fans for
transporting the pulverized coal from mills to burners.
2.4.3.6. Auxiliary Steam System
Each of the unit will be provided with two auxiliary PRD stations i.e., high capacity and
low capacity PRDS taking their steam tap-offs from MS line and CRH line respectively. The
high capacity auxiliary PRDS will be designed for a minimum capacity of 150 T/hr and
steam parameters 16 ksc (g) and 3100C. Low capacity auxiliary PRDS will be sized for a
minimum capacity of 25 T/hr and steam parameters 16 ksc(g) and 210 0 C and will be
operated during the normal operation of the unit.
Auto-change over between the low and high capacity aux. PRDS stations depending on the
station auxiliary steam requirement is also envisaged. Each unit will have its own
auxiliary steam headers whereas for station services common station auxiliary steam
headers taking its tap off from the unit auxiliary PRD stations will also be provided. The
provision will also be made for interconnection with future units.
2.4.3.7. Chimney
A common multi-flue concrete chimney for the two units has been proposed for this
project. The total height of the chimney will be 275 meters above grade level as per
existing norms. External cage elevator (electric driven) will be provided for construction
and maintenance. The chimney shaft will be of RCC with slip form construction on a RCC
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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raft foundation. As per statutory requirements, aircraft warning light and lightning
electrodes etc. on the top of the chimney would be provided.
2.4.3.8. Electrostatic Precipitators
In order to achieve the new standard for Thermal Power plants given by MoEF&CC
adequately sized electrostatic precipitators will be installed. It is proposed to install high
efficiency electrostatic precipitator having an efficiency that limits the outlet emission to
30mg/Nm3 with one filed out of service in all passes while the boiler is operating at its
MCR, firing worst coal having maximum ash content.
The electrostatic precipitators will have six (6) parallel gas streams, isolated from each
other on the electrical as well as gas side and will be provided with gas tight dampers at
inlets and outlets of each stream, so as to allow maintenance to be carried out safely on
the faulty stream, while the unit is working. ESP specific collection area shall not be
less than 250 m2/m3/sec at 100% TMCR. Electrostatic precipitator will be provided with
microprocessor based programmable type rapper control system and ESP management
system to ensure safe and optimum operation of ESP.
ESP transformer rectifier sets will use high flash point oil as the cooling medium. The dust
collection hoppers at all strategic locations will have a minimum storage capacity of eight
(8) hours. The hoppers will have heating arrangements to prevent ash sticking to the
sloping sides and down pipes. Level indicators to indicate ash levels in the hoppers and
trip the ESP in case of high ash levels in the ash hoppers are also envisaged to ensure
safety of ESP.
2.4.3.9. Flue Gas De-Sulphurization (FGD)
Flue Gas Desulphurization system and its auxiliaries for two (2) number steam generators
of 660MW nominal rating shall be installed. The FGD system shall be necessarily based on
Wet Lime Stone Forced Oxidation process technology to reduce the emissions of Sulphur
di oxide in flue gas produced by coal being fired in boiler to the limits specified. The FGD
system shall have an independent absorber for each unit, common limestone milling
systems for the two units and common gypsum dewatering system for the two units. An
auxiliary absorbent tank, common for the two units, for storage of absorber slurry of two
units shall be installed. The absorbers, limestone grinding system and gypsum dewatering
system shall be installed.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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All ducting, dampers, pumps, valves, supports, etc. as required for completeness of system
of absorbers, common limestone grinding system and common gypsum dewatering
system shall also be installed. Clean gas from the absorber shall be taken to the GGH
through two stage mist eliminators. Treated and reheated flue gas from the absorber
shall be discharged through a 275m high stack. Necessary lining in duct and chimney shall
be provided for protection of duct and chimney from low temperature acidic corrosion.
Provision shall be made for isolation of the flue gas flow through the absorber and also for
bypass of the absorber, to allow maintenance of the absorber with the unit in operation.
Limestone to the absorbers of the two (2 no) units shall be supplied by a wet limestone
grinding, common for the two units. Each wet limestone mill shall be fed from an
independent bunker through a gravimetric feeder. The classified limestone slurry from
the plant shall be stored in two (2 no) limestone slurry storage tank, from where the
slurry shall be pumped to the individual absorbers by dedicated limestone slurry pumps.
The gypsum from the two (2 no) absorbers shall be pumped by dedicated gypsum bleed
pumps to a common Gypsum Dewatering system consisting of multiple streams of
primary and secondary dewatering equipment. The water removed from the absorber
shall be recycled to the absorbers. The waste water from the system shall be collected and
neutralized using lime and neutralized effluent shall be pumped to Ash slurry sump.
Washed and dewatered gypsum from the dewatering system shall be fed to a belt
conveyor. Common gypsum dewatering system for the two units shall be installed. The
common dewatering system shall receive the gypsum slurry from each absorber through
slurry feed pipes and shall comprise of dewatering equipment. The filtrate water from
belt filter dewatering and washing system and the over flow from the secondary hydro -
cyclone shall be taken to a common filtrate water tank and further to absorber tank. For
both units SOx emission limit will be below to 100 mg/Nm3 (norm) dry.
2.4.3.10. Mercury abatement as co-benefit of reduction of NOx , SO2 and dust:
Mercury content in Indian coal ranges between 0.01 ppm to 1.1 ppm. Average mercury
content in coal found in India to be 0.272ppm as per CPCB. A typical power plant emits
90% of its mercury into air. The main reason for such high rate of emissions is that
mercury boils at operating temperatures of power plant.
Mercury exists in three forms in coal fired thermal power plants flue gas:
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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i. Elemental Hg (O)
ii. Oxidized Hg (2+)
iii. Particle bound Hg (P)
Hg(2+) and Hg(P) are relatively easy to remove from flue gas using typical air pollution
control devices such as ESP and wet FGD.
Mercury is present as trace element in coal. When the coal is burnt in thermal power
plants, the mercury available in coal is released. Once released, the mercury is either
evaporated in the atmosphere; some part is trapped in pollution control instruments like
electrostatic precipitator, bag etc and the rest goes with the bottom and fly ash. The small
level of mercury can be tolerated without much harmful effects. The new thermal power
plant emissions standards limit the Hg emission from coal based thermal power plants to
30 µg/Nm3, whereas the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA has
suggested a threshold level of 100 µg/Nm3 in the ambient air. A detailed study
undertaken by a research group indicated that the Mercury content in Indian coals was
found to vary between 0.003 and 0.34 mg/Kg with the mean value being 0.14 mg/Kg. The
average mercury concentration in the flue gas at the outlet of ESP would be in range of 5
and 15 μg/Nm3. Significant portion of mercury present in feed coal have been found to be
associated with fly ash. Speciation of mercury in flue gas shows that proportion of
elemental mercury is much higher than oxidized mercury (ref)2. Control of mercury
emissions from coal-fired boilers can be achieved via controls used to remove particulate
matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). This includes capture of Hg (particle phase) in ESP
and soluble Hg2+ compounds in wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
STPL has proposed to install lime based scrubbing system for the combined control of SO2
and Mercury emissions. Hence the envisaged Mercury levels in the proposed power plant
will be less than 1 μg/Nm3. Considering a peak gas volume of 19,30,000 Nm3/hr from
each boiler, the estimated controlled Hg emissions from the proposed power plant will be
less than 4 g/hr hour which is insignificant. The predicted ground level concentration of
Hg will be in the order of 0.03 Nano Grams/m3, which is several folds lower than that of
the occupational health standard of 100,000 Nano Grams/m3.
2 Mercury Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants of India - Case Study, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering Vol. 2 (1), September 2015, pp. 21-24,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.4.4. Turbine Generator Unit and its Auxiliaries
The scope of each TG unit of 660 MW shall broadly cover the Steam Turbine along with
its integral systems and auxiliaries like lube oil system, control-fluid system, condensers
condenser air evacuation system, HP&LP Bypass system, complete regenerative feed
heating system, condensate pumps along with their drives, boiler feed water pumps along
with their drives, automatic turbine run-up system, instrumentation and control devices,
turbine supervisory instruments, turbine protection and interlock system, automatic
turbine testing system and turbine hall EOT cranes. Necessary protective and supervisory
system to ensure trouble-free, safe and efficient operation of the turbo-generator will be
provided.
Steam Turbine- The steam turbine shall be tandem compound, single reheat,
regenerative, condensing, multi-cylinder design with separate HP, separate IP and
separate LP casing(s) or combined HP-IP and separate LP casing(s), directly coupled with
the generator suitable for indoor installation. The plant would be designed to operate as a
base load station. However, continuous operation under two-shift and cyclic modes
during certain periods of the year is also envisaged. The turbine design shall cover
adequate provision for quick start-up and loading of the units to full load at a fast rate.
The turbine shall be capable of operating on variable pressure mode as well as constant
pressure mode during part load and start up operation. The turbine shall be provided
with suitable margins for VWO flow.
The steam turbine shall conform to the following design and duty conditions:
i.
Output under Economic Maximum Continuous Rating (EMCR) at Generator terminals with Cycle make up of 3% of throttle steam flow and design condenser pressure.
660 MW (In case of static excitation system, the EMCR output at generator terminals shall be 660 MW plus excitation power requirement at EMCR).
ii. Turbine throttle steam pressure 247 kg/cm2 (abs) iii. Turbine throttles Main steam /Reheat Steam
temperature. 565OC/593OC
iv. Variations in rated Steam temperature & pressure
As per IEC-45.
v. Pressure drop in reheat circuit i.e., between HPT Exhaust & IPT inlet.
10% of HPT exhaust pressure.
vi. Condenser pressure with CW temperature of 330 C
77 mm of Hg
vii. Turbine speed 3000 rpm
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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viii. Frequency variation range from rated frequency of 50 Hz
(+) 3% to (-5%) (47.5HZ to 51.5HZ)
ix. DM Water make up to thermal cycle under EMCR condition
3% of throttle steam flow
x. Final feed water temperature at 100 % TMCR & at EMCR condition.
287.5(+/-) 2.50 C
xi. Turbine protection against water induction. As per ASME-TDP-1(latest) xii. No. of extractions for regenerative feed water
heating As per cycle optimization by the bidder.
2.4.4.1. Condensing Equipment
Single pass or double pass condenser with stainless steel tubes of welded type as per
ASTM-A-249-TP304, shall be adopted. The condenser shall be with divided water box
construction. It shall be horizontal, surface type with integral air cooling section.
Condenser hot-well shall be sized for three (3) minutes storage capacity (between normal
and low-low level) of total design flow with the turbine operating at V.W.O condition, 3%
make-up and design back pressure. The condenser shall be adequately sized to cater to
all the conditions of turbine operation including the abnormal operating conditions such
that condenser would not be a bottleneck at any stage of operation. The exact condenser
parameters shall be optimized on the basis of site data and most economical combination
of cooling surface and circulating water quantity. The condenser shall be designed,
manufactured and tested in accordance with the latest applicable requirements of the
Heat Exchange Institute (HEI), USA. Provision of separate sponge rubber ball type
condenser on-load tube cleaning system for each half of the condenser including ball
circulation pumps, strainer, ball monitoring system etc. shall be made.
2.4.5. Power Evacuation System
The power generated in the units will be evacuated through 400kV transmission lines by
Bihar Grid Company Limited/Power Grid Corporation Limited. STPL has requested Bihar
Grid Company Limited to determine power evacuation system for the project. Unit start-
up power requirement shall be met by back charging of one of 400kV transmission line.
The above scheme as considered presently shall be reviewed based on the finalized ATS
of the project. The provision presently being kept is approximate.
2.4.5.1. Auxiliary Power Supply System
The voltages adopted for the AC auxiliary system are:
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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415 V for motors rated upto 200 kW. (Energy Efficient Motors have been
envisaged upto 160 KW.)
3.3 kV for motors above 200 kW and upto 1500 kW.
11 kV for motors rated above 1500 kW
The electrical auxiliary system proposed will derive station supply directly from 400 kV
systems via suitably rated transformers and unit supply via unit transformer connected
with the unit. These transformers will feed station and unit boards, which will have a
fault rating of 40 KVA break & 100 KVA make.
Presently, for FR provision, Station Transformer scheme has been kept considering 400
kV step up voltage. The Station supply is proposed to be derived at 400kV by providing
suitably rated 400 kV/11 kV station Transformer. The Generator Circuit Breaker scheme
shall also be evaluated based on techno economic consideration and power evacuation
voltage for the project. Interconnection between unit and station boards, between
different station boards will be provided to cater for unit or station transformer outage,
as shown in single line diagram.
2.5. Requirement of Major Inputs for Manufacture
2.5.1. Coal
Coal will be the primary fuel for the power plant. The coal required for the 2x660 MW
Thermal Power Project will be 3.9 MTPA (imported coal) or 6.7 MTPA (Domestic coal) at
90% PLF. The project is envisaged to be operated on imported coal through MMTC for 4
years and domestic coal from Deocha-Pachami coal block to Bihar State Power Generation
Company Ltd which was recommended by Ministry of Coal (MoC). Deocha-Pachami coal
block is located in south western part of Birbhum coalfield.
The coal allocation letter for Indian coal and copy of MoU for imported coal supply is
attached in Annexure 5. The calorific value of the typical Indian coal is in the order of
3500 Kcal/kg whereas the calorific value of the imported coal from Indonesia will be in
the range of 5300 to 5500 Kcal/kg.
2.5.2. Coal Transportation and Handling System
2.5.2.1. Coal Transportation
The daily coal requirement for 2X660 MW units shall be about 20400 TPD based on
washed coal with average gross calorific value of 3500 Kcal/kg, 90% plant load factor and
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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2247.97 Kcal/kWh unit heat rate. The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the
coal mines to the power plant is by Indian Railways rakes. The rakes shall be unloaded at
the wagon tippler terminal. Similarly imported coal will be transported by railway lines
from nearest port as per the MoU with MMTC Limited. Eastern central railways has
provided inprinciple approval for railway siding arrangement vide letter dated 29th
September 2015, which is enclosed as Annexure 5.1.
2.5.2.2. Coal Handing System
It is proposed to have one coal handling plant of 2200 TPH rated capacity with parallel
double stream (one working and one standby) of belt conveyors along with facilities for
receiving, unloading, crushing and conveying the crushed coal to boiler bunkers a nd
stacking/reclaiming the coal to/from crushed coal stockyards. Two (2) nos.
unidirectional, rail mounted, travelling stacker-reclaimers, bucket wheel type are
proposed for coal stockyard management. Coal handling plant shall have a dedicated coal
unloading terminal. For unloading BOX-N wagon rakes four (3 nos) Wagon Tippers shall
be provided. For unloading BOBR wagon one no. Track Hopper shall be provided.
The overall operating hours of the coal handling plant shall be 16 hours spread over two
shifts per day leaving third shift exclusively for routine inspection and maintenance. The
proposed CHP shall cater to the peak daily requirement of coal for all units in two bunker
filling cycles in 12 hrs effective operation.
Coal received in BOX-N wagons will be unloaded in underground RCC hoppers by wagon
tipplers. Coal received in BOBR wagons will be unloaded in underground RCC hoppers by
Track Hopper. Unloaded coal shall be conveyed to the crusher house for sizing of coal to
(-)20mm. From crusher house the crushed coal can either be conveyed directly to the coal
bunkers through a series of conveyors or stacked on to the crushed coal stockpiles by
means of stacker reclaimers. Motorized travelling trippers shall be provided to feed
crushed coal into the raw coal bunkers of the boilers.
Coal stockyards proposed shall have crushed coal storage capacity equivalent to about 30
days coal consumption for 2x660 MW units.
2.5.3. Fuel Oil Handling Plant
Secondary fuel would be required for the initial start up. Light Diesel Oil (LDO) will be
used as Secondary fuel. Fuel oil unloading and storage system shall be designed to handle
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LDO. LDO shall be used for initial start-up, coal flame stabilization and low load operation
of the steam generator while firing coal.
Fuel oil (LDO) will be brought to the power plant by road tankers. The oil will be
unloaded from road tankers and will be pumped by unloading pumps to the storage
tanks. Fuel oil pressurizing pumps shall draw the oil from the storage tanks.
Three (3) number LDO unloading pumps, each of 100m3/hr capacity, shall be provided to
unload 5 nos. road tankers at a time. The unloading header with 80 NB x 5 nos. neoprene
rubber flexible hose connection shall be provided for unloading of light diesel oil.
Two (2) nos. of 2000m3 capacity fixed roof type LDO storage tanks shall be provided for
storage of LDO. One (1) no. of 100m3 capacity fixed roof type LDO day oil tank shall be
provided for auxiliary boiler. Two (2) nos. LDO transfer pumps, each of 25m3/hr capacity,
shall be provided for transfer of LDO from main storage tank to day oil tank. Oil-water
separator pit shall be provided. Control of FO Handling Plant shall be through DDCMIS.
2.5.4. Water Resources and Water Requirement for the Project
The total water requirement for proposed project will be around 3265 m3/hr. It is
proposed to be drawn from River Ganga.
2.5.4.1. River Water Intake System
The plant water for the project will be taken from the River Ganges, through properly
sized raw water intake system. Water will be collected by appro priate system to a
common sump at the river bed. Pump house will be located over the sump. The intake
water pump house will be provided with intake water pumps, piping, valves, fittings,
electrical, instrumentation and control systems. The raw water supply system will
provide raw water to the raw water storage reservoir in the power plant area for
subsequent use as circulating water makeup, supply to DM plant and other miscellaneous
requirements. The raw water pump structure will have three (3 x 50%) vertical raw
water pumps installed on the sump in a wet pit type pump structure.
The raw water pump shafts and column will be extended so that the motors will be
located above the maximum flood elevation. The raw water pumps will withdraw raw
water from the sump pit and discharge it to a single pipeline for conveyance to the raw
water reservoir. The raw water supply system will operate prior to plant initial operation
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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to provide water for reservoir filling to maintain adequate storage requirement and
supply to the pre-treatment plant.
Location of the Proposed River Water Intake Point is enclosed as Figure 2.3 and the
layout showing the river water intake system is given in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2-3Location of the Proposed River Water Intake Point
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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Figure 2-4 River Water Intake
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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2.5.4.2. Water Requirement
The entire plant water requirements will be met from the river water. Water allocation
quantity from the river is 55 Cusec (5600 m3/hr), the water allocation letter from the
concern department is enclosed as Annexure 6. Specific water consumption of
~2.5m3/MWhr as against the current nation’s average of 4 m3/MWhr. Cooling tower
blow down will be used as make up water for bottom ash handling. The water balance
of the power plant is given in below table 2.3 and the flow diagram of the water balance
is enclosed as Annexure 7.
Table 2-3 Water Balance
End use Fresh water
make up
Recycled water
Evaporation
Wastewater discharge into
ETP and Recyled within the plant
Wastewater used for
gardening
Line losses etc 80 80 0 0 Raw water treatment and losses in transmission
105 80 25 0
DM plant regeneration etc 10 10 0 Boiler make up, soot blowing and losses
90 60 30 0
Cooling water pre-treatment and make up 2730 30 2160 600 0
Bottom ash transport and ash pond evaporation make up
415 415 0 0
Fly ash conditioning and dust suppression in coal yards etc
100 100 0 0
HVAC and AHS and plant service water water
180 180 0 0
FGD make up water 200 180 20 0
Total of plant use 3115 745 3175 685 0 Plant and colony domestic water 70 4 66 66
Net total 3185 745 3179 751 66
2.5.5. Water Treatment Systems
The water treatment system of the project comprises of Water Pre-treatment Plant,
Water Demineralizing Plant, Chlorination Plant, Condensate Polishing Plant and CW
Treatment Plant as described below:
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2.5.5.1. Water Pre-Treatment Plant (PT Plant)
The pretreatment plant would be designed to remove suspended/colloidal matter in the
raw water. Separate pre-treatment plant shall be provided for meeting the CW system
and Demineralization (DM) plant. A common chemical house shall be provided to store
chemicals such as chlorine, lime, alum & coagulant aid and respective lime, alum and
coagulant dosing equipments such as tanks, pumps etc for all the PT systems. The Water
PT plant for CW system shall consist of three (3) clarifiers of reactor type, of 1400
m3/hr capacity, one number of aerator and one number of stilling chambers (common
for all three clarifiers). The water PT plant for Potable water Plant shall two (2 x 100%
capacity) gravity filters each of 100 m3/hr for potable water purpose.
2.5.5.2. Water Demineralization Plant
The DM plant shall be sized to meet the make-up water requirement of the steam cycle,
make up to closed circuit auxiliary system, hydrogen generation plant, and stator water
cooling system. Considering the quality of water, it is proposed to adopt a service cycle
of 12 hrs for DM Plant. The D.M. plant shall consist of three (3) streams of 60m3/hr
capacity and each stream shall comprise of Activated carbon filter, Cation exchangers,
degasser system (comprising of degasser tower, degassed water tank, degassed water
pumps and degasser blowers etc), anion exchangers and mixed bed exchanger. The
plant shall be designed for semiautomatic operation with PLC based control. Two (2)
D.M. Water storage tanks each of 2000m3 capacity will be provided to store DM water.
One neutralization pit shall be provided for neutralizing the pH and discharging the
effluent water from the DM plant.
2.5.5.3. RO system for Zero Discharge Concept
The Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant is proposed to treat the cooling tower blow down
water to produce about 200 m3/hr of permeate. The purpose of RO system is to remove
the dissolved solids from the water to produce specified quantity of CW make up. Reject
water from RO trains will be used for dust suppression at coal handling plant.
2.5.5.4. Chlorination Plant
Separate chlorination plants will be provided for water pre-treatment (PT) plant and
Cooling Water system (at two locations). Cooling Water (CW) chlorination system
would consist of Three (3) numbers of chlorinator-evaporator sets of 100 Kg/hr
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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capacity at two locations. For PT system there shall be Three (3) (3 x 50% capacity)
numbers of chlorinator sets each of 20 Kg/hr capacity. Chlorine leak absorption system
as plant emergency measure shall be provided for each of the CW chlorination plants
and PT chlorination plants to neutralize chlorine leakage from the plant.
2.5.5.5. Condensate Polishing Plant
For maintaining the feed water purity condensate polishing plant shall be provided in
the feed water cycle at the downstream of condensate extraction pumps as per the
existing practice. The condensate polishing plant shall be of full flow, deep mixed resin
bed type consisting of 3x 33% capacity service vessels for each unit.
2.5.5.6. CW Treatment System
It is proposed to provide suitable chemical treatment programme of acid dosing and
scale cum corrosion inhibitor for the CW system for control of CW system water
chemistry at two locations. It is proposed to provide acid & chemical storage tanks and
respective dosing pumps shall as a part of CW treatment system. The plant shall be
provided with neutralization pits, disposal pumps with required corrosion
measurement rack, instrumentation for interlocks and controls, control panels etc. to
facilitate safe & reliable operation.
2.5.6. Wastewater Treatment Systems
Wastewater to the tune of 720 m3/hr will be generated from the cooling tower blow
down, DM plant and clarifiers will be reused within the plant for ash conditioning,
bottom ash handling, dust suppression and green belt development. And hence no
waste water will be discharged into surface water bodies.
The liquid effluents shall be collected and treated/recycled generally as per the
following design philosophy.
i. The filter backwash water of PT Plant shall be collected and recycled back to the
CW system clarifier
ii. The sludge from clarifiers of Water PT plants shall be collected and sent to ash
slurry sump for disposal to ash dyke
iii. The waste effluents from neutralization pits of DM plant and Condensate
Polishing Plant shall be collected in the respective neutralization pits and
neutralized before pumping to ash slurry sump for final disposal
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iv. The Power cycle effluents sent to CW make up with the help of pumps
v. CW system blow down would be used for coal dust suppression system and Ash
handling Plant, FGD system. Excess CW blow down shall pass through RO system
for reuse. Water after RO system shall be sent to CW makeup.
vi. A coal settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles from coal
handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped back to the coal dust
suppression system
vii. Service water effluent drains from various areas shall be separately routed to a
sump. From the sump the service water shall be pumped up to lamella clarifier
for treatment of suspended solids. Treated service water shall be sent back to
service water tank to the extent possible for re-use.
2.6. Solid Waste Generation
2.6.1. Fly Ash Generation
Estimated quantity of ash produced from the proposed 2x660MW plant with 90% PLF
will be in the order of 2.7 MTPA and 0.48 MTPA when the plant is operated with Indian
coal and imported coal respectively. The envisaged fly ash generation from the
proposed 2x660MW plant is given in below Table 2.4. Out of the total ash generation
about 0.6 Million tons per year of bottom ash will be disposed to ash pond. 100% fly ash
utilization will be achieved from the fourth year operation as per the fly ash Notification
and its amendments. Fly Ash will be utilized for road construction and other related
works. Consent letter from Rural works Department, Government of Bihar for the
utilization of fly ash and Expression of Interest (EOI) from the Cement Manufacture and
brick manufactures is attached as Annexure 8.
Table 2-4 Envisaged Fly Ash Generation
Parameter Units Based on Indian
Coal Use Scenario Based on Imported Coal Use Scenario
Coal consumption in each 660MW unit
TPH 425 262
Total Annual coal demand in 2x660MW
MTPA 6.7 3.9
Ash content %w/w 41 12
Total ash generation TPD 8364 1506
Total ash generation MTPA 2.7 0.45
Bottom as generation @ 15% of MTPA 0.40 0.07
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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Parameter Units Based on Indian
Coal Use Scenario Based on Imported Coal Use Scenario
total ash
Fly ash generation @ 85% of the total ash
MTPA 2.30 0.38
2.6.2. Ash Disposal Area
For ash disposal from Buxar TPP (2X660MW) plant, about 282 acres of land is
identified. The proposed land is located adjacent to railway siding facility. The ground
levels on proposed land are undulating. The ash disposal area is planned in an area of
about 232 acres. Balance 50 acres of land will be occupied by Over Flow Lagoon,
road etc along the periphery of the dyke and recirculation system facilities.
2.7. Reduction in Carbon Footprint
Sustainable power generation has been one of the prime objectives of STPL. Towards
achieving this objective, various measures shall be introduced to ensure minimum
degradation of the environment due to the operation of the power station. There is
growing concern world over and STPL is no exception towards contribution of green
house gases released due to fossil fuel firing towards global warming. As a part of the
agreement under Kyoto Protocol the CDM has been introduced to enable trading of
Certified Emission Reduction (CER) between the developed countries and the
developing countries. Although, this issue is being exhaustively deliberated to establish
long ranging solutions, accordingly, it is proposed to have super-critical boilers at the
Buxar Thermal Power Project. In view of the increased efficiency (2.4%) of super -
critical boiler as compared to sub-critical boiler, the coal consumption per unit of
electricity generation would be lower with consequent reduction in CO2 emissions. The
reduction in CO2 emissions would be of the order of 0.26 million tons per year. For the
entire life of the plant (i.e. 25 years), it would be of the order of about 6.5 million tons.
Since the super-critical technology is still under implementation stage in India,
operation of super-critical boilers using the low grade Indian coal is challenging and
technology barriers will have to be overcome. Investment costs for plant with super -
critical boilers is higher as compared to the plant with sub-critical boilers
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2.8. Project Cost Estimates and Schedule
The estimated cost of the power project is around Rs. 10,520.48 Cr as per the revised
estimates at June 2016 price level. The commercial operation (COD) of the 1st unit will
be in 52 months from the date of investment approval. 2nd unit will have a phase gap of
six months.
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
3.1. Preamble
This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study
area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers
10 km radius around the boundaries of the proposed Project site.
3.2. Study area
The site is geographically located at North Latitude 25027’51” and East Longitudes
83052’49” and falls in the Survey of India Topo sheet 63 O/15. The site is located in the
village Chausa, of Buxar District. Chausa village is located at about 122 Kms West of
Patna, in the Bihar – Uttar Pradesh Border. Topographically the study area is plain with
slight undulations. High Resolution Satellite image showing project site and its Latitude
and Longitude is given in Figure 3.1 and the topo plan of the study area is shown in
Figure 3.2.
Site coordinators
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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Figure 3-1High Resolution Satellite image showing project site and its Latitude and Longitude
3.3. Scope and Methodology of Conducting Baseline Study
The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental
conditions, which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects,
atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, land use
and socio-economic profile of the people.
The baseline studies were undertaken by EPTRI during the period of April 2008 to June
2008 and again in 2015 AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd was awarded the assignment of
carrying out baseline monitoring studies for the monitoring location which selected as
for the earlier baseline study. The objective of this study is to find out environmental
settings of the study area in the current period in order to assess whether any variation
in the status of baseline environment had taken place from the earlier period.
The primary baseline data monitored by AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd covered three (3)
months i.e., from 11th March – 13th June 2015, and secondary data was collected from
Government and Semi-Government organizations.
As per the ToR No.J-13012/69/2008-IA.I (T) dated 07.06.2016, one month monitoring
is completed i.e, from 17th May 2016 to 15th June 2016, and secondary data was
collected from Government and Semi-Government organizations. The primary baseline
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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data has been generated by AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd, an MoEF&CC and NABL approved
Environmental Testing Laboratory.
An area, covering a 10 km radial distance from the project site is considered as the
study area for the purpose of the baseline studies. As part of Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment, this study was undertaken for a period of one month from 17th May
2016 to 15th June 2016. Primary data on Water, Air, Land, Flora, Fauna & Socio -
Economic data were collected by a team of Engineers and Scientists. Secondary data
was collected from various Departments of State/Central Government Organizations,
Semi-Government and Public Sector Organizations. Table 3.1 gives various
environmental attributes considered for formulating environmental baseline and Table
3.2 gives the frequency and monitoring methodology for various environmental
attributes.
Table 3-1 Various Environmental Attributes
S.No. Attribute Parameter Source of Data
1 Land Use Trend of land use change for different categories
Topo sheet and Satellite imagery and ground truth verification
2 Ambient Air
Quality
As per NAAQs standard parameter i.e, Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3), Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb), Benzene (C6H6), Benzo (a) Pyrene, Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni)
Ambient air quality monitoring at eight locations
3 Water Quality Physical, Chemical and Biological parameters
Water samples are collected at two surface water location and eight ground water locations during this study period
4 Noise levels Noise levels in dB(A) Noise level monitoring at eight locations
5 Ecology
Study of Existing terrestrial flora and fauna within the 10 km radius of project influence area through Quadrate and Line transact method for trees, shrubs and herbs, Point count method for birds, Belt transect method for road side trees and butterflies. Reconnaissance survey (Near Agricultural, Human habitations and Road side), identification of ecologically
Secondary sources and Field studies and Reconnaissance survey
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S.No. Attribute Parameter Source of Data sensitive receptors based on literature survey and field investigations
6 Geology Geological history Secondary sources
7 Soil
Soil types and samples analyzed for physical and chemical parameters.
Data collected from secondary sources and soil sample analysis at eight locations
8 Socio economic
aspects
Primary Survey was undertaken at the designated villages to establish the existing socioeconomic status of the study area. Socioeconomic indicators such as demography, literacy, health and livelihood, amenities and cultural aspects were studied, Secondary Published data on population and amenities obtained from Directorate of Census Operations, GOI characteristics were collected
Based on field survey and data collected from secondary sources
Table 3-2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology
Attributes Sampling Measurement
Method Remarks
Network Frequency
A. Air Environment
Particulate Matter (PM10) Total 8 locations
to represent both upwind, down wind and background concentrations as per the CPCB guidelines.
24 hourly, two days in a
week and 12 weeks in a
month
Gravimetric (High- Volume with Cyclone) As per
CPCB Standards under November 18th 2009 Notification for NAAQS
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)
Gravimetric (High- Volume with PM10 Impactor)
Oxides of Sulphur (SO2)
EPA Modified West & Gaeke method
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser
B. Noise
Hourly equivalent noise levels
Requisite locations in the project influence area
Once
Instrument : Noise level meter
IS: 4954-1968
C. Water
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Attributes Sampling Measurement
Method Remarks
Network Frequency Water Quality Set of grab
samples At requisite locations for ground and surface water
Once
Samples for water quality collected and analyzed as per IS : 2488 (Part 1-5) methods for sampling and testing of Industrial effluents Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater analysis published by American Public Health Association.
D. Land Environment Parameter for soil quality: pH, texture, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate, sodium, calcium, potassium and Magnesium.
Requisite soil samples be collected as per BIS specification within project influence area
Once
Collected and analyzed as per soil analysis reference book, M.L.Jackson
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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Figure 3-2 Topo Map (10 Km radius) of the Study area
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3.4. Administration Setup of the Study Area District3
Buxar district was carved out of Bhojpur district on 17 th March 1991 having Buxar town
as district Head Quarter. Earlier it was a sub-division of Bhojpur district. The Buxar
district is situated between 25°18’ to 25045’ latitudes north & 84020’ to 84040’
longitude east. The district is included in the Survey of India topo sheets nos.72 C. Its
geographical area is 1624 Km2. The river Ganga forms a natural boundary in the north
and northwest and the river Karamnasa makes forms district boundary in the west-
southwest. Bhabua & Rohtas districts in the south, and Bhojpur district in the east forms
its district boundary. It comprises of 2 sub-division, 11 community development blocks,
and 1102 villages. The total population of district is 1707643 i.e. Rural 1543476 &
Urban (2011 census). The district boundaries, administrative divisions, major roads,
rivers, and HNS locations are presented in Figure 3.3.
Figure 3-3 Administrative Map of Buxar District
Source: Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar State Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
3 Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar State Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
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3.5. Land Environment
3.5.1. Physiography and Drainage
3.5.1.1. Physiography
Buxar District is a part of the southern Ganga Plain. Physiography of the district is a
alluvial plain having gentle slope towards north. The plain land is marked by presence
of several minor depressions. The elevation of the land surface in the district varies
between 55 m AMSL and 85 m AMSL. Broadly the district can be divided into two micro
physiographic units,
The low-lying northern plain - extends from the Ganga. The river Ganga, has built
a long natural levee along its course. Every year this unit gets fresh deposit of
silt. As a result of siltation the region is rich in fertile soil. The low-lying areas are
important for the cultivation of wheat, Maize and gram. The entire geographical
area of Simri and Chakki blocks and a part of Buxar and Brahampur blocks fall
under this category.
The flat region of the south – It extends southwards of the railway line, which
passes through the district in east-west direction. This geomorphic unit is
densely populated, covered by network of canal of Sone Canal System. Its
western limit follows the course of river Ganga followed by Karamnasa. This unit
covers major part of the district occupying entire geographica area of Chausa,
Rajpur, Kesath, Nawanagar, Itarhi, Dumraon blocks and parts of Buxar &
Barhampur blocks. The unit is considered to be suitable for wheat and paddy
cultivation.
The Physiographic map of the study area (10 km radius) and the project site is
presented below Figure3.4
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Figure 3-4 Physiographic map of the study area
3.5.1.2. Physiography of the Study Area
The project area (10 km radius) exhibits plain terrain in the and relatively elevated
terrain in the southern side of the project site. There is no reserved forest within 10 km
radius from the project site boundary. The minimum and maximum elevation of the
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study area (10 km radius) is 53 m and 79 m AMSL (above mean sea level) respectively.
The maximum elevation is noticed in the southern side of the study area. There are no
hillocks noticed with in 10 km radius of the project site. The minimum and maximum
elevation of the Project site is 58.5 m and 64.5 m AMSL (above mean sea level)
respectively.
The Physiographic map of the project site in Figure 3.5
Figure 3-5 Phyisiography of the Study Area
3.5.1.3. Drainage of the Region4
This district is part of the Lower Ganga sub-basin of the Upper Ganga basin. The Ganga
touches the district near Chausa. The river Ganga flows towards east parallel to the
district boundary. The other rivers flowing from south to north, through the district, are
4 Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar Sta te Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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the Noni and the Thora. Most of these are ephemeral. The river Karmanasa delimits the
district in the west and southwest. It debouches in the river Ganga near Chausa. The
river Karmanasa is an important for irrigation in the western part of the district. There
are many lift irrigation schemes and side channels to carry overflowing river water to
the field. The drainage map of Bihar is given in Figure 3.6
Figure 3-6 Drainage Map of Bihar
3.5.1.4. Drainage of the study area
The Study area forms part Lower Ganga sub-basin of the Upper Ganga basin. The Ganga
touches the district near Chausa. The river Ganga flows towards east parallel to the
district boundary. The other rivers flowing from south to north, through the study area,
are the Noni and the Thora. Most of these are ephemeral. The river Karmanasa delimits
the district in the west and southwest. It debouches in the river Ganga near Chausa. The
river Karmanasa is an important for irrigation in the western part of the district. There
are many lift irrigation schemes and side channels to carry overflowing river water to
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the field. The Karmanasa River located at a distance of 0.8 km from the project
boundary in the north western site. The River Ganga is located at a distance of 3.5 km in
the north of the project boundary. The drainage and water bodies map is given in
Figure 3.7.
Figure 3-7 Drainage & Water Bodies Map of the Project Site
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3.5.1.5. Regional Hydrology
The Study area forms part of Lower Ganga sub-basin of the Upper Ganga basin. Ganga is
the major river in study area. The rivers are structurally controlled.
Bihar is India’s most flood-prone State, with 76 percent of the population, in the north
Bihar living under the recurring threat of flood devastation. Out of total geographical
area of 94,160 sq Km, about 68,800 comprising 73.06 percent is flood affected.
The plains of Bihar, adjoining Nepal, are drained by a number of rivers that have their
catchments in the steep and geologically nascent Himalayas. Kosi, Gandak,Burhi Gandak,
Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group of rivers originates in Nepal,
carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drops it down in the plains of
Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet and only 35%
of catchments area lies in Bihar. A review by Kale (1997) indicated that the plains of
north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the
years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. The
total area affected by floods has also increased during these years. Flood of 2004
demonstrates the severity of flood problem when a vast area of 23490 Sq Km was badly
affected by the floods of Bagmati, Kamla & Adhwara groups of rivers causing loss of
about 800 human lives, even when Ganga, the master drain was flowing low.
A brief Flood history for the last 25 years in the State is as follows
3.5.1.6. Flood during (1998-2014)
In the year 1998 maximum discharge in the first week of July in most of the rivers in
North Bihar caused excessive pressure on the embankment along the rivers resulting in
damages at several places. Embankments of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Adhwara and Kosi
were partially damaged.
In the year 1999 there was unexpected heavy rains in the month of October in the
catchments in Nepal and flood level suddenly touched the 1987 HFL at Jhanjharpur
Railway Bridge in Kamla Balan river and the spurs in Kosi river experienced threat
throughout the flood season.
In the year 2000 Kamla Balan and Bhutahi Balan catchments received heavy rainfall
during first and last week of July resulting in unexpected rise of water level. In first
week of August 2000 Eastern Kosi Afflux Bund was punctured.
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In the year 2001 north Bihar was badly affected by flood due to heavy rain in Nepal
portion of catchments of rivers. Western Kosi embankment, Bhutahi Balan right
embankment, Bagmati left embankment and Burhi Gandak left embankment were
partially damaged.
During year 2002 North Bihar experienced serious flood and overtopping reported in
Kamla Balan left embankment and Khiroi right embankment. Four hundred and eighty
nine persons died.
In the year 2003 HFL at Bhagalpur surpassed the 1978 record of 34.18m and at
Gandhighat, Patna the HFL surpassed the 1994 record of 50.27m in river Ganga and the
status of flood in other rivers except Ganga and Gandak remain normal.
In the year 2004 catchment area of North Bihar rivers received heavy rainfall in the first
week of July itself which not only broke last three years flood record but also surpassed
the 1987 flood. Flood level at Dubbadhar site on river Bagmati surpassed all time high
flood level by about 1.18 m. Similarly Burhi Gandak river on 15.7.04 and Kamla Balan
river on 10.7.04 touched all time high flood level. This itself speaks about the fury of
flood in the year 2004. Many places in the embankments of north Bihar were breached,
resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar. Unprecedented flood in river
Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Kamla Balan and Bhutahi Balan and Adhwara group of rivers
breached the embankments at many places and there was loss of life and property on a
large scale. In river Kosi, situation by and large remain normal. There were altogether
53 number of breaches during 2004 flood season.
Flood situation during 2005 and 2006 remain normal but in the year 2007 the flood
situation was serious in north Bihar due to heavy rainfall in catchments of almost all
rivers flood situation during 2007 was very serious in north Bihar. There were 28
breaches at different locations of the embankments during 2007 flood season. Heavy
spell of rainfall (average 82.70mm) was observed in the beginning of flood season. In
Burhi Gandak and in Bagmati river basins there has been regular rainfall in July and
August which kept the river water level continuously rising.
In 2008 an appreciable amount of rainfall was received on very first day of monsoon
season i.e. 15th June (160mm at Chanpatia, 141 mm at Sikanderpur and 92.2 mm at
Khagaria ). July was the wettest month having maximum rainy days followed by August-
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08. There was an unprecedented flood due to breach near 12.9km of Eastern Kosi Afflux
Embankment near Kussha village in Nepal on 18th August 2008 that took a shape of a
catastrophe leading to miseries to lakhs of people in Sunsari and Saptari districts of
Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar.).
In 2009 The rainfall was scanty in entire Bihar in the year 2009. The situation was so
aggravated that Disaster Management Department GoB declared 26 districts as draught
hit. The first appreciable rain fall was recorded in late June-09 and early July-09. There
were few isolated storms at few stations of some basin in September and October. Flood
situation remained normal this year except few breaches such as Tilak Tajpur on right
embankment of river Bagmati under Runnisaidpur block of Sitamarhi district,
Gobindpur site of Labha Choukia Paharpur embankment of Mahananda river and
Sallehpur Tandespur site of Gandak river.
In 2010, the flood situation this year remained quite normal with normal average
rainfall. Only a few cases of breaches were reported viz. eastern Kosi Afflux Bundh and
Saran 10 Embankment in a length of 200 m between 122.75 km and 122.95 km near
Simaria village both due to sharp change in the river course. In 2010 the flood situation
remained normal with a few exceptions such as damage of nose of spur no-9 between
Ismailpur and Bindtoli and that of revetment in 30 m length near Kazikoria of Raghopur
village u/s of Vikramshila Setu and at spur no-9 and spur no-7 in a length of 138 m and
65 m respectively in d/s of Vikramshila Setu under Gopalpur block of Bhagalpur district,
both on left embankment of river Ganga due to non-completion of anti-erosion work on
time. Damages were also reported in Pataraha Chharki and P. D. ring bund in Gopalganj
district under Chief Engineer, Siwan jurisdiction. It is worth mentioning that water level
attained by river Ganga at Bhagalpur this year was recorded as 34.17 m on 19.08.2011
against the water level of 33.26 m recorded last year on 03.09.2010. There was
unprecedented flood in river Sone also with a max discharge of 9,58,000 cusecs on
25.9.11 at Indrapuri Barrage whereas the same was 61,130 cusec last year on 14.7.10.
In 2011 Gandak remained in spate since the beginning of monsoon and kept on exerting
pressure on both its embankments. The incessant pressure on Gandak right
embankment, especially in Pipra-Piprasi reach was so enormous that round the clock
vigil and protection work had become necessary. The problem was accentuated by
eroded length of spur at Dhuniawapatti at 26.75 km of PP right embankment.
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Heavy rain in the catchment of Burhi Gandak resulted in overbank flow in smaller rivers
and rivulets causing some flash flood in West Champaran, where overtopping on
railway track was reported at Sikta railway station.
From year 1991 to 2014 monthly observation has been done during flood season. There
is no flood in the month of June during above periods. Years of flood has been shown in
the table below.
Years of Flood Month Lalbeghiaghat Sikanderpur Samastipur Rosera Khagaria
June W.L<D.L W.L<D.L W.L<D.L W.L<D.L W.L<D.L
July 1998,02,03,04 1993,1998,02, 03, 04
93,96,02,03, 04,98,99,
93,96,98, 99,02,03, 04,06
2000,01,12
August 1998,01,05, 93,98,99,01, 02,03,05
93,,95,,96,98, 99,01,02,03, 04,05
91,94,96, 98,99,01, 03,05,06
91,94,96, 98,99,01, 03,05,06
September
1994,01,05 94,98,99, 01,05,11
93,94,96,98,99, 01,03,05
93,94,98, 99,01,03,05
91,92,93, 94,95,96, 98,99,01, 03,05
October
W.L<D.L W.L<D.L 2001,11 94,01,12 2003,09,12
W.L <D.L = Water level below Danger Level.
3.5.2. Land Use Pattern based on Remote Sensing Data
Information of land use and land cover is important for many planning and
management activities concerning the surface of the earth (Agarwal and Garg, 2000).
Land use refers to man's activities on land, which are directly related to land (Anderson
et al., 1976). The land use and the land cover determine the infiltration capacity. Barren
surfaces are poor retainers of water as compared to grasslands and forests, which not
only hold water for longer periods on the surface, but at the same time allow it to
percolate down.
The terms ‘ land use’ and ‘land cover’ (LULC) are often used to describe maps that
provide information about the types of features found on the earth’s surface (land
cover) and the human activity that is associated with them (land use). Satellite remote
sensing is being used for determining different types of land use classes as it provides a
means of assessing a large area with limited time and resources. However satellite
images do not record land cover details directly and they are measured based on the
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solar energy reflected from each area on the land. The amount of multi spectral energy
in multi wavelengths depends on the type of material at the earth’s surface and the
objective is to associate particular land cover with each of these reflected energies,
which is achieved using either visual or digital interpretation. In the present study the
task is to study in detail the land use and land cover in and around the project site. The
study envisages different LULC around the proposed project area and the procedure
adopted is as below in Figure 3.8
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Figure 3-8 Flow Chart showing Methodology of Land use mapping
3.5.2.1. Scale of Mapping
Considering the user defined scale of mapping, 1:50000 IRS-P6, LISS-III data on 1:50000
scale was used for Land use / Land cover mapping of 10 km radius for proposed site.
The description of the land use categories for 10 km radius and the statistics are given
for 10 km radius.
SOI Topographical
maps
IRS-P6, LISS-II FCC Imagery Collateral Data
Landform May
Initial Rapid Reconnaissance
Interpretation
Keys Visual
Interpretation
Land use Classes
Pre-field Interpretated Map
Ground Truth
Updated & Validated Land use
Ground Photographs
Land use MAP
QAS
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3.5.2.2. Interpretation Technique
Standard on screen visual interpretation procedure was followed. The various Land use
/ Land cover classes interpreted along with the SOI topographical maps during the
initial rapid reconnaissance of the study area. The physiognomic expressions conceived
by image elements of color, tone, texture, size, shape, pattern, shadow, location and
associated features are used to interpret the FCC imagery. Image interpretation keys
were developed for each of the LU/LC classes in terms of image elements.
May 2015 FCC imagery (Digital data) of the study area was interpreted for the relevant
land use classes. On screen visual interpretation coupled with supervised image
classification techniques are used to prepare the land use classification.
Digitisation of the study area (10 km radius from the proposed site) from the topo
maps
Satellite Data Selection: In the present study the IRS –P6 satellite image and SOI
topo sheets of 63-O/14 and 66-O/15 have been procured and interpreted using
the ERDAS imaging and ARC-GIS soft ware adopting the necessary interpretation
techniques.
Satellite data interpretation and vectorisation of the resulting units
Adopting the available guidelines from manual of LULC mapping using Satellite
imagery (NRSA, 1989)
Field checking and ground truth validation
Composition of final LULC map
The LULC Classification has been done at three levels where level -1 being the broad
classification about the land covers that is Built-up land, agriculture land, waste land,
wet lands, and water bodies. These are followed by level –II where built-up land is
divided into towns/cities as well villages. The Agriculture land is divided into different
classes such as cropland, Fallow, Plantation, while wastelands are broadly divided into,
Land with scrub and without Scrub and Mining and Industrial wasteland. The wetlands
are classified into inland wetlands, coastal wetlands and islands. The water bodies are
classified further into River/stream, Canal, Tanks and bay. In the present study level II
classification has been undertaken. The Satellite imagery of 10 km radius from the
project site is presented below:
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3.5.2.3. Field Verification
Field verification involved collection, verification and record of the different surface
features that create specific spectral signatures / image expressions on FCC. In the study
area, doubtful areas identified in course of interpretation of imagery is systematically
listed and transferred on to the corresponding SOI topographical maps for ground
verification. In addition to these, traverse routes were planned with reference to SOI
topographical maps to verify interpreted LU/LC classes in such a manner that all the
different classes are covered by at least 5 sampling areas, evenly distributed in the area.
Ground truth details involving LU/LC classes and other ancillary information about crop
growth stage, exposed soils, landform, nature and type of land degradation are recorded
and the different land use classes are taken and the same is presented below:
3.5.2.4. Description of the Land Use / land cover classes
Built-up land- It is defined as an area of human settlements composed of houses,
commercial complex, transport, communication lines, utilities, services, places of
worships, recreational areas, industries etc. Depending upon the nature and type of
utilities and size of habitations, residential areas can be aggregated into villages, towns
and cities. All the man made construction covering land belongs to this category. The
built- up in 10 km radius from the proposed project site is as follows.
S.No Land use Area in Sq.km Percentage
1 Built-up (Rural, Urban and Industry) 2.36 0.65
The built up land occupies 0.65 %.
Agricultural land- This category includes the land utilized for crops, vegetables, fodder
and fruits. Existing cropland and current fallows are included in this category.
It is described as an area under agricultural tree crops, planted adopting certain
agricultural management techniques. The Agricultural land in 10 km radius from the
proposed project site is as follows.
S.No Land use Area in Sq.Km Percentage
1 Crop Land 249.39 68.62
2 Plantation 21.36 5.88
3 Fallow Land 70.06 19.28
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Of all the agricultural lands, Crop land occupies maximum of 68.62 % area within 10 km
radius.
Wasteland- Wastelands are the degraded or underutilized lands most of which could
be brought under productive use with proper soil and water management practices.
Wasteland results from various environmental and human factors.
S.No Land use Area in Sq.Km Percentage
1 Barren Land 0.12 0.03
Water bodies- The category comprises area of surface water, either impounded in the
form of ponds, reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers and canals. River cater channel is
inland waterways used for irrigation and for flood control. The details are furnished
below
S.No Land use Area in Sq.Km Percentage
1 Water Bodies – Tank, River 20.13 5.54
The land use analyses show that the area is of predominantly Built-up Land of urban,
Rural and Industrial nature followed Crop Land in the core and buffer zones of the study
area.
Different Land use classes around 10 km radius from the project site is given in Table
3.3 and bar chart showing the land use classification is given in Figure 3.9.
Table 3-3 Land use classes around 10 km radius
S.No Land use Percentage Area in Sq.Km 1 Barren Land 0.03 0.12
2 Built-up Land (Rural, Urban and Industry) 0.65 2.36
3 Crop Land 68.62 249.39
4 Fallow Land 19.28 70.06
5 Plantation 5.88 21.36
6 Water body (Tank - River) 5.54 20.13
7 Total 100.00 363.42
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Figure 3-9 Bar Chart showing the Land use classes around 10 km radius
IRS Resourcesat-2 L4FMX multispectral satellite data of 16th December 2013 was
utilized for the buffer zone and core zone are shown in Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11
Figure 3-10 IRS Resourcesat-2 L4FMX Image of the Buffer Zone (10km)
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Figure 3-11 Land Use/Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area
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3.6. Geology and Soil Quality
3.6.1. Geology of the Region5
Geologically, it represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These
include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran
(ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rohtas
region, (iv) thesporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the
Satpura Rangextending into large part of the area North of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the
parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) the Granite
Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of
Ganga basin composed of alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks. The
geological map of Bihar is presented in Figure 3.12
Figure 3-12 Geological Map of Bihar
Source: State of Environment Report, Bihar- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna & Department of Environment & Forest, Govt of Bihar, February 2007.
5 State of Environment Report, Bihar- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna & Department of Environment & Forest, Govt of Bihar, February 2007.
Project Site
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3.6.2. Geology of the Study Area
Buxar District forms a part of the axial belt of the Indo-Gangetic plain and consists of
Newer and Older alluvium of Quaternary age. The entire study area forms part of
Alluvium of sedimentary formation. The generalized geological succession is given
below in Table 3.4
Table 3-4 General Geological Succession
System Series Formation Lithology
Quaternary
Recent to Upper Pleistocene
Newer Alluvium Sand, silt and clay , Coarse textured facies
Upper to middle pleistocene
Older Alluvium Clay, with Kankar, fine medium, coarse grained sand. Coarse textured facies.
-------------------------------------------------Unconformity--------------------------------------------------- Pre Cambrian Vindhyan formations
The geology of the study area is presented below in Figure 3.13
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Figure 3-13 Geology of the Study area
3.6.3. Geomorphology
Buxar district is a part of the southern Ganga Plain. It extends southwards of the
railway line, which passes through the district in east-west direction. This geomorphic
unit is densely populated, covered by network of canal of Sone Canal System. Its
western limit follows the course of river Ganga followed by Karmnasa. This unit covers
major part of the district occupying entire geographical area of Chausa, Rajpur, Kesath,
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Nawanagar, Itarhi, Dumraon blocks and parts of Buxar & Barhampur blocks. The unit is
considered to be suitable for wheat and paddy cultivation.
The land forms / geomorphic units and structures such as fractures, fissures and faults
have been interpreted from the recent satellite image. All the landform / geomorphic
units and structures occurring in the study area are mapped. The geomorphology and
structures of the area plays the vital role in identifying the ground water potential
zones. The geomorphic unit of the study area is as follows:
1) Fluvial Origin – Active Alluvial Plain
2) Fluvial Origin – Older Alluvial Plain
3) Fluvial Origin – Older Flood Plain
4) Fluvial Origin – Younger Alluvial Plain
All the land forms are having very good ground water potential. The Project site is
located in Younger Alluvial Plain of Fluvial Origin. Apart from the above there are
fractures occur in and around the project site. The fractures are the good ground water
conduit. High yielding bore wells expected in the intersection of fractures. In the
proposed site there are no promising fracture systems. However, there are promising
fracture aquifer within 1km from the project boundary. The Geomorphology of the
study area is presented below in Figure 3.14
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Figure 3-14 Geomorphology of the Study area
3.6.4. Soil Environment
There are mainly three types of soil found in the district.
a) Recent Alluvium Soil (Levee Soil) - It is found along the banks of the River Ganga.
It is a new alluvium calcareous soil and white to light grey in colour. It is light in
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texture and has medium to high fertility. The pH varies between 6.6 and 7.5.
Main crops are Maize, sugarcane, Wheat, Gram and other Rabi crops.
b) Tal Soil (Kewal soil) - It is found in south of the levee soil. It is light to dark grey
in colour and very fertile. Its water retention capacity is high. Its texture ranges
from medium to heavy and pH varies between 7 and 8. This soil is suitable for
Rabi crops, Wheat, Gram, Peas and Barley etc.
c) Old Alluvium Soil - It is a combination of Kewal soil and clayey soil. According to
textural analysis clay is the dominant particle of this soil. It covers the central
part of the district, which is free from floods. pH value ranges from 7 to 8.5. Its
colour is reddish yellow to grey. The fertility of this soil is low to medium in
upper layer, and medium to high in the lower layers. The content of Zinc is very
poor in this soil and hence, it requires Zinc Sulphate to maintain its fertility. The
main crops grown in this soil are paddy, wheat, gram and linseeds.
3.6.4.1. Soil Classification
Soil type and its fertility of an area are essential to plan for cropping. Soils are primarily
derived from parent rocks. The colour, texture and mineral content are normally used
to classify the soils. The soils in the study area are classified into 4 types and is
presented in the below table. The soil map of the study area is prepared based on the
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning, Nagpur
S.No. Soil Classification 1 Deep Well Drained, Sandy Soil
2 Deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, clayey soils
3 Deep, well drained, gravelly clay soils
4 Shallow Moderately Drained, Clayey Soil
The project site lies Shallow Moderately Drained, Clayey Soil. The Soil map is presented
below in Figure 3.15
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Figure 3-15 Soil classification of Study area
3.6.4.2. Background Soil Quality in Study Area
For studying soil quality in the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the
existing soil conditions in and around the existing plant area representing various land
use conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations were
determined. The present study of the soils establishes the baseline characteristics and
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this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the
enhancement of capacity and allied operations.
Eight locations within the 10 km around the study area were selected for soil sampling.
At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60
cm and 90 cm below the surface and are homogenized with the help of stainless steel
soil-sampling probe. Various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed as per
Indian Standards. The soil sampling locations are given in the Table 3.5 and the same
are shown in Figure 3.16
Table 3-5Details of Soil Sampling Locations
Location Name Location Code Type of Land Chunni S1 Agriculture Land
Surkraulia S2 Agriculture Land Bhataura S3 Agriculture Land
Banarpur S4 Agriculture Land Akhoripur Gola S5 Agriculture Land
South Boundary of the project site
S6 Agriculture Land
Sarenja S7 Agriculture Land
Bara S8 Agriculture Land
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Figure 3-16 Soil Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area
Physico-Chemical characteristics of soil samples collected within the study area is given
in Table 3.6 and the soil quality test reports are presented in Annexure 9. The soil
sampling results are compared with the standard soil classification.
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Table 3-6 Physico-Chemical characteristics of soil samples collected within the study area
*The SPM values represent the sum of RSPM values and PM values of size more than 10 microns.
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3.8.1.1. Observation
Ambient air quality for the study area during May to June 2016 shows the PM10
concentration varies from 36.32 to 47.26 μg/m3 and the maximum PM10 concentration
of 47.26 μg/m3 was recorded at Bechanpurva. The PM2.5 concentration varies from
18.35 to 27.01 μg/m3 and the maximum PM2.5 concentration 27.01 μg/m3 is at
Bechanpurva. The SO2 concentration varies from 11.13 μg/m3 to 16.68 μg/m3 and NO2
concentration varies from 13.22 μg/m3 to 19.15 μg/m3 respectively. Similarly, the NO2
concentration varies from 13.22 to 19.15 μg/m3 and the Ozone concentration varies
from 6.28 to 15.36 μg/m3. The concentration of CO in the villages is found below
stipulated standards.
From the observed concentrations, it can be seen that at all the locations the PM10,
PM2.5, SO2 and NOX pollutants levels are well within the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards as notified on by CPCB.
3.9. Noise Environment
To evaluate the noise level in the study area, noise levels were recorded at eight
locations in the study area. The measurements were carried out using Type 1 noise level
integrated sound level meter. Monitoring was done at each location during the study
period for 24 hrs on hourly basis to obtain hourly equivalent sound pressure level. A
digital noise level meter was used to record the noise levels. From these values, day
time and night time and 24-hrs Leq values were calculated. Day time is considered from
0600 hrs to 2200 hrs and night from 2200 hrs to 0600 hrs.
Noise monitoring locations are represented in Table 3.11 and locations of the ambient
noise monitoring are presented in Figure 3.21. The measured noise levels have been
compared with the standard specified in Schedule III, Rule 3 of Environmental
Protection Rules.
Table 3-11 Noise Sampling Locations
S.No Location Location
code Type of Area
1 Sonpa Jalilpur N 1 Residential Area 2 Banarpur N 2 Residential Area
3 Sikraul N 3 Residential Area
4 Bechanpurva N 4 Residential Area
5 Sarenja N 5 Residential Area
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S.No Location Location
code Type of Area
6 Paliya N6 Residential Area 7 Chausa N7 Residential Area
8 Dewasthapur N8 Residential Area
Figure 3-21 Noise Sampling Locations
Based on the recorded noise levels, various statistical parameters have been
presented in Table 3.12 and test report is enclosed as Annexure 9.
Table 3-12 Recorded Noise Levels (May 2016)
S.No Location code Leq
Day Night
1 N 1 58.94 50.96 2 N 2 68.94 60.08
3 N 3 44.93 41.59
4 N 4 47.60 43.67
5 N 5 48.50 42.13 6 N6 62.13 54.63
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S.No Location code Leq
Day Night 7 N7 61.09 53.50 8 N8 51.86 44.53
Observations- Average day time and night time noise levels at residential areas in the
study area was found to be varying from 44.93 to 68.94 dB (A) and 41.59 dB(A) to 60.08
dB(A) respectively and the values are higher than CPCB limits for residential areas.
3.10. Water Environment
Both water resources and water quality have been studied within the 10 km radius of
the Project site under the EIA study. The source of water for the proposed project is
from River Ganga.
3.10.1. Surface Water Resources in the Study Area
The town Buxar is situated on the banks of River Ganga. The river Ganga flows from
West-South to East-North Direction. The danger level of river Ganga at Buxar is 62.85
meters. As expected, all the canals & drains in the town discharges in the River Ganga.
The project site is located at 3.5 Km from River Ganga.
The Karmanasa River is a tributary of the Ganges which is located at about 0.8 Km
from the project site. It originates in Kaimur district of Bihar and flows through the
Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Along the boundary between Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar it has the districts of Sonbhadra, Chandauli, Varanasi and Ghazipur on its left
and the districts of Kaimur and Buxar on its right.
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River Ganga
Figure 3-22 Surface water Resources in the Study area
3.10.2. Surface Water Quality
Water quality parameters of surface water resources within the study area have been
considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality of the
study area a surface water sampling location was selected in two locations. The water
sample was collected in the Ganga River near to the project site and which is the major
source of water for the project. The location details of the sampling is given below in
Table 3.13 and Google map showing the location is given in Figure 3.28
Table 3-13 Surface Water sampling
Sample Location Location Code Karmnasa River SW 1
Ganga River- Upstream SW 2 Ganga River- Downstream
SW3
The observation of the surface water sampled during May 2016 is given below and
surface water quality analysis report is enclosed in Annexure 9.
Observations- The pH of Ganga river waters is found to be in the range of 7.14 to 7.23
along the river stretch. The ranges for desirable limit of pH of water prescribed for
drinking purpose by IS:10500, 1993 and WHO (1984) as 7.44 to7.59. DO level in the
Karmnasa River is 6.5mg/l and DO in Ganga River is 7.7 mg/l & 7.8 mg/l. The TDS varies
in the range of 324 mg/l to 364 mg/l. Total hardness is in the range of 144 mg/l to 160
mg/l. The Heavy metals concentrations are non-detectable. Bacteriological studies
reveal that Coliform bacteria is absent in the all sampling point. This inferred from the
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water quality parameter results, the water is suitable for drinking and can be used with
filtration.
3.10.3. Ground Water Resources
3.10.3.1. Regional Hydro-geological Features and Aquifer Details
The water bearing properties are the main guiding lines for grouping the geological
formations of Bihar. On this basis, four main subdivisions are made;
a) Main alluvial basin with good ground water potentialities having considerable
granular zone with effective porosity.
b) Marginal alluvial terrain which forms a part of the alluvial tract, but is dominated
by finer clastics or inadequate alluvial thickness and granular horizons fringing
the hard rock terrain and the localised alluvial pockets in the rocky terrain, viz;
near rivers and in valleys (20-30 m of alluvium).
c) Hard rock terrain, comprising the entire Archaean terrain and Vindhyan hill
areas with very little groundwater potentialities.
d) Soft rock areas, viz; Gondwana and Tertiary areas.
Hydrogeological parameters of the state have been depicted in the Figure 3.19. On the
basis of geological and geomorphological set up and characteristics of aquifers ,Bihar
can be divided into two broad hydrogelogical units, (1) fissured formations and
(2)porous formations. The details of the characterization of consolidated/ semi-
consolidated /unconsolidated formations in terms of age group, lithology,
hydrogeological conditions and ground water potential are summarized in Figure 3.23
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Source: State of Environment Report, Bihar- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna & Department of Environment & Forest, Govt of Bihar, February 2007.
Figure 3-23 Hydrogeology Map of Buxar District Water level Behaviour- The pre-monsoon (May 2011) depth to water level generally
varies from 2.69 to 10.93 m bgl in major part of the district. The post-monsoon water
level generally varies from 0.42 to 7.2 m bgl in major part of the district. The post-
monsoon water level generally varies from 0.42 to 7.2 m bgl in major part of the district.
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3.10.3.2. Ground Water Resources- Block wise
The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31st March’09 works out to
be 59153 ha m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 21093 ha m.
Allocation of ground water for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out to be
5288 ha m. The stage of ground water development is 40.2%. The stage of ground water
development is highest in Chakki 81.0% and lowest in the Nawanagar 20%. Except the
Chakki block, all the blocks are under safe category. Block wise Stage of Ground Water
of Buxar District is depicted in Fig.5.
The proposed Project site falls under Chausa Block according to ground water
management survey by CGWB. Ground Water Resources & Development Potential of
Buxar District as per CGWB is given below in Table 3.14
Table 3-14 Ground Water Resources & Development Potential of Buxar District (in Ham)
Block Net Ground
water Availability
Existing Gross
Ground water
Draft for Irrigation
Existing Gross Draft
for Domestic
and industrial
water supply
Existing Gross Draft for all uses
Allocation for Domestic and
Industrial Requirement supply upto
next 25 years (2029)
Net ground water
Availability for future Irrigation
Development
Stage of Groundwater Development
Chausa 4509 1245 145 1390 232 3033 30.8
Source: Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar State Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
3.10.3.3. Occurrence of Groundwater
The ground water occurs under water table condition in aquifer disposed at shallow
depth. This aquifer is commonly tapped by dug-wells of depth ranges from 5 to 10 m
bgl. The shallow tube-wells tap unconfined aquifer and disposed at a depth between 20
to 60 m. The ground water in the phreatic aquifer occurs under water table conditions.
The deep tube-wells have been constructed tapping aquifers disposed at deeper levels.
These aquifers are in semi-confined to confined condition. The arsenic free deep tube
wells constructed by CGWB is upto depth of 208m at Brahampur, 204 m in Arjunpur
village of Simri block and 223, in Churamanpur village of Buxar block. The study area is
completely composed of alluvial formation. The deeper aquifer in the area is free fro m
arsenic.
Ground water level data for a monitoring well collected from CGWB located in Chausa
observation well indicates that the deepest water level is 6.35 m bgl during May 2007
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and shallowest water level is 0.15 m bgl during August 2005. The season wise ground
water level data collected for Chausa monitoring well (1996 – 2014) is given in below
Figure 3.24
Figure 3-24 The season wise ground water level
The occurrence of ground water in the study area (10 km radius) has been studied in
detail by collecting the water level from 12 well (Bore well). The ground water levels
are collected from the bore well. At the time of the collection of water level the yield of
the wells have been recorded by oral enquiry. The ground water levels vary between
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9.2 to26.3 m bgl and yield of the wells varies between 60 to 220 liters / minutes. Ground
water level contour has been constructed and presented below.
The ground water level zone map shows that the water level ranging between 4-4.8 m
occupies 40% area. The project site is located in 3.2-4.0 m zone. The ground water level
zone map is presented below. The location, ground water level and depth collected from
the 10 m radius is given the Table 3.15 and Figure 3.25
Table 3-15 Ground water level and depth (10 m radius)
S.No Location Longitude Latitude Water level in m
1 Sikrau 83° 51' 58.575" 25° 28' 15.523" 3.3
2 Sarenja 83° 53' 42.91" 25° 26' 35.985" 4.0
3 Bara 83° 51' 17.8" 25° 30' 41.831" 2.5
4 Chunni 83° 55' 28.443" 25° 30' 1.057" 4.1
5 Shukraulia 83° 54' 57.263" 25° 27' 55.136" 4.6
6 Sonpa 83° 50' 28.631" 25° 27' 28.752" 3.0
7 Gahmar 83° 48' 33.503" 25° 29' 53.861" 2.0
8 Sayar 83° 48' 47.894" 25° 26' 4.805" 3.2
9 Sangraon 83° 51' 19" 25° 23' 19.309" 4.6
10 Kukurha 83° 58' 7.943" 25° 26' 53.974" 4.8
11 Loharpur 83° 54' 34.477" 25° 33' 3.343" 2.1
12 Hethua 83° 55' 51.229" 25° 24' 16.873" 4.9
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Figure 3-25 Ground water level zone of the Study area
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3.10.3.4. Movement of Groundwater
The movement of ground water is controlled by the hydraulic conductivity of the
aquifer and hydraulic gradient. In study area the hydraulic conductivity is mainly based
on the Primary porosity. The homogeneity of the sedimentary formation plays a vital
role in the movement of the ground water. In the study area the formations are
netrogenous in nature. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is mainly due to the
coarseness of the sedimentary formations and fractures in the hard rock formations.
The entire Study area composed of Alluvial formation. Based on the water level data
(Pre and Post monsoon) the ground water table has been constructed for the Pre and
Post monsoon periods. The ground water table contour depicts two different patterns
1) ground water moves from south to north and 2) Northwest to north east part the
study area ( along the course of Ganga river) both the seasons. The hydraulic gradient
in the project site is moderate and has been observed as 4.6 m/Km in pre monsoon and
3.9 m/Km in post monsoon. The ground water table constructed for pre and post
monsoon periods of the study area is presented in Figure 3.26 & 3.27
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Figure 3-26 Ground water Table of the Study area (Pre monsoon)
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Figure 3-27 Ground water Table of the Study area (Post monsoon)
3.10.3.5. Evaluation of Aquifer Parameters
Pumping test is the most accurate reliable and commonly used method to evaluate the
hydraulic parameters of an aquifer, efficiency of a well / bore well, safer operational
rates of pumping and selection of suitable pump. The methods of a pumping test are
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highly varying in its application. The main objective of pumping test is to determine the
aquifer parameters such as Transmissivity (T), Storage co-efficient (S) Hydraulic
Conductivity (K), well performance and safe yield for execution of water supply.
The information on pumping test conducted in the same hydrogeological environment
has been collected from the government department. The results are as follows:
Bore Well in m 120
Static Water level in m 3.4 Pump capacity 7.5 HP
Discharge in lpm 260 lpm Time in min. 320 minutes Stability not attained Drawdown in m 1 m Specific Capacity lpm per m draw down 260
Transmissivity of the fractured aquifer m2/day 120 Rate of recovery In 40 minutes static water level was
attained
The pumping test results reveals that the drawdown is1 m at the pumping rate of 260
lpm. As the potential of aquifer, the drawdown is moderate. It is also observed that the
average T Value is 120m2/day which indicates the aquifer is productive aquifer.
3.10.4. Ground Water Quality
Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within the study area
have been considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality
of the study area, four ground water sampling locations. These samples were collected
as grab samples and were analysed for various parameters. Thirty water quality
parameters are analysed. The ground water sampling locations are listed below in
Table 3.16 and the locations are marked in 10 km map which is given below in Figure
3.28. The ground water quality analysis report is enclosed in Annexure 9.
Table 3-16: Details of Water Sampling Locations
Location Location Code Type Surkraulia GW 1 Bore well Bhataura GW 2 Bore well
Sikraul GW 3 Bore well Sarenja GW 4 Bore well Gosainpur GW5 Bore well Akhauripur Gola GW6 Bore well
Sirkaul GW7 Bore well
Katgharawa GW8 Bore well
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Figure 3-28 Water Sampling locations
Observation: The analysis results of ground water sampled during May 2016 indicate
that the average pH ranges in between 7.10 to 7.35, TDS ranges from 352 mg/l to 421
mg/l which are within the desirable limits, total hardness is in the range of 140 mg/l to
284 mg/l and the total hardness is within desirable limit. The heavy metal
concentration is non Detectable in all sampled locations and well within the standards
for drinking water as per IS: 10500 –1991 “Specification for drinking Water” for ground
water. Fluorides concentrations are in the ranges of 0.36 mg/l to 0.66 mg/l which are
found within the drinking water standards. The ground water analysis results are
compared with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500 –1991 “Specification
for drinking Water” for ground water and the parameters are found to be well with the
desired Specification for drinking Water standard.
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3.11. Ecological Environment
3.11.1. Introduction
An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to
recording the existing biological resources in the study area. Ecological studies are one
of the important aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment with a view to conserve
environmental quality and biodiversity. Ecological systems show complex inter -
relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence,
competition and mutualism. Protecting the environment and making efficient use of
natural resources are two of the most pressing demands in the present stage of social
development. The task of preserving the purity of the atmosphere and water basins is of
both national and global significance since there are no boundaries to the propagation
of anthropogenic contaminants in the water. An essential pre requisite for the
successful solution to these problems is to evaluate ecological impacts from the baseline
information and undertake effective management plan.
Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic factors. Studies on
biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental Impact Assessment for
safety of natural flora and fauna. The biological environment includes terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. The animal and plant communities co-exist in a well-organized
manner. Their natural settings can get disturbed by any externally induced
anthropological activities or by naturally occurring calamities or disaster. So, once this
setting is disturbed, it sometimes is either practically impossible or may take a longer
time to come back to its original state. Hence changes in the status of flora and fauna ar e
an elementary requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment studies, in view of the
need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Information on flora
and fauna was collected within the study area. Relevant details on aquatic life within the
study area were also collected from secondary sources.
Every anthropogenic activity has some adverse impact on the environment. More often
it is harmful to the environment than benign. However, mankind as it is developed
today cannot live without taking up these activities for his food, security and other
needs. Consequently, there is a need to harmonize developmental activities with the
environmental concerns. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one of the tools
available with the planners to achieve the above-mentioned goal.
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Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity. Environmental impact
assessment and strategic environmental assessment are essential instruments used in
physical planning to address such problems. Yet there are no well-developed methods
for quantifying and predicting impacts of fragmentation on biodiversity. (Gontier et. al
2006). Biodiversity has become one of the central environmental issues in the
framework of recent policies and international conventions for the promotion of
sustainable development. Biodiversity data are rapidly becoming available over the
Internet in common formats that promote sharing and exchange. Currently, these data
are somewhat problematic, primarily with regard to geographic and taxonomic
accuracy, for use in ecological research, natural resources management and
conservation decision-making. (Guralnick, 2007).
For an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to effectively contribute to decision-
making, it must include one crucial step: the estimation of the uncertainty factors
affecting the impact evaluation and of their effect on the evaluation results. Knowledge
of the uncertainties better orients the strategy of the decision-makers and underlines
the most critical data or methodological steps of the procedure. Accounting for
uncertainty factors is particularly relevant when dealing with ecological impacts, whose
forecasts are typically affected by a high degree of simplification. (Geneletti, 2003).
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Ramsar Convention, and the
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) recognize Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) as an important decision making tool to help plan and implement development
with biodiversity “in mind.” The Conventions require Signatories (“Parties”) to apply
EIA to proposals with potential negative impacts on biodiversity to help meet their
objectives, so that development proposals respect mechanisms for the conservation of
biodiversity, result in sustainable use of biodiversity resources, and ensure fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising from use of biodiversity. According to the
International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA), Impact Assessment provides
opportunities to ensure that biodiversity values are recognized and taken into account
in decision-making. Importantly, this involves a participatory approach with people
who might be affected by a proposal.
The main aim of Conservation of Biodiversity is to ensure “No Net Loss”. The
biodiversity-related Conventions are based on the premise that further loss of
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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biodiversity is unacceptable. Biodiversity must be conserved to ensure it survives,
continuing to provide services, values and benefits for current and future generations.
The following approach has been chosen by the IAIA to help achieve ‘no net loss’ of
biodiversity:
1. Avoidance of irreversible loss of biodiversity.
2. Seeking alternative solutions to minimize biodiversity losses.
3. Use of mitigation to restore biodiversity resources.
4. Compensation for unavoidable loss by providing substitutes of at least similar
biodiversity value.
5. Looking for opportunities for enhancement.
This approach can be called “positive planning for biodiversity.” It helps achieve no net
loss by ensuring the safety and survival of rare or endangered or endemic or threatened
(REET) species. This approach has been adopted by the proposed project in the study
under report.
3.11.2. Scope of Study
Scope of work for this study is in line with the ToR assigned to the industry which
includes identification of ecologically sensitive receptors based on literature survey and
field investigations and their mitigation with conservation action plan. The study was
carried out in core area (project site) and in buffer area i.e. 10 km periphery from th e
project site. The study was carried out systematically and scientifically using primary
and secondary data in order to bring out factual information on the ecological
conditions of the project site and its surroundings. The study involved assessment of
general habitat type, vegetation pattern, preparation of inventory flora and fauna of
terrestrial ecosystem in 10 km radius of the power project site. Biological assessment of
the site was done to identify whether there are any rare or endangered or endemic or
threatened (REET) species of flora or fauna in the project site or core area as well its
buffer zone and to identify whether there are any ecologically sensitive area within the
area that is likely to be impacted (buffer zone). The study also designed to suggest
suitable mitigation measures if necessary for protection of wildlife habitats
conservation of REET species if any.
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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3.11.3. Objectives and purpose of the study
The basic objectives of the study are to evaluate the status of the flora and fauna of the
core area and the buffer areas with specific reference to the rare or endangered or
endemic or threatened (REET) species. Different levels of disturbance have different
effects on ant diversity. If our goal is to preserve biodiversity in a given area, we need to
be able to understand how diversity is impacted by different management strategies.
Because diversity indices provide more information than simply the number of species
present (i.e., they account for some species being rare and others being common), they
serve as valuable tools that enable biologists to quantify diversity in a community and
describe its numerical structure.
The objectives of the study
Baseline data of Terrestrial biological environment by studying distribution
pattern, community structure, population dynamics and species composition of
Flora and Fauna.
Baseline data of aquatic Flora and Fauna at the project area, including the coastal
area is to be ascertained by proper surveys including mangroves and marshes and
other coastal vegetation, sand dunes.
Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of Flora or Fauna for
breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration shall be as
ascertained.
Preparation of exhaustive seasonal wise list of Flora and Fauna of ter restrial and
aquatic ecosystems of core and buffer zones with special reference to Endangered
and dominant species.
Taking photographs of the flora and fauna including local habitats with date for
each season showing the status of the project site and study area for vegetation
cover.
Discussing the impact related issues with local villagers and EIA functional area
experts on air, water, noise and other pollutants.
Impacts quantification through vegetation analysis and site specific parameters.
Preparation of the mitigation measures.
List of Flora and Fauna issued by the concerned Divisional Forest officer.
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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3.11.4. Review of the Literature
3.11.4.1. Literature Review
Considering the time limitation to undertake statistically rigorous data gathering
system, study also relied on existing knowledge about the ecology and biodiversity of
the region. Importantly, there are quite a few studies undertaken in the past dealing
with the impacts of ports etc. on flora and fauna and other concerns of biodiversity
conservation in many countries. Literature on power plants and associated
environmental issues were downloaded and collated through internet. Various relevant
literatures were surveyed during the study for collection of baseline information. Maps,
reports and documents collected from the project proponent were also reviewed and
used in the present study. Books on flora, fauna and wildlife were also studied in order
to understand the biology of several species.
3.11.4.2. Consultations
During the study, series of consultations were made with both technical and non
technical stakeholders including the proposed power plant staff, Forest Department
officials to get better picture on the project area/core area and buffer zone habitats. In
order to know more about the seasonal presence of several faunal species and their
movement, study team informally consulted and discussed with quite a large number of
local people, from the villages, herders and farmers that dwell close to the proposed
project. Other than the above, for the purpose of this study, relevant information was
also collected from following sources: Records of Forest Department; Publications in
National and International Journals; Google imageries/Google Maps; Communications
with subject experts.
3.11.4.3. General information regarding the region
Details of the flora and fauna were collected from Forest department and local villagers
(Letter to Forest Department acknowledged by Office of the FRO, Buxar and Local
people interaction photos and video are the evidence). Papers published in Journals
were collected to check the primary data collected during survey. The study area is
more of form lands and village settlements. There are no types of Sanctuaries and
National parks or reserve forests in the study area. River Ganga is passing in the study
area but no commercial fishing is done till date. The main livelihood of the people is
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agriculture and brick making only. The climate of the district is moderate. The hot
weather begins from the middle of March when hot westerly winds begin to blow
during the day. The months of April and May are extremely hot, normally the monsoon
sets in by the third week of June and continues with intermission till the end of
September. The cold weather begins from the months of November and lasts till the
beginning of March, January is the coldest month when the temperature comes down as
low as 10 ̊C. From the month of April, till the break of monsoon, the district experiences
occasional thunder storms also. Rain sets sometimes in June accompanied by fall in
temperature and increase in humidity. The district experiences maximum rain during
the months of July and August. There is slight rainfall in October but November and
December are quite dry. Due to deforestation, the forest area of this district is very thin.
Some common trees of this district are Mango, Seasum, Mahua, Bamboo and some types
of long grasses (Jhalas) are found near diara area of the river Ganga. Jhalas grass is
mostly used in roof making of kuccha houses. The forest of the district is not rich in
their products. Fire wood is the most important among its products. The district had
variety of wild animals and game birds when the forest is thick. With the increase in
irrigation facilities, the area under cultivation has grown, consequently diminishing the
forest. The wild animals have suffered in the process and their number has gone down
very considerably. Neelgain, spotted deer, are found in the Plains and near the Ganga
bank. A considerable number of monkeys are also found in the Buxar town area. Birds of
different types like Parrot, Patridges, Quails are also found in the district.
3.11.4.4. Live Stock
The district of Buxar has large majority of the people engaged in agricultural pursuits
and deriving their livelihood from agricultural pursuits. The possession of livestock
generally adds to the social status of the farmer. The quality of the live stock has
improved because of serious efforts by the Government and the response of the
farmers. Since the district has quite a large population of prosperous agriculturists
mostly due to the suitability of facilities of canal irrigation the farmers of the canal
irrigated area have considerably cattle wealth. Agricultural census conducted taken in
1991 shows the cattle wealth of the district as: Cow-184325, Sheep-15430, Horse-3341,
Total- Total Working Population, MAIN – Main Workers, MGN- Marginal Workers, MCL- Main Cultivators, MAL-Main Agricultural Labors, MGC- Marginal Cultivators, MGA- Marginal Agricultural Labors, MHH- Main Household Industry, MGH- Marginal Household Industry, MOT – Main Other Industry, MGO- Marginal Other Industry.
3.12.1.4. Education Indicators
In the study area about 71.8% of the total populations are literates, which is more than
the national literacy rate of 74.04%. The below table shows the higher rate of literacy
rate is observed in the areas and the rate of male literacy is more when compared with
the female literacy rate. Most of the villages in the study area are having primary
schools within the village, Middle schools and High schools are available within the
respective Panchayat. Higher education facilities such as colleges are present at the
average distance of 10km.
Table 3-21 Literacy pattern in the Study Area
S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
1 Akbarpur 247 61.0 152 73.1 95 48.2
2 Akhauripur 1446 74.8 813 82.3 633 67.0
3 Ami 35 97.2 17 94.4 18 100.0
4 Ashanandpur 5 83.3 4 100.0 1 50.0
5 Atraulia 248 80.8 146 89.6 102 70.8
6 Atrauna 1462 64.2 839 73.5 623 54.7
7 Badauli Adai 869 68.2 510 80.6 359 55.9
8 Badauli Mafi 239 57.9 152 69.4 87 44.8
9 Badihar Mafi 9 56.3 5 62.5 4 50.0
10 Baghelwa 493 68.5 322 84.5 171 50.4
11 Bahora Ta. Birpur
447 66.2 280 76.1 167 54.4
12 Bakainia 894 72.3 537 84.2 357 59.6
13 Balua Tapa Amlakh
214 52.1 148 70.5 66 32.8
14 Baluwa 1438 76.4 882 88.6 556 62.8
15 Bamhani 557 54.5 330 62.4 227 46.0
16 Baniapatpur 215 70.0 137 83.0 78 54.9
17 Bansi 55 40.7 42 59.2 13 20.3
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
18 Bara 13765 78.6 7628 86.7 6137 70.4
19 Bareji 1448 75.3 926 90.4 522 58.1
20 Barhana 721 77.6 405 87.5 316 67.8
21 Barki Puraini 686 85.8 398 95.2 288 75.4
22 Barupur 1008 70.1 645 86.9 363 52.2
23 Basantpur 948 76.8 542 86.2 406 67.1
24 Bechanpurwa 446 70.9 298 87.9 148 51.0
25 Belahi 496 69.2 312 84.8 184 52.7
26 Bhaluha 490 68.3 300 79.4 190 56.0
27 Bharkhara 617 73.7 357 85.4 260 62.1
28 Bhataura Buzurg 6 28.6 5 41.7 1 11.1
29 Bhataura Khurd 2091 73.6 1253 84.9 838 61.4
30 Bhawar Kol 522 71.7 312 85.0 210 58.2
31 Bhelupur 540 59.1 365 76.2 175 40.3
32 Bhitihara 1261 73.2 723 83.7 538 62.6
33 Bijhaura 1880 69.9 1119 80.6 761 58.4
34 Birpur 4496 62.6 2691 72.4 1805 52.1
35 Bishunpur 94 98.9 46 97.9 48 100.0
36 Chak Bhago 311 72.5 191 82.0 120 61.2
37 Chak Mir Mohd. Bhawar Kol
11 91.7 7 100.0 4 80.0
38 Chaurahi 3 33.3 1 20.0 2 50.0
39 Chausa 5807 77.9 3449 87.0 2358 67.5
40 Chhotki Puraini 528 66.0 328 81.8 200 50.1
41 Chilbila 801 55.2 526 68.4 275 40.3
42 Daulat Pur 45 84.9 21 95.5 24 77.4
43 Dehri 4485 69.0 2664 79.6 1821 57.8
44 Deuriya 225 89.6 121 94.5 104 84.6
45 Dev Chand Pur 489 66.6 326 78.7 163 50.9
46 Dewasthapur 701 71.6 414 82.5 287 60.2
47 Dharmagatpur 21 87.5 12 92.3 9 81.8
48 Dhundhani 205 66.3 128 82.1 77 50.3
49 Ekdar 488 88.1 287 97.6 201 77.3
50 Firoj Pur 1524 63.9 987 77.1 537 48.6
51 Gadaipur 127 85.2 62 93.9 65 78.3
52 Gahmar 17108 76.6 9897 86.4 7211 66.2
53 Gajarahi 260 98.5 136 99.3 124 97.6
54 Gobindapur 1035 84.2 587 91.7 448 76.1
55 Gyani Chak 158 63.5 107 81.7 51 43.2
56 Hadipur 330 84.2 196 94.7 134 72.4
57 Hakimpur 1519 72.1 895 83.3 624 60.4
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
58 Haripur 763 63.7 490 80.3 273 46.4
59 Harnathpur 2 3.2 1 3.1 1 3.3
60 Hathauri 562 77.7 349 89.3 213 64.2
61 Hethua 2047 75.9 1219 85.4 828 65.2
62 Holartikar 155 59.8 107 74.8 48 41.4
63 Husenpur 207 78.4 137 94.5 70 58.8
64 Isapur 123 84.2 77 92.8 46 73.0
65 Ismailpur 372 61.6 186 66.2 186 57.6
66 Itwa 20 55.6 10 62.5 10 50.0
67 Jagdishpur 24 60.0 14 58.3 10 62.5
68 Jagwal 32 13.4 23 17.8 9 8.2
69 Jaipura 508 68.4 321 79.7 187 55.0
70 Jamauli 1762 57.3 1135 68.8 627 43.9
71 Jarigawan 839 74.2 466 80.3 373 67.8
72 Jivnrain Pur 174 46.6 110 52.6 64 39.0
73 Jokahi 261 75.2 139 79.9 122 70.5
74 Kadipur Kalan 375 81.7 214 89.9 161 72.9
75 Kamarpur 1911 75.6 1142 86.8 769 63.4
76 Kamhariya 636 82.0 398 93.2 238 68.2
77 Kanak Narayanpur
886 80.8 523 89.2 363 71.2
78 Karhansi 2562 70.9 1525 79.4 1037 61.3
79 kashipur 241 77.0 134 88.2 107 66.5
80 Kathaja 439 73.3 269 82.3 170 62.5
81 Kathtar 377 56.6 262 75.1 115 36.3
82 Khakrahi 755 81.4 444 90.4 311 71.2
83 Khelafatpur 757 75.6 426 81.0 331 69.7
84 Khemrajpur 88 55.7 59 73.8 29 37.2
85 Kishunipur 332 83.6 197 93.8 135 72.2
86 Kocharhi 1319 63.8 834 77.7 485 48.7
87 Korarawa 243 63.4 144 74.6 99 52.1
88 Kudratipur 128 25.5 84 33.7 44 17.5
89 Kukurha 3298 69.9 1962 80.8 1336 58.3
90 Kusahi 236 35.2 133 40.9 103 29.9
91 Kushahi 140 70.4 95 85.6 45 51.1
92 Kusiyra 57 43.2 35 49.3 22 36.1
93 Kusrupa 1283 75.0 773 85.8 510 63.0
94 Kutubpur 627 69.7 376 80.0 251 58.4
95 Lahana 2105 71.4 1275 84.9 830 57.3
96 Larai 266 71.1 159 85.0 107 57.2
97 Lohandi 1041 73.0 645 87.9 396 57.1
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
98 Loharpur 1728 82.5 976 90.1 752 74.4
99 Lugra Sugra 214 71.1 141 87.0 73 52.5
100 Magarkhai 1319 76.6 810 86.5 509 64.8
101 Makuriya 86 86.0 47 92.2 39 79.6
102 Malahipur 283 72.0 178 88.1 105 55.0
103 Malikpur Lazi 16 84.2 10 100.0 6 66.7
104 Mangolpur 1205 75.0 684 82.5 521 67.1
105 Mangopur 157 64.9 97 78.2 60 50.8
106 Mangraon 1954 68.4 1196 80.8 758 55.2
107 Mania 2056 75.6 1170 86.3 886 65.1
108 Marahi 331 55.5 223 71.5 108 38.0
109 Masarhia 198 85.7 105 97.2 93 75.6
110 Mitanpura 202 57.7 121 67.2 81 47.6
111 Mohanpurwa 237 72.7 139 82.7 98 62.0
112 Musar Dewa 346 77.1 231 86.5 115 63.2
113 Naniaura 486 78.5 265 89.8 221 68.2
114 Narainapur 566 87.2 318 93.0 248 80.8
115 Narbatpur 2638 73.3 1621 86.4 1017 59.1
116 Nasirpur Mirzabad
340 94.7 209 97.2 131 91.0
117 Nawagawan 276 54.0 171 65.8 105 41.8
118 Nikrojpur 596 67.3 392 83.2 204 49.3
119 Nizampur 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
120 Nyayapur 1077 64.9 692 76.5 385 51.0
121 Paliya 886 64.8 591 78.0 295 48.4
122 Pathara 2147 74.0 1306 86.7 841 60.2
123 Piprarh 1073 73.6 630 81.2 443 65.0
124 Pithari 748 82.1 419 90.7 329 73.3
125 Puraina 155 62.5 98 73.7 57 49.6
126 Raisenpur 510 64.0 294 76.0 216 52.7
127 Rajapur 1140 66.3 690 77.9 450 54.0
128 Raje Pah 2 50.0 2 66.7 0 0.0
129 Rajmal Bandh 135 65.5 92 80.0 43 47.3
130 Rampur Kanwa 8 50.0 6 75.0 2 25.0
131 Rasulpur 490 70.2 290 85.0 200 56.0
132 Rauni 1343 82.2 762 91.1 581 72.9
133 Reka Khurd 251 66.6 155 80.3 96 52.2
134 Rohinibhavan 860 67.2 563 83.3 297 49.3
135 Rupapokhar 669 65.3 432 80.6 237 48.6
136 Sagrawan 1730 76.2 1056 86.8 674 64.0
137 Sahipur 442 74.4 267 82.7 175 64.6
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
138 Sakarahat 88 44.0 65 59.6 23 25.3
139 Samaria 15 53.6 9 64.3 6 42.9
140 Saraon 310 76.9 193 86.9 117 64.6
141 Sarenja 4467 65.0 2693 74.6 1774 54.4
142 Sauri 379 65.6 251 79.4 128 48.9
143 Sauwanbandh 168 59.4 110 72.4 58 44.3
144 Shair T Gahmar 4223 71.0 2542 84.3 1681 57.4
145 Shamar Pura 180 65.2 118 82.5 62 46.6
146 Sharifpur 92 68.7 61 83.6 31 50.8
147 Shukraulia 1295 70.1 774 81.0 521 58.4
148 Sidhabandh 454 70.8 267 86.1 187 56.5
149 Sikraur 3018 75.4 1751 83.9 1267 66.1
150 Sisrarh 1525 69.1 904 80.5 621 57.3
151 Sultanpur 25 80.6 13 92.9 12 70.6
152 Tandwa 528 74.4 293 86.9 235 63.0
153 Taranpur 448 68.4 280 82.4 168 53.3
154 Tikaitpur 16 66.7 9 75.0 7 58.3
155 Trawn 1539 72.5 926 84.6 613 59.6
156 Trilochanpur 186 86.9 107 94.7 79 78.2
157 Uchitpur 15 33.3 12 46.2 3 15.8
158 Ujiarpur 4 66.7 4 100.0 0 0.0
159 Umarpur 11 78.6 6 85.7 5 71.4
160 Utari 808 73.4 485 85.5 323 60.5
161 Wah Saroop 29 64.4 18 78.3 11 50.0
Total 153245 71.8 91215 82.5 62030 60.3
Source: Census 2011.
Table 3-22 Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study Area
S.No Particulars Study Area Bihar Uttar Pradesh
1 Study Area 161 Villages
Buxar, Chausa, Rajpur and Itarhi Taluks of Buxar
District
Mohammadabad and Zamania Taluk
of Ghazipur District
2 Total Households 39,710 1,89,13,565 3,34,48,035 3 Total Population 2,57,103 10,40,99,452 199812341 4 Sex Ratio 931 918 912
5 Children Population (<6 Years Old) 43,748 1,91,33,964 3,07,91,331
6 Children Sex Ratio 937 935 902 7 Urban Rural Ratio 0:100 11:89 22:78 8 SC Population 8.78% 15.91% 20.69% 9 ST Population 8.23% 1.28% 0.56%
10 Age at Marriage – Male 20-21 21.6 21.6
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Chapter 4-Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
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4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 General
The chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts due to the
proposed project during construction and operational phases and the mitigation
measures for impact identified. The environmental impacts are categorized as primary
and secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project
and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the
associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities by the
proposed action.
The plan outlines potential problems that may impact the environment and
recommends corrective measures where required. Mitigation measures at the source
level and an overall EMP for the study area are planned for implementation, to improve
the supportive capacity of the study area and also to preserve the assimilative capacity
of the receiving bodies.
4.2 Identification of Likely Impacts
Every activity and operation has either adverse or beneficial impacts on environment.
The environmental impact identification has been done based on proposed project
activities. All the activities from construction phase to operational phases of the project
have been broadly covered, which is given in Table 4.1 and 4.2.
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Table 4-1 Activity-Impact Identification Matrix for Construction Phase of the Proposed Project
Construction Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activities
Sub –Activities
La
nd
use
La
nd
sca
pe
La
nd
/so
il
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ate
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ali
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on
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ise
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a
nd
T
ran
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rt d
ensi
ty
Re
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se
(En
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logy
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con
om
ic
Cu
ltu
re/H
eri
tage
Agr
icu
ltu
re
in
the
surr
ou
nd
ings
Site Preparation Site Clearing & Cleaning Ground leveling Waste handling and its transportation Soil Compaction
Labour Deployment - Camp Siting
Construction of labour sheds to accommodate labour, Supply of water, Supply of fuel/energy, Waste handling & its disposal Sewage Disposal
Excavation Moving of Heavy Machinery Soil Extraction and Stacking, Soil Loading and Transportation For Disposal, Various Tools Like Crow Bar Foundations for heavy machinery installation Construction Power through onsite Diesel Generators
Material Handling &
Transportation and Unloading of material from trucks Storage &
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Construction Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activities
Sub –Activities
La
nd
use
La
nd
sca
pe
La
nd
/so
il
En
vir
on
me
nta
l
Surf
ace
/ gr
ou
nd
W
ate
r re
sou
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s
Wa
ter
qu
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ali
ty
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wa
ste
Ge
ne
rati
on
Am
bie
nt
no
ise
Le
vel
Tra
ffic
a
nd
T
ran
spo
rt d
ensi
ty
Re
sou
rce
u
se
(En
erg
y)
Eco
logy
Soci
al e
con
om
ic
Cu
ltu
re/H
eri
tage
Agr
icu
ltu
re
in
the
surr
ou
nd
ings
storage Handling of steel sheets, metals, Fabricated structure, Cement, Concrete, Bricks, Steel etc. Conveyance of material within the project site
Plant Building Construction
Transportation of material to construction site Preparation/ Mixing of construction material Supply of water Operation of construction machinery (like cranes, Concrete Mix Plant, Floor Developer, Forklift etc.). Handling and disposal of construction wastes Diesel Generator Operation
Erection of sheds, installation of Machinery Building Fittings
Erection of sheds – welding/ cutting onsite, Installation of heavy machinery, pumps, Mechanical installation and sand blasting, Electrical installation
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Construction Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activities
Sub –Activities
La
nd
use
La
nd
sca
pe
La
nd
/so
il
En
vir
on
me
nta
l
Surf
ace
/ gr
ou
nd
W
ate
r re
sou
rce
s
Wa
ter
qu
ali
ty
Air
qu
ali
ty
Soli
d
wa
ste
Ge
ne
rati
on
Am
bie
nt
no
ise
Le
vel
Tra
ffic
a
nd
T
ran
spo
rt d
ensi
ty
Re
sou
rce
u
se
(En
erg
y)
Eco
logy
Soci
al e
con
om
ic
Cu
ltu
re/H
eri
tage
Agr
icu
ltu
re
in
the
surr
ou
nd
ings
& Furnishing Drilling and Fixing, Painting/ White washes Disposal of Wastes (empty paint cans, containers, electrical waste, wooden and metal waste etc.)
Demobilization of Construction Equipment
Dismantling of temporary support construction structures/ Equipments, Removal of construction machinery Transportation of Construction/ Dismantled waste Site cleaning/ washings
Site Commissioning
Trials functioning of Production & Warehousing units, Conveying and packing system, Plumbic fixtures, Electrical gadgets, Fire fighting system, Effluent Treatment plant, etc.,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Table 4-2 Activity – Impact Identification Matrix for Operation Phase of the Proposed Project
Operation Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activity Sub –Activities
Air
qu
ali
ty
Wa
ter
qu
ali
ty
Surf
ace
wa
ter
reso
urc
es
Gro
un
d w
ate
r re
sou
rce
s
La
nd
an
d s
oil
q
ua
lity
No
ise
qu
ali
ty
Tra
ffic
v
olu
me
Eco
logi
cal
Soci
o
eco
no
mic
A
spe
cts
Transportation of coal Transportation of Indian coal from wagons and imported coal through truck to coal handling plant
Point Source and Associated Environmental Impacts
Emission generated from stack
Fugitive emission Fugitive emissions are envisaged from handling and storage of coal in the stock yard, fly ash handling systems and transfer operations
Noise emission Generation of noise from boiler section areas, Loading & Unloading areas, Machineries and Vehicle Movement
Utilization of Water resources River Ganga water utilization for the plant operation
Wastewater generation Generation, Treatment and Disposal of effluent
Fly ash generation from Boiler Fly ash generation and disposal and transportation
Occupational Health Effects on human health in the plant and nearby area due to plant operations
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4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
Most of the construction phase activities would exhibit reversible and short term
impacts which can be readily controlled and mitigated through robust and scientifically
designed construction work-method statements as per the best engineering and
management practices.
4.3.1 Land Use
a) Predicted Impacts on land use
The land use of the area will be changed as the vegetation cover and household may be
disturbed. The land will be developed by leveling and grading. As the land is not rocky,
no blasting is envisaged. Apart from localized construction impacts at the plant site, no
significant adverse impacts on soil in the surrounding area are anticipated.
b) Mitigation Measures
Construction debris will be removed continuously from the site
Construction debris will be stored at a designated area to ensure they do not find
their way to water bodies.
The topsoil removed during construction phase shall be stored separately to be
used afterwards for green belt development and leveling of site.
On completion of works all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes
will be completely removed Optimization of land requirement through proper
site lay out design will be basic criteria at the design phase;
4.3.2 Soil Quality
a) Predicted Impacts on Soil Quality
The construction activities will result in loss of vegetation cover and top soil of
negligible extent in the plant area. About 9 million tons of Soil will be sourced from local
area. As the land is not rocky, no blasting is envisaged. Apart from localized
construction impacts at the plant site, no significant adverse impacts on soil in the
surrounding area are anticipated.
b) Mitigation Measures
The topsoil requires proper handling like separate stacking so that it can
be used for greenbelt development.
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Oil trap for D.G set to prevent oil from damaging the soil.
Management of spilling of contaminants such as oil from equipment,
cement, etc. on the soil;
4.3.3 Air Quality
a) Predicted Impact on Air Quality
The movement of equipment at site, dust emitted during the leveling, grading,
earthworks, foundation works, vehicle movement on unpaved roads and other
construction related activities, exhaust emissions from diesel generators, vehicles and
other heavy construction equipment deployed at site will be the main sources of air
pollution during the construction period. Due to the short duration of the planned
action, any impacts on ambient air quality during construction activities are expected to
be short term.
b) Mitigation Measures
Transport vehicles and construction equipment / machineries will be
properly maintained to reduce air emissions
Equipment will be periodically checked for pollutant emissions against
stipulated norms
Exhaust vent of DG set will be kept at proper height to ensure quick dispersion
of gaseous emissions
Sprinkling of water on roads and construction site, sufficient vegetation are
some of the measures that would greatly reduce the impacts during the
construction phase.
Implementing proper upkeep and maintenance of vehicles, Pollution under
Control (PUC) certified vehicles will be used for transporting machinery.
4.3.4 Noise Levels
a) Predicted Impacts on Noise Quality
The activities such as foundation & infrastructure construction, plant erection will
produce periodic noise during construction phase. However, possible noise control
measures will be adopted and hence the impact of generated noise on the equipment is
likely to be temporary and insignificant.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
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b) Mitigation Measures
D.G set to be used during construction phase shall be provided with acoustic
enclosures
Where applicable, hearing protection shall be provided to the workers and
their use by workers shall be enforced by contractors as well as site
management.
In the event construction noise levels at the facility boundary exceed the
industrial limit of 70 dB(A), temporary noise barriers would be installed to
minimize the overall noise related impacts on the neighbouring areas due to
construction activities
4.3.5 Predicted Impacts on Water Quality
a) Impact on Water Quality and Quantity
The wash water from construction equipment maintenance centre will contribute to oil
and grease concentration. The wastewater from temporary labor colony will contribute
to BOD concentrations. Wastewater from the labor colony and equipment washing if not
treated properly might damage the water quality in the nearby water bodies. STPL will
undertake proper mitigation measures to ensure nearby surface water bodies are not
polluted. The overall impact on water environment during construction phase is likely
to be short term and insignificant.
The groundwater will not be used during construction phase. The entire water
requirement will be met from river and hence impacts are not envisaged on the quantity
of groundwater. The wastewater from the construction site may find its way to
groundwater and pollute the same,
b) Mitigation Measures
Oil and grease trap at standby DG set site will be provided
As far as possible, the unskilled work-force will be sourced from the local
areas. Packaged Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)/septic tanks to treat sewage at
temporary construction workers’ colony shall be provided
Temporary sanitation facilities (soak pits/septic tanks/ Bio Toilets) will be set
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up to prevent contamination.
Since most of the construction work force will consist of floating population,
the demand for water and sanitation facilities will be low and it will be
managed by STPL
4.3.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste
a) Predicted Impacts of Solid and Hazardous Waste
The hazardous materials used during the construction may include diesel, welding gas
and paints. Construction sites handle small quantities of lube oils and diesel for running
the machine powered construction equipment. In case of spill of these materials, the soil
quality can get deteriorated and also in case of hazardous waste finding its way to the
water ways may pollute the surface and groundwater of the nearby areas.
b) Mitigation Measures
In order to avoid soil contamination due to accidental spills, it has been
recommended to provide spill absorbing material at the construction site and
the contaminated soil should be excavated and these materials shall be stored,
and disposed of to hazardous waste disposal sites according to the guidelines
specified.
Hazardous waste such as used oil generated during construction activities
shall be stored at designated paved area at site and shall be sent for disposal
to an authorized recycler.
Other solid waste generated during construction phase such as packaging
waste i.e. paper, plastic and etc., shall be collected in dedicated area and shall
be disposed off to an approved scrap dealer.
Special care will be taken during deliveries of construction materials,
especially when fuels and hazardous materials are being handled.
Care will be taken to avoid direct contact and spillage of painting waste
containing heavy metals during painting job. It is recommended to cover
ground with protecting sheets to avoid damage to soil and groundwater.
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4.3.7 Ecology and Biodiversity
a) Predicted Impacts on Ecology and Bio Diversity
There is no notified/protected ecologically sensitive area including national park,
sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger reserves existing in the study area. The study area comprises
of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Predicted impacts are given below:
Changes in activity pattern of terrestrial fauna due to Noise
Loss of vegetation due to access cutting and site preparation
Accidental discharge of waste water may create impact on aquatic ecology if
not handled properly.
The predicted impacts on the surrounding ecology during construction phase are not
very significant.
b) Mitigation Measures
Acoustic enclosures will be provided to the D.G sets being used during
construction phase to reduce the noise.
Green belt development using native species will provide habitat and food to
the birds and small animals.
STPL will avoid noise producing construction activities at night and also
unnecessary lighting at night to avoid any effect on avifauna.
4.3.8 Socio-Economic Impacts
There is no rehabilitation and resettlement for the proposed project. During
construction phase both direct and indirect employment will be generated. About 1000
people will work at the peak construction period. This will be beneficial to the local
economy. Hence no adverse impacts are envisaged during construction phase.
4.4. Impacts during operational phase
The possible impacts during thermal power plant operation on the environmental
attributes such as land use, soil quality, topography & climate, Ambient air quality,
water environment, noise levels, demographic & socio economics and health were
identified and presented briefly in report.
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In order to minimize the impact on climate change and harmonize the project
with the local eco system, an extensive green belt development program will be
adopted.
The water requirement for the power plant will be met from Ganga River and the
wastewater generated from the plant will be treated in an ETP to comply with
the norms of CPCB and the same will be used for plantation and green belt within
the plant premises during normal operations.
Acoustic enclosures will be provided to the turbines, generators and other
possible high noise producing equipments to reduce the transmission of noise to
the outside environment.
The overall impact on the socio economic environment will be beneficial as the
project increases the employment opportunities, increase the literacy rate,
improvement in socio-cultural environment of the study area.
The possible air emissions from the power plant for particulate matter, sulphur
dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NOX) are considered for predicting the Ground
Level Concentrations (GLC).
4.4.1. Land Use
The present land use of the area falls under both agriculture and undeveloped. After
proposed plant construction, land use will categorised as industrial so, there will not be
any adverse impact on the surrounding land use.
4.4.2. Air Quality
4.4.2.1. Point Source and Associated Environmental Impacts
Point source (stack gas) emissions are envisaged from the proposed 2x660 MW coal
based Thermal Power Plant. Stack gas emissions from the proposed Power Plant would
be constituted mainly of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2).
Based on the preliminary information provided in the project report, the coal
requirement for the proposed 2 x 660MW coal based Thermal Power Plant pro ject will
be met by local coal from Deocha-Pachami coal block to Bihar State Power Generation
Company Ltd which was recommended by Ministry of Coal (MoC). Deocha-Pachami coal
block is located in south western part of Birbhum coalfield. The coal allocation letter is
attached in Annexure 5.
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It is expected that the coal from Deocha Pachami coal block may be available after the
four years of operation and hence the imported coal will be used during the period. The
calorific value of the typical Indian coal is in about 3500 Kcal/kg whereas the calorific
value of the imported coal from Indonesia will be in the range of 5300 to 5500 Kcal/kg.
The estimated quantity of coal requirement based on 100% Indian coal and 100%
Imported coal (@90% plf) will be 20,400 TPD and 5600 TPD respectively.
The Impact on Ambient Air Quality due to the proposed project was updated as per the
currently allocated coal characteristics and the existing baseline conditions. It can be
inferred from the below table that the peak emissions are envisaged due to Indian Coal
Scenario. The ambient air quality modeling was carried out for worst case scenario
(Indian coal) of maximum sulphur content of 0.6% with adoption of new power plant
emission standards of 100 mg/nm3 of SO2, 100 mg/Nm3 of NOx and 30 mg/Nm3 of PM.
The model inputs for the prediction of impacts are summarized in Table 4.3.
Table 4-3 Air Quality Modeling Inputs
Parameter Units Based on Indian coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
Based on Imported coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
Calorific value of coal Kcal/Kg 3500 5300
Station heat rate Kcal/Kwh 2247.97 2100
Ash content %w/w 41 12
Sulfur content (max w/w) % 0.6 0.8
Coal consumption in each 660MW unit
TPH 425 262
Velocity of flue gas in each stack
m/s 22 14
Flue gas temperature ⁰C 125 50 Flue gas quantity from each plume
m3/hr 2574009 1571689
Flue gas at NTP Nm3/hr 1927273 1176792
Estimated Plume tip diameter
m 6.4 6.4
SO2 emission from each 660MW unit (uncontrolled emissions without FGD)
Kg/hr 5087 4184
SO2 concentration (without FGD)
mg/Nm3 2639 3556
SO2 concentration (with FGD) as per Standards
mg/Nm3 100 100
Minimum SO2 removal % 96 97
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Parameter Units Based on Indian coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
Based on Imported coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
required in FGD Resultant SO2 emission from each 660MW unit
Kg/hr 193 118
NOX emissions envisaged based on new standards
mg/Nm3 100 100
NOX emissions from each 660MW unit
Kg/hr 193 118
Particulate Matter emissions envisaged based on new standards
mg/Nm3 30 30
Particulate Matter emission rate from each 660MW unit
Kg/hr 58 47
Mixing heights play a vital role in predicting the ground level concentrations of the
pollutants. Mixing heights for the study area is obtained from “Atlas of Hourly Mixing
Height data” published by India Meteorological Data, New Delhi. The hourly averaged
mixing height pertaining to unstable ABL (Atmospheric Boundary Later) during the day
time (1000-1700 hrs) is seen to vary from a minimum of 640 m to a maximum of 1850
m.
Since the stack gas velocity is three times higher than that of the peak wind speed in the
area during the unstable environmental conditions, stack tip down-wash conditions are
not envisaged.
The site specific meteorological information indicated that, predominantly winds were
found to blow from east direction and hence the impact zone in the down wind direction
will be located in the west direction respectively. The input and output files used for
AERMOD modelling are enclosed in Annexure 11. In addition to the site specific data,
long term IMD data was also adopted for modelling.
4.4.2.2. Summary of the Air Quality Modeling Data
a) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
The 2nd highest predicted 24 hrs Ground Level Concentration (GLC) of sulphur dioxide
will be in the order of 1.417µg/m3 and such concentrations will occur at a distance of
9km to 10km from the stack.
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The predicted concentrations were found to be insignificant which will get diluted
rapidly. The envisaged resultant post project concentrations (Table 4.4) in the down-
wind villages will be in the range of 12.2µg/m3 to 16.7µg/m3 during the post project
scenario, which will be below the prescribed NAAQ standards. The isopleths of SO2 is
given in Figure 4.1. Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide
Concentration as per IMD 30 Yrs data is given in Table 4.5.
Figure 4-1 Isopleths of SO2
Table 4-4 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline as
per May –
June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.196 11.1 11.296 80
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Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline as
per May –
June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.032 14.3 14.332
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.010 12.5 12.51
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.0 16.7 16.7
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.014 15.9 15.914
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.992 11.2 12.192
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.051 16.3 16.351
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.0142 15.5 15.5142
Table 4-5 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide
Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline as
per May –
June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.75 11.1 11.85
80
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.10 14.3 14.40
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.96 12.5 13.46
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.00001 16.7 16.70
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.00001 15.9 15.90
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.00074 11.2 11.20
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.014 16.3 16.31
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.014 15.5 15.51
b) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
The 2nd highest predicted 24 hrs GLC of NO2 will be in the order of 1.417µg/m3 and such
concentrations will occur at a distance of 9Km to 10Km from the stack. The
concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly. The envisaged resultant
concentrations in the down-wind villages (Table 4.6) will be in the range of 14.2µg/m3
to 19.2µg/m3 during the post project scenario, which will be below the prescribed NAAQ
standards. The isopleths of NO2 is given in Figure 4.2.Estimated Post Project Scenario of
Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration as per IMD 30 Yrs data is given in Table 4.7
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
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Figure 4-2 Isopleths of NO2
Table 4-6 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Nitrogen Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on
May – June
2016
Post Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.196 13.2 13.396
80
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.032 16.0 16.032
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.010 14.8 14.81
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.0 19.2 19.2
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.014 17.5 17.514
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.992 13.2 14.192
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.051 18.7 18.751
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.0142 17.4 17.4142
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Table 4-7 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Nitrogen Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on
May – June
2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.75 13.2 13.95
80
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.10 16.0 16.10
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.96 14.8 15.76
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.00001 19.2 19.20
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.00001 17.5 17.50
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.00074 13.2 13.20
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.014 18.7 18.71
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.014 17.4 17.41
c) Particulate Matter (PM)
The 2nd highest predicted 24 hrs GLC of PM will be in the order of 0.551µg/m3 and such
concentrations will occur at a distance of 9Km to 10Km from the stack. The
concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly. The envisaged resultant
concentrations in the down-wind villages (Table 4.8) will be in the range of 36.3µg/m3
to 47.3µg/m3 during the post project scenario, which will be below the prescribed NAAQ
standards. The isopleths of PM is given in Figure 4.3. Estimated Post Project Scenario of
Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration as per IMD 30 Yrs data is given in Table 4.9
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Figure 4-3 Isopleths of PM
Table 4-8 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Particulate Matter (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on May
– June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.018 37.1 37.118
100
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0 42.2 42.2
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0. 42.1 42.1
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.001 47.3 47.301
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0 44.5 44.5
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.057 36.3 36.357
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.001 46.3 46.301
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0 43.4 43.4
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Table 4-9 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Particulate Matter (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on May
– June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.29 37.1 37.39
100
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.04 42.2 42.24
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.37 42.1 42.47
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0 47.3 47.30
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0 44.5 44.50
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.0002 36.3 36.30
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.005 46.3 46.31
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.005 43.4 43.41
4.4.2.3. Summary of the Air Quality Modeling Results
Based on the findings of the detailed air quality modelling exercise, it has been inferred
that the resultant cumulative concentration at the nearby villages will comply with the
NAAQ Standards. Insignificant rise in the background ambient air quality levels is
envisaged within the study area. Since there are no ecologically sensitive locations
present in the down-wind direction of the Project site, environmental risks due to
release of emissions from the proposed 2x660MW coal based thermal power plant will
be insignificant. The summary of the predicted GLCs is predicted in Table 4.10.
Table 4-10 Summary of the predicted GLCs and Post Project Scenario
Parameter Baseline (µg/m³)
Predicted GLCs (µg/m³)
Resultant Post Project scenario
(µg/m³)
NAAQs Standard
PM10 36.3 to 47.3 0.0 to 0.057 42.1 to 47.301 100 SO2 11.1 to 16.7 0.0 to 0.992 11.296 to 16.351 80
NOx 13.2 to 19.2 0.0 to 0.992 13.396 to 19.20 80
4.4.2.4. Mitigation Measures for Reduction of Emissions at Source
Particulate Matter Emissions: As per the latest MoEF & CC Notification dated 7th
December 2015, all the new thermal power plants to be commissioned from 1st January
2017 shall achieve the stringent emission levels of 30 mg/Nm3 of particulate matter as
against the current levels of 50 mg/Nm3. In order to meet such stringent standards, high
efficiency electrostatic precipitators (ESP) shall be installed. Table 4.11 shows the
possible peak emission load on the ESPs. Each flue gas line of the boiler will be passed
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through two parallel ESPs with a total four ESPs in the proposed 2x660MW power
plant. In general about 20 to 25% of the fly ash generated from the boiler will be
collected at the economizer and super-heater stages of the boiler, and the remaining 75
to 80% of the fly ash will reach ESPs. However for the purpose of the design of the ESPs,
STPL has considered a peak fly ash load of 85% of total fly ash on the ESP. Typical dust
load on the ESP and envisaged collection efficiencies are presented in Table 4.11.
Figure 4-4 Layout of the ESPs in the proposed 2x660MW Power Plant
Table 4-11 Envisaged Peak Fly Ash Load on the ESPs
Description Units Based on Indian coal (worst case
coal)
Based on Imported
coal
Total fly ash generation in each boiler TPH 174 31
Fly ash collected in economizer and air pre-heater etc
TPH 9 2
Peak fly ash load on the ESPs TPH 165 29
Fly ash load on each ESPs TPH 53 10
Flue gas quantity through each ESP Nm3/hr 19,30,000 19,30,000
Dust concentration - inlet to ESP g/Nm3 27.5 5.2 Dust concentration outlet of ESP (new standards)
g/Nm3 0.03 0.03
ESP efficiency % 99.89 99.42
The electrostatic precipitator design depends on the ash characteristics in terms of
quality and quantity and the gas volume to be treated. It also requires proper sizing and
optimizing the precipitator efficiency for performance. The precipitator performance
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depends on several factors such as specific gas volume and the dust load, gas flow rate,
particle size and size distribution, particle resistivity, gas temperature, collecting plate
and discharge electrode geometry, electrode spacing, current and voltage, and rapping
system and frequency.
4.4.2.5. Installation of Flue Gas Desulphurizing system (FGD) for Sulfur Dioxide
Emissions
The estimated SO2 emissions from a typical 2x660MW unit will be in the order of
~2639mg/Nm3 without any control measures in the flue gas depending on the coal
quality. As per the new power plant emission regulations, SO2 levels in the flue gas shall
be maintained less than 100 mg/Nm3. This means, suitable post combustion control
technologies shall be adopted to achieve at least 96% SO2 reduction efficiency. Flue Gas
Desulphurizing system (FGD) is the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO2)
from the exhaust combustion flue gases of power plants that burn coal or oil to produce
steam for the turbines that drive their electricity generators.
The flue gas after the treating in the ESP will be subjected to scrubbing using lime
solution. Lime and limestone wet FGD systems are the mainstay of SO2 emission control
throughout the world. In the systems, SO2 removal is accomplished by recirculation
anaqueous slurry of lime or limestone in an absorber vessel to affect intimate contact
with the flue gas. Current state-of-the-art systems offer significantly improved
performance compared to the first-generation FGD systems. The largest single
improvement has been the development of sulfite oxidation control. Scale formation in
the early systems tended to occur as the result of uncontrolled crystallization of the
naturally oxidized product calcium sulfate (CaSO4•2H2O [gypsum]) from the
recirculating slurry. The blocky gypsum crystals typically represented 15 to 50 mol % of
the absorbed SO2 and, when intermingled with those of unoxidized calcium
sulfite(CaSO3• 1/2H2O) platelets in the slurry, were responsible for much of the
difficulty in dewatering. For limestone systems, blowing air into the slurry to force
oxidation to near 100% provides seed crystals that minimize scaling, while at the same
time producing more homogeneous slurries that dewater to concentrations in excess of
90% solids. For these reasons, the Limestone Forced Oxidation (LSFO) system has
become the preferred technology worldwide. Boiler manufacturers such as Alsthom,
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Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc etc are supplying such system. Typical
view and flow diagram of FGD systems is given in Figure 4.5 & 4.6.
Source: Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc
Figure 4-5 Typical View of a FGD System
Figure 4-6 Typical Process Flow Diagram of FGD System
4.4.2.6. Mercury abatement as co-benefit of reduction of NOx , SO2 and dust
Mercury is present as trace element in coal. When the coal is burnt in thermal power
plants, the mercury available in coal is released. Once released, the mercury is either
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evaporated in the atmosphere; some part is trapped in pollution control instruments
like electrostatic precipitator, bag etc and the rest goes with the bottom and fly ash. The
small level of mercury can be tolerated without much harmful effects. The new thermal
power plant emissions standards limit the Hg emission from coal based thermal power
plants to 30 µg/Nm3, whereas the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA
has suggested a threshold level of 100 µg/Nm3 in the ambient air.
A detailed study undertaken by a research group indicated that the Mercury content in
Indian coals was found to vary between 0.003 and 0.34 mg/Kg with the mean value
being 0.14 mg/Kg. The average mercury concentration in the flue gas at the outlet of
ESP would be in range of 5 and 15 μg/Nm3. Significant portion of mercury present in
feed coal have been found to be associated with fly ash. Speciation of mercury in flue gas
shows that proportion of elemental mercury is much higher than oxidized mercury
(ref)6.
Mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers can be controlled through proposed
measures for removing particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen
oxides (NOx). The Hg (P) fraction is typically removed by ESP, particulate control
device. The Hg(2+) portion is water soluble and therefore a relatively high percentage
can be captured by wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD) system. The Hg(O) fraction is
generally not captured by proposed air pollution control device.
STPL has proposed to install lime based scrubbing system for the combined control of
SO2 and Mercury emissions. Hence the envisaged Mercury levels in the proposed power
plant will be less than 1 μg/Nm3. Considering a peak gas volume of 19,30,000 Nm3/hr
from each boiler, the estimated controlled Hg emissions from the proposed power plant
will be less than 4 g/hr hour which is insignificant. The predicted ground level
concentration of Hg will be in the order of 0.03 Nano Grams/m3, which is several folds
lower than that of the occupational health standard of 100,000 Nano Grams/m3.
6 Mercury Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants of India - Case Study, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering Vol. 2 (1), September 2015, pp. 21-24,
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4.4.2.7. Radio Activity of Coal
Based on the published information, it is inferred that radioactivity of the Indian coals
Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of naturally
occurring radionuclides, 238U, 232Th and 40K. A typical study by group research
institutions (ref)7 indicated average radon activity was reported to be in the range of
222 to 670 Bqm-3, which is less than that of the values reported in other coals found in
other countries. Another study conducted a research indicated that the average activity
concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in feed coal was reported to be in the order of
10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1 respectively. The study concludes
that the measured values were compared with other literature values. The radium
equivalent activity of Indian coal samples were less than 370 Bqkg-1 and external
hazard indices were less than unity. Therefore, there is no probability of immediate
health effect on workers and public due to natural radioactivity present in coal (ref)8.
4.4.3. Fugitive Coal Dust Emissions and Associated Environmental Impacts
Fugitive emissions are defined as irregular and non point source emissions that would
be generated either from process operations or bulk material handling facilities. In the
current scenario, the proposed facility fugitive emissions may be released due to
handling of coal at the coal stock-yard. A dedicated water sprinkling system along with
proper enclosures will be used at the coal handling facilities in order to control the
fugitive dust emissions. Thus the envisaged fugitive coal dust emissions in the facility
will be reduced by 90%.
As a part of this EIA study, an attempt was made to estimate the wind -borne dust
emissions due to storage and handling coal at the stock yard within the plant site.
USEPA Published emission factor guidelines were adopted for estimating coal dust
emissions. The dispersion of the dust particle is dependent on the surface wind velocity
and the total dust emission per ha of the storage area is estimated using the factor 1.8U
7 Measurement of radon activity in fly ash samples from NTPC Dadri, India, Department of Physics, SV(PG) College, Aligarh, Department of Applied Physics, ZH College of Engineering and Tech, Aligarh and others, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, Vol 48, July 2010 8 Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Volume 5, Issue 6 (Jan. 2014), PP 32-38
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Kg/ha/hr (ref)9; where U is the mean wind velocity in m/s. The emission factor for the
typical diameter of 10 microns is derived by the particle size distribution data (ref10)
which is about 10% of the total dust emitted from the coal pile. The following inputs
were considered for estimating the coal dust emissions:
S. No. Particulars Units Value
1 Number of Coal Transfer Wagons Nos. 356 2 Total coal to be handled TPD 20,400 3 Coal Storage Area Sq. m 52500 4 Wind Borne dust from coal Storage areas Kg/Ha/hr 0.00015
5 Emissions due to dust control techniques (90% control)
Kg/Ha/hr 0.000015
6 PM10 emissions as per Particle Size Distribution (10% of total dust emitted)
Kg/Ha/hr 0.0000014
4.4.3.1. Fugitive Dust Modeling Output
By adopting the various fugitive dust control measures ensuring 90% dust emission
reduction, the predicted GLCs of particulate matter due to controlled fugitive dust
emission from coal yard at the facility boundary can be reduced to 35.4µg/m3. It is
inferred from the model output that the dust concentrations at the plant boundary is
not exceeding 10µg/m3. The concentration isopleths is presented in Figure 4.7 and
Figure 4.8. Hence the overall impacts due to fugitive dust emissions from handling coal
will be significantly minimized.
9Emission Factor Development – Western Surface Coal Mining, Chapter 11 10Particle Size Distribution Data and Sized Emission Factors for Selected Sources US-EPA, AP 42 Appendix B.1
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Figure 4-7 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust
Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Google Image – 5KM radius)
Figure 4-8 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust
Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Plant Layout)
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4.4.4. Fugitive Dust Control Management
Fugitive emissions from the proposed power project are envisaged from handling and
storage of coal in the stock yard, fly ash handling systems and transfer operations. A
detailed discussion on the coal handling and fly ash handling units are presented in
chapter 2. It can be noted that the bag filter ventilation systems are proposed for the
coal crusher unit, coal transfer units and coal storage silo. Hence major fugitive
emissions are envisaged from wind borne dust in the coal storage area, especially
during the unloading and load operations and open high wind erosion. The predicted
ground level concentrations due to fugitive coal dust emissions from the storage area
and handling area were reported to be about 5 µg/m3 at power plant boundary. Water
sprinklers will be installed to achieve a minimum discharge of about 15 m3/acre/hr to
maintain the moisture content of the top layer coal in the order of 20%. Treated cooling
water blow down will be used for coal dust suppression. The rate of water application of
the sprinklers will be equivalent to that of the evaporation loss and certain amount of
absorption on to the coal for further processing. Water sprinklers will be available in
the range of 25 to 50m radius of influence with a water flow rate of 3 to 20 liters/sec
with a working pressure of 4 to 6 bar. Selection of the sprinkler type and number of
sprinklers will be decided based on the coal yard layout. Typical sprinkler arrangement
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Figure 4-10 Typical View of Dust Suppression Sprinklers
(for Illustration Only)
4.4.5. Traffic related Impacts
The impacts due to the proposed thermal power plant related traffic movement such as
heavy duty trucks carrying Coal and Fly Ash were identified based on Passenger Car
Unit (PCU) factor. The PCU factors considered for this study were referred from the
Journal of Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 65(1), September 2004 (ref11). The total
incremental rise in the prevailing PCU’s volume due to the proposed vehicular
movement from the power plant is estimated and shown in Table 4.12.
Table 4-12 Proposed Vehicular Movement in Terms of PCU’s per Day
Type of Vehicles
Number of Vehicles per
day (one way)
Number of Vehicles per day
(Round Trip)
PCU – Conversion Factor (ref)4
(considering the road with 0%
gradient)
Total Volume in PCU’s/day
Fly Ash trucks with a capacity of 10Tons
530 1060 3.1 3286
Other material trucks with a capacity of 20 Tons 50 100 3.1 310
Passenger cars 100 200 1.0 200
Total vehicle movement in the Proposed service road
680 1360 3.1 3796
As per the proposed vehicular moment, only Passenger trucks, Fly Ash trucks and
passenger cars are envisaged. It can be inferred from the Table 3.6 that the total
vehicular movement due to the proposed project will be about 1360vehicles/day (to
11Satish Chandra, “Capacity Estimation Procedure for two -lane roads under mixed traffic conditions”, Journal of Indian Roads Congress, 65(1), September 2004, pp. 139 – 171.
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and fro). The corresponding PCU’s is estimated to be 3796/day (158 PCU’s/hr). As per
IRC: 64-1990, the design service volume for a two-lane rural road in plain terrain is
about 2400-3000 PCUs/hr. Hence the impact of additional traffic moment due to the
proposed power plant is insignificant.
4.5. Noise Levels and Impacts
4.5.1. Impact Assessment
The major noise emitting sources from the proposed coal based Thermal Power Plant is
presented in Table 4.13. Low noise generating equipment will be considered for the
project wherever applicable as per the recommended standards and guidelines. Some of
the major noise generating equipment will be housed inside the room with an average
wall thickness of 230 mm to attenuate noise emissions. According to the Noise Control
Handbook (ref12), a 230 mm brick wall will provide a noise reduction level of about 20
dB(A) across the wall. Considering such a reduction, the overall noise levels outside the
power Boiler will comply with work-zone and industrial noise level standards.
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Table 4-14 Elevation at the Project Site
Plant Component Highest Elevation (m) Lowest Elevation (m) Main plant area 66.5 56.5 Ash pond area 63.5 57 Greenbelt area 66 56.5
Total plant area 66.5 56.5 As per the recommendations of the site specific hydrological studies undertaken by IIT
Rookee, the following flood control program will be adopted during the detailed
engineering and construction phases of the project.
The formation level of the project site is proposed to be raised to a level of 64m. It has
been estimated that 5.9 million cubic meters (9 Million Tons) of earth would be
required for raising the formation level of the site. The required earth will be sourced
from land/ borrow pits from the nearby areas. The use of river bed silt material for
filling may be explored. As far as possible construction debris from public works
department and over burden and tailing from the nearest coal and other mines will be
utilized for raising formation level during the construction phase. As an innovation
method, use of compacted fly ash from the nearest NTPC thermal power plant also will
be explored.
The Budhanala/ drain which dry throughout the year except rainy season passes
thorugh the project area. The Budhanala shall be realigned along plant boundary with
adequate capacity to carry storm/ rain water. The net effect of the changes in land use,
land cover, and topography in the project area shall be such that the drainage of
storm rainfall in post-project condition will be the same as in pre-project condition.
Therefore, during post-project condition also, external flooding in the project area due
to storm rainfall in catchment is not expected as adequate capacity of realigned
Budhanala shall be maintained.
4.8. Solid Waste Management (Fly Ash Disposal)
The proposed power plant will adopt a dry fly ash handling operations and hence the
impacts from due to ash pond water related aspects will be eliminated. Bottom ash
(which is a clinker type) will be disposed to ash pond. Out of the total 2.74 MTPA of ash
generation, the quantity of bottom ash will be in the order of 0.44 MTPA and the fly ash
quantity will be in the order of 2.3 MTPA. As per the applicable guidelines, the facility
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has targeted to utilize 50% of the total fly ash generated during the first year of
operation, 75% during 2nd year of operation and 100% utilization end of the third year
of operation. The unutilized fly ash during the first two years (~1.75 MTPA) will be
stored at a dedicated location in the ash pond and the same will be further disposed to
various agencies from 4th year onwards. Fly ash generation and year wise action plan
has been presented in Table 4.15 (Indian coal scenario) and Table 4.16 (Imported coal
scenario).
STPL intends to utilize imported coal during the first few years of operation until the
allocated coal block is made available for commercial production. Also imported coal
will be used to offset any coal supply from the indigenous sources during the
operational period. Hence the fly ash generation from the proposed facility during the
first few years will be based on imported coal (0.9 Million tons per year). However the
ash pond will be designed based on the worst case scenario.
Table 4-15 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Indian coal
Description Units Fly ash generation (90%PLF) - 85% of
the total ash
Fly ash disposal
to the user
Fly ash disposal to pond
1st Year (At 50% of fly ash generated to be disposed end of 1st year) MTPA
2.30 1.15 1.15
2nd Year (At 75% of fly ash generated to be disposed from the end of 2nd year) MTPA
2.30 1.7 0.6
3rd Year (100% fly ash generated to be disposed from end of 3rd year onwards) MTPA
2.30 2.3 0.00
Unutilized fly ash in 1st and 2nd year will be disposed in from 4th year to 9th year MTPA
1.75
4th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
5th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
7th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
8th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
9th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
10th Year MTPA 2.30 2.30 0
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Table 4-16 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Imported Coal
Description Units
Fly ash generation
(90%PLF) - 90% of the total ash
Fly ash disposal to
the user
Fly ash disposal to
pond
1st Year (At 50% of fly ash generated to be disposed end of 1st year)
MTPA 0.40 0.20 0.20
2nd Year (At 75% of fly ash generated to be disposed from the end of 2nd year)
MTPA 0.40 0.30 0.10
3rd Year (100% fly ash generated to be disposed from end of 3rd year onwards)
MTPA 0.40 0.40 0
Unutilized fly ash in 1st and 2nd year will be disposed in from 4th year to 9th year
0.30
4th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0 5th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0
7th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0 8th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0
9th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0 10th year onwards MTPA 0.40 0.40 0
4.8.1.1. Heavy Metals in Coal and Fly ash
Based on the data published the Committee Constituted by Hon'ble National Green
Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi (ref)14, the concentration of the heavy metals in the
fly ash collected from various coal based thermal power plants in western and central
part of India are reported to be in the following order: Cr from below detectable limit to
0.3 mg/Kg, Cd: 4 to 37 mg/Kg, Pb: 12 to 1800 mg/kg, Co: 0.5 to 5 mg/Kg, Mn: 11 to 1300
mg/Kg, Cu: 21 to 305 mg/Kg, Zn: 3.5 to 156 mg/Kg, Ni: 3 to 23 mg/Kg, As: 9 to 29 mg/Kg.
Considering ash content in coal as 40% w/w, the corresponding heavy metal
concentrations in the coal will be in the following order: Cr from below detectable limit
to 0.1 mg/Kg, Cd: 1.5 to 10 mg/Kg, Pb: 4 to 600 mg/kg, Co: 0.15 to 1.5 mg/Kg, Mn: 4 to
400 mg/Kg, Cu: 7 to 100 mg/Kg, Zn: 1 to 50 mg/Kg, Ni: 1to 7 mg/Kg, As: 3 to 10 mg/Kg.
Leaching is the most likely path by which coal ash constituents would become mobile
environmental contaminants. The quantity of elements that will be available for
14 Report of the Committee Constituted by Hon'ble Nat ional Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in the Case No. 667/2014 arising out of O.A. No. 102/2014, M/s. Sandplast India Pvt. Ltd., Vs. MoEF and Others. http://cpcb.nic.in/NGT-Report-15-01-2015.pdf
road etc along the periphery of the dyke and recirculation system facilities.
The max height of outer dyke will be about 8.0m and will be constructed on existing
ground along the periphery of the ash pond area (In two phases: in first phase, 4.0m
high dyke will be constructed using earth as main construction material & after this
dyke is filled upto freeboard level, in phase-II, 4.0m high raising will be done using pond
ash). Since fly ash can act as impervious liner, therefore no liner is required for the ash
15 Querol, X., Pares, J. M., Plana, F., Fernandez-Turiel, J. L. and Lopez,A. 1993. Fly ash content and distribution in lake sediments around a large power station: inference formmagnetic susceptibility analysis. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 15(4): 9-18. 16 Disposal and Utilization of Fly Ash to Protect the Environment, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization), Vol. 2, Issue 10, October2013
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pond. Only bottom ash lagoon shall be lined with impervious liner. Further, to start with
only about 30 acres of land in one of the bottom ash lagoon will be provided with
impervious liner and balance part of the bottom ash lagoon shall be lined by spreading
high concentrated fly ash during initial stage of slurry disposal. This will act as liner.
Provision for the extension of pipes from ash pond to Bottom ash lagoon shall be kept
during the initial phase of the ash disposal.
To avoid fugitive ash dust emission and for promoting vegetation cover, the final ash
surface will be covered with 300 mm thick earth cover.
4.9. Ecological Environment
4.9.1. Impact on flora
The initial construction works at the project site involves land clearance. During
construction activities vegetation may be disturbed which can be considered
insignificant. Greenbelt will be developed during construction to improve the aesthetic
value in the area and to screen out the fugitive dust generated during construction. The
removal of vegetation from the soil and loosening of the topsoil generally cau ses soil
erosion. However, such impacts will be confined to the project site and will be
minimized through paving and water sprinkling. The option of transplantation of trees
will also be studied to save the existing matured trees and replant them in the area
earmarked for greenbelt development.
Due to the present developmental activity, the number of trees, shrubs, herbs and grass
species that are going to be removed are very few as it is an agricultural land. Proper
care has to be taken during gaseous and liquid emissions by the industry.
4.9.2. Impacts on fauna
The project site does not overlap with any of the recognized Ramsar sites. The
construction phase does not envisaged excavation or alteration in water bodies hence
shall not entail changes in aquatic biodiversity. The construction does not involve
diversion or change in the major rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks.
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4.9.3. Impact –Mitigation matrix
Based on our observation, literature review and consultation with local people, NGO
and forest department, we formulated following impact vs mitigation matrix. It is
advised that company shall follow the suggestions provided in the following Table 4.17.
Table 4-17 Impact Vs Mitigation Matrix
Issues Risk Reason/Status in relation to
project site Suggestions
Rare/Endangered high Rare/Endangered species of any wildlife present in project site
Conservation plan given
Threatened / Near Threatened
moderate One Near Threatened Species is present
Conservation plan given
Endemic Species Low No endemic species of any wildlife present in project site
Nil
Vulnerable species Low Cyprinus carpio is very common fish present in this region but under Vulnerable category by IUCN.
Nil
Protected Areas Low No protected area present in close vicinity
Nil
Important Bird Migratory Path
Low No Important Bird Area are present in core or buffer area
Ramsar site Low No Ramsar sites present in the study area.
Nil
Wetlands of National Importance
Low located at more than 4 km distances Nil
Wetlands of International Importance
Low No wetlands of international importance present
Nil
Wildlife Corridors Low
No notified or officially identified wildlife corridor present in and around project site, Migratory birds activities in winter may be high due to number of water bodies and forest patches present in buffer area
Ensure no power lines constructed close to villages and water body areas.
Forest low Nil Nil
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Issues Risk Reason/Status in relation to
project site Suggestions
Water bodies Low No notified wetlands are present in close vicinity.
Ensure no material /discharge flow through nearby drainage in water bodies/ of project area. Regularly monitor water bodies water quality
Breeding/ nesting areas
Med Nil Nil
Impact of gaseous emissions on nearby agricultural, flora and fauna, human habitations, aquatic ecosystems
Low No RFs are present within 10 sq km area
Green belt development with 1500 tree species within the core area and other large trees near villages along with source reduction controlling measures.
4.10. Socio economic Aspects
4.10.1. Impacts
The proposed project is a Green Field project. The proposed project will be developed
as per the said plant layout and there will not be any loss to public properties such as
roads, canals or any public infrastructures.
According to Sec. 4 and 4.1 of ‘National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy (NRRP)
2007’, doesn’t attract Rehabilitation and Resettlement activities for the proposed
project, as the proposed project site doesn’t displace any human settlement or any
public properties such as roads, Public utilities, Government buildings etc .Due to the
proposed project there will be number of beneficial impacts in the local area such as,
Increased direct and indirect employment opportunities for local
residents.
Development of local infrastructures such as roads, communication access,
Appreciation in the land value,
Increased volume of local business in the area
Increased business opportunities for local residence in various ancillary
industries such as transportation etc.
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During operation phase there will not be major adverse impact on the local people.
Resultant predicted SO2, NOx and PM emissions are well within the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in the study area.
The resultant pollution levels due to proposed project will be well within
the limits of NAAQS, hence significant impacts are not envisaged.
4.10.2. Mitigation Measures
Preference to eligible local youths for employment opportunities in the
proposed project.
Socioeconomic development programs will be implemented in the area
under Corporate Social Responsibility programs by the plant during the
operation phase.
Development of social infrastructure by various CSR activities.
The CSR Programs undertaken will be focused on the livelihood
empowerment, Health promotion, Education promotion, Infrastructure
development programs, etc.
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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1. Site Identification and Selection
Bihar State Electricity Board (BSEB) through their project consultant i.e., BPIC (Bihar
Power Infrastructure Company) has taken an initiative to identify various sites in the
State of Bihar for locating the project. A total of 20 sites had been identified jointly by
BSEB and BPIC during the initial conceptual stage of the project in 2007-2008. The
sites have been grouped by considering various aspects such as the surrounding
features and the region wise; the four alternative sites are finalized for this project.
Further, the following factors have been considered for selecting suitable site:
a. Availability of adequate water without affecting the ground water regime
b. Availability of adequate land minimum relocation / R&R issues
c. Suitability of land from topography and geological aspects
d. Proximity of National Highways, transport of fuel & heavy equipments
e. Comparatively less land acquisition for development
f. Nearness to the existing railway lines available for coal storage yard
g. Facility for interconnection with transmission system for evacuation of power.
h. Various Environmental aspects
A comparative table has been prepared showing the key characteristics of the identified
4 sites are presented in Table 5.1
a. The Government of Bihar has completed the land acquisition of the current
project site (Chausa) for which the necessary compensation has been disbursed
to the 95% land owners.
b. The selected site Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar is located near to the River Ganga,
hence adequate water is available for the project.
c. The site is comparatively closer to coal mines.
d. The fuel can be transported to the plant directly through railway wagons from
the coal mines.
e. The site has better accessibility; it is located nearer to the highway and railway
lines. All infrastructural facilities like access road, railhead, clear means of
receiving coal, etc., are available nearby the site.
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The above criteria were considered in identifying the best suitable site and the
current project site at Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar was considered for developing
the proposed project. The current site details were presented in the MoEF&CC EAC
meeting in 2008 and 2016 and the necessary TOR was accorded accordingly.
Table 5-1: Alternative Sites Evaluated
Particulars
Proposed site (site selected)
Alternate sites considered
Chausa Bhinta Motipur Methawala
District Buxar Patna Muzzafarpur Saran
Source of water availability
River Ganges River Ganges River Ganges River Ganges
Distance of water source
3 km 7 km Within 500 6-7 km
Past history of floods None None Flood prone Flood prone
Land use Fallow Land and partly single crop
Double crop Double crop Double crop
Location of national parks / sanctuaries
None None None None
Location of archaeological monuments
None None None None
Location of reserve forest
None None None None
Location of Defence installation
None 3-4 kms None None
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Chapter 6-Environmnetal Monitoring Program
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
6.1. Preamble
An Environmental Monitoring Plan provides feedback about the difference between
existing environmental scenario and the impacts due to project on the environment and
helps to judge the adequacy of the mitigation measures in protecting the environment.
The purpose of environmental monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of
implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically monitoring
the important environmental parameters within the impact area, so that any adverse
effects are detected and timely action can be taken.
Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess
the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge of baseline
conditions, the monitoring program will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in
environmental conditions due to operation of the project, to enable taking up suitable
mitigation steps in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as
that of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can be determined
only by efficient monitoring.
6.2. Objectives of Environmental Monitoring Plan
The basic objective of Environment Monitoring Program is:
To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during project
implementation
To provide feedback to the decision makers about the effectiveness of their
actions
To determine the project’s actual environmental impacts so that modifications
can be made to mitigate the impacts
To identify the need for enforcement action before irreversible environmental
damage occurs
To provide scientific information about the response of an ecosystem to a given
set of human activities and mitigation measures
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6.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure
Monitoring shall ensure that commitments are being met. This may take the form of
direct measurement and recording quantitative information, such as concentrations of
discharge, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or statutory
standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient
environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and
chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local
liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.
6.3.1. Monitoring Schedule
As per the guidelines of MoEF&CC, environmental monitoring shall be required during
construction and operational phases. Environmental monitoring schedules are
prepared covering various phases of project advancement, such as construction phase
and regular operational phase.
The schedule for monitoring ambient air quality, ambient noise quality, ground
water quality, and waste water quality both during the construction and operation
phases of the project is given in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2
6.3.2. Monitoring Schedule during Constructional Phase
The construction activities require mobilization of construction material and
equipment. The environmental monitoring that needs to be undertaken during project
construction phase is given in Table 6.1.
Table 6-1 Environmental Monitoring during Project Construction Phase
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Chapter 6-Environmnetal Monitoring Program
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Noise Environment
Equivalent Noise levels dB(A)
Site boundaries
Monthly Incident Reporting
when necessary
Flora and Fauna Status of green belt Site Monthly Monthly
6.3.3. Monitoring Schedule during Operational Phase
The following monitoring program will be implemented for the proposed Green Field
Project based on baseline data compliances for environmental clearance conditions and
regular permits from SPCB/MoEF&CC.
Table 6-2 Environmental Monitoring Programs during Operation Phase
Environmental Component
Monitoring Type Monitoring
Location
Monitoring/ recording Frequency
Air Environment On-line Measurement of PM, SO2
and NOx Stack
Continuous
Emission testing by external MOEF&CC approved testing agency
Stack Half yearly basis
AAQ- Parameter as per NAAQS standards
Four locations Continuous
Meteorological station At site Hourly basis
AAQ- Parameter as per NAAQS standards
Ash pond Continuous
Noise Environment
Noise Level Measurement At site Monthly
Noise Level Measurement At equipment location
Half-yearly
Noise Level measurement At plant boundary Monthly Water Environment
Influent and treated wastewater for pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Oil and grease, Copepr, Iron, Zinc, Chromium, Phosphate, ,
At site lab
Continuos
Log book
At treated waste recycling areas including green-cover
Daily
Portable water analysis Parameters- pH, TSS, BOD, COD
Township Monthly
Influent and treated wastewater for pH, TSS, BOD, COD
Township Monthly
Flora and Fauna Monitoring of green cover development
Treated wastewater reuse areas
Quarterly
Monitoring of test wells near the ash storage area
Near ETP and treated wastewater utilisation areas
Half yearly
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Solid & Hazardous Waste
Inventory Plant Monthly
6.4. Data Analysis
The monitored data will be analyzed and compared with the baseline levels as
established in the EIA study and the regulatory standards specified by different
government agencies. The standards against which the different environment
components will be compared are as per Table 6.3.
Table 6-3 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Plan
S. No Component Applicable Standards
1 Ambient Air Quality National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Central Pollution Control Board, Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB)
2 Noise Quality Ambient Air Quality Standards with respect to Noise, CPCB
3 Surface Water Quality IS:2296: Class ‘C’ Water, CPCB
4 Groundwater Quality IS: 10500 Standards, BIS 5 Soil Quality --
6 Treated wastewater
IS 2490 (1974) – Discharge into Sea, IS 3306(1974) – Discharge on land, IS 3307(1974) - Discharge for agricultural use Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB)
6.4.1. Reporting Schedule
The monitoring results of the different environmental components will be analyzed and
compiled report will be sent to concerned authorities every six months. BOD, COD, PM 10,
PM2.5, TSS, SOx, NOx will be online and logged on to SPCB / CPCB web portals. The
report will also list the project activities along with the environmental mitigation
measures and will evaluate the efficacy of the Environmental Management Plan.
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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7. ADDITIONAL STUDIES
This chapter describes the public consultation, risk assessment and disaster
management plan, Fire Safety Systems and Occupational Health and Safety and
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan.
7.1. Public Consultation
As per the EIA Notification, the Bihar Sate Pollution Control Board issued the
Notification regarding public hearing in the local news papers namely, Times of India,
Hindustan & Prabhaat Khabar on 4th September 2016. The public hearing was held on
4th October 2016 at the Town Hall, Buxar which was accessible to all the concerned
people and stake holders of the project. All persons including bonafide residents,
Environmental Groups and others located at the project site/sites of displacement/sites
likely to be affected were requested to participate in the public hearing and to make
oral/written suggestions to Environmental Engineer, Bihar Pollution Control Board,
Patna. The copy of the EIA draft report and executive summary of the EIA report both in
English and Hindi were placed at the following places to provide access to the general
public.
Office of the District Collector, Buxar
Office of the Environmental Engineer, Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna
Office of the Chairman, Zila Parishad, District Buxar
Office of the District Industries Centre, District Buxar
Office of Village Panchayats Banarpur, Chunni & Sikraul.
Office of District Rural Development Agency, District Buxar
Regional Office of Ministry of Environmental & Forests, Jharkhand.
Public hearing meeting was chaired by The District Magistrate, Buxar, Sh. Raman
Kumar, (IAS), and Sh. S P Roy, Environmental Engineer; Bihar State Pollution Control
Board convened the meeting. More than 500 people attended the public hearing.
The following safety measures will be adopted for handling of furnace oil.
According to the OISD standards, an adequately design dyke with 110% of the
largest tank volume, will be provided to retain the oil spills, if any,
The fuel transfer pumps & motors will be of fire proof type and will be located
outside the dyke area.
A level indicator with alarm will be provided for the fuel tanks.
Fuel unloading from the trucks will be taken up only in the presence of
authorized supervisor.
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The transfer hose pipelines and truck discharge line will be connected to a
temporary earth arrangement as per BIS codes to avoid any static electricity.
A spill collection pit will be provided near the fuel tank dyke.
As far as possible, plant office areas, common gathering points and canteen shall
be located at least 100 m away from the fuel oil storage areas to avoid any
exposure to heat radiation effects on the workers and employees.
It has been recommended to provide a hand-held foam tender and fire water
hydrant line in the vicinity of the storage tanks.
7.4.3 Risk Mitigation Measures for the Storage and Handling of Coal
Although coal fires are infrequent, there is a possibility of coal fires at the coal stock
yards during the summer conditions due to burning of volatile compounds. Coal stock
yard fires can be avoided by providing proper stacking design to prevent air movement
inside the coal lumps, minimising the duration of coal storage at the site and water
sprinkling operations to maintain adequate moisture. Power plants store, transfer, and
use coal; therefore, careful handling is necessary to mitigate fire and explosion risks.
Recommended measures to prevent minimise, and control fire hazards at proposed
power plants include:
Use of automated combustion and safety controls
Proper maintenance of boiler safety controls
Implementation of startup and shutdown procedures to minimise the risk of
suspending hot coal particles (e.g., in the crusher) during startup
Regular cleaning of the facility to prevent accumulation of coal dust (e.g., on
floors, ledges, beams, and equipment)
Removal of hot spots from the coal stockpile (caused by spontaneous
combustion) and spread until cooled, avoid loading of hot coal into the
pulverised fuel system
Use of automated systems such as temperature gauges or carbon monoxide
sensors to survey solid fuel storage areas to detect fires caused by self-
ignition and to identify risk points
For planned outages, operators should take every precaution to ensure that all
idle bunkers and silos are completely empty and also verify by visual checks.
Bunkers and silos should be thoroughly cleaned by washing down their
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interior walls and any interior structural members but not their horizontal
surfaces. Idle bunkers and silos that contain coal/lignite should be monitored
frequently for signs of spontaneous combustion by using CO monitors,
infrared scanning, or temperature scanning.
Fire fighting systems and fire hydrant systems shall be installed at all hazard
prone areas such as coal stock yards, bunkers and silos as per the applicable
fire safety standards
7.4.4 Risk Mitigation Measures for Storage of Chlorine Tonners
7.4.4.1 Chlorine Hazards and Consequence Modelling
Chlorine to the tune of 1 to 2 ppm will be dosed into the cooling water circulation line to
avoid biofouling in the system. Considering about 25000 m3/hr of water in circulation
in the cooling tower, the maximum Chlorine consumption will be in the order of 1500
Kg/day. About 10 chlorine ton-containers (900 Kg each) will be stored a dedicated
isolated and closed room near the cooling tower area. Chlorine tonners will be stored as
per the BIS code IS: 4263-1967 (Code of Safety for Chlorine).
Chlorine is soluble in alkalis and only slightly soluble in water, approximately one (1%)
percent at 9.4°C. Above this its solubility decreases with rise in temperature up to the
boiling point of water at which it is completely insoluble. Neither liquid nor gaseous
chlorine is explosive or flammable, but both react readily with many organic substances,
usually with the evolution of heat and, in some cases, resulting in explosion. Chlorine
gas is extremely irritating to the mucous membranes, the eyes and the respiratory tract.
If the duration of exposure or the concentration of chlorine-is excessive, it will cause
restlessness, throat irritation, sneezing and copious salivation. In extreme cases, lung
tissues may be attacked resulting in pulmonary edema. Inhale lowest published toxic
concentration TCL0 is 15 ppm and Inhale lowest published lethal concentration is 430
ppm. The physiological effects of various concentrations of chlorine gas are shown in
Table 7.2.
Among HAZMAT releases accidents, a small amount of release, i.e. 1to 10 kg/min
release, took up 38 percent of the total number of chlorine release accidents. Accidental
releases of Chlorine will be subjected to dispersion and will be diluted several folds
from the release location. The gases having higher density than air (Such as Chlorine)
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and other factors like low temperature, fine liquid droplets in the gas cloud make the
clouds slump under gravity. The gas cloud moves along the direction of wind and
becomes passive as the density of the cloud approaches ambient density. In the passive
phase, dispersion is greatly affected by wind velocity and the stability of the weather
condition. In the consequence analysis, use is made of a number of calculation models to
estimate the physical effects of an accident (spill of hazardous material) and to predict
the damage (lethality) of the effects.
For the purpose of the dispersion modeling, it is assumed that Chlorine will be leaking
from a 900 Kg tonner in a span of 30 minutes through the nozzle with a release rate of
0.5 Kg/sec. Ideally occurrence of such scenarios will be very remote due to installation
of early warning systems such as Chlorine sensors near the storage area. Various
emergency control measures as stated in IS Code for safety for Chlorine will be adopted.
However for the purpose of this risk assessment study an hypothetical scenario of worst
case release has been considered. Stability D (Neutral) with a wind velocity of 2 m/sec
will become the critical condition for maximum ground level concentrations during the
winter evenings and nights. The Chlorine has release is modeled using Gaussian
dispersion equations (non buoyant source) and the concentration Chlorine at the end of
first one hour has been presented in Figure 7.2.
It can be noted that the maximum GLCs of 860 mg/m3 is identified at 100m from the
Chlorine tonner storage areas towards south east direction. At the facility boundary the
GLC will be in the order of 20 mg/m3. At the nearest village (downwind of the plant –
South eastern direction is Village Kocharhi), which is located at about 1.5 Km from the
Chlorine storage area will be in the order of 10 mg/m3 to12 mg/m3. Since the release of
the emissions is instantaneous and the leaks will be identified and controlled within 30
minutes as per the guidelines of the Chlorine Institute, USA, the emissions will be ceased
immediately. Hence the GLCs will be drastically reduced to less than 0.5 mg/m3 within a
span of four to five hours.
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Table 7-3 Effect of Chlorine at Various Concentrations
Effects Concentration of Chlorine Gas in Air (ppm v/v)
Concentration of Chlorine Gas in Air (mg/m3)
Estimated Distance of Impact due to release of Chlorine from a 900 kg
tonner (m)
Threshold of irritation 4 12 1500
Concentration causing immediate irritation of throat
15 46 530
Concentration causing cough (IDLH)17
30 93 360
Concentration dangerous for even short exposure
50 154 250
Figure 7-2: Dispersion Model of Chlorine Release from 900 Kg Tonner
17 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) is based on the statement by International Labour Organization [1971] that exposure to 30 ppm will cause intense coughing fits, and exposure to 40 to 60 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes or more may cause serious damage
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7.4.4.2 Chlorine Safety procedures as per IS Code 4263-1967
Cylinders (tonners) should be stored in an upright position. They should be
secured to prevent from falling over. Full and empty cylinders should not be
stored together. Ton containers should be stored on their sides. They should not
be stacked or racked more than one high.
Storage areas should be remote from, elevators gangways or ventilating systems.
The storage area should be separate from that in. which other compressed gas
containers are stored.
The storage area should be dry, well-ventilated, clean of trash, and protected from
external heat sources (steam pipes, etc). Sub-surface areas should be avoided for
storing chlorine cylinders.
The valves on cylinders and ton containers should be protected by a stout metal
cap securely attached to the cylinder body. This cap should always be kept in
place on all containers in storage and at all times except during evacuation of
chlorine.
Cylinders should never be lifted by means of the metal cap, nor should rope
slings, chains or magnetic devices be used. Unloading platforms should preferably
be at truck or car-bed level. The ton container should be handled with a suitable
cradle with chain slings in combination with a hoist or crane having at least 2
metric tonnes capacity.
Cylinders and ton containers being trucked should be carefully checked, clamped,
or otherwise suitably supported to prevent shifting and rolling. They should not
be permitted to drop, and no object should be allowed to strike them with force.
They should not project beyond the sides or ends of the vehicles in which they are
transported.
If the gas discharge rate from a single container will not meet demand
requirements, two or more may be connected to a manifold and discharged
simultaneously, or a vaporizer may be used. When discharging through a
manifold, care shall be taken that all containers are at the same temperature,
particularly when connecting a new container to the manifold. If there is a
difference in the temperature of the liquid chlorine, it will be transferred by
distillation from the warm to the cool container, and the cooler container may
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become completely filled with liquid. If this should occur and the container valve
remains closed, hydrostatic pressure may cause bursting. For this reason, extra
precautions shall be observed when closing valves of containers connected to a
manifold. Connection of cylinders or ton containers discharging liquid chlorine to
a manifold is not recommended.
A flexible connection between the container and the piping should be used;
annealed copper tubing (9.5 mm outside diameter × 0.889 mm wall), suitable for
35.2 kg/cm2 service is recommended. A clamp and adapter connector is
preferred; if a union connector is used, the threads on the connector shall match
the valve outlet thread. (Valve outlet threads are straight threads, not standard
taper pipe threads.) A new gasket (lead) should be used when making a
connection.
A suitable gas mask should be available to every employee involved with chlorine
handling. Respiratory protective equipment should be carefully maintained and
kept in clean, dry, light-proof cabinets properly protected by paraffined paper or
polyethylene bags. No person wearing a respirator should enter a chlorine
contaminated area unless attended to by an observer who can rescue him in the
event of respirator failure or other emergencies.
Water shall never be used on a chlorine leak as it always makes the leak worse
due to the corrosive effect. In addition, heat supplied by even the coldest water to
a leaking container causes liquid chlorine to evaporate faster. A leaking container
shall not be immersed or thrown into a body of water as the leak will be
aggravated due to the corrosive effect and the container may float when partially
full, allowing gas evolution and dispersion at the surface.
Equipment and Piping Leaks—If a leak occurs in equipment in which chlorine is
being used, the supply of chlorine shall be shut off and chlorine which is under
pressure at the leak shall be disposed off safely. Leaks around valve stems usually
may be stopped by tightening the packing nut or gland. If this does not stop the
leak, the container valve shall be closed and the chlorine, which is under pressure
in the outlet piping, shall, be disposed off. If a container valve does not shut off
tight, the outlet cap or plug should be applied. In case of a valve leak on a ton-
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container, the container shall be rolled so that the valves are in a vertical plane
with the leaking valve on top; this is important.
As a regular part of chlorine storage and use, provisions shall be made for
emergency disposal of chlorine from leaking cylinders or ton-containers. Chlorine
may be absorbed in solutions of caustic soda or soda ash, or in agitated hydrated -
lime slurries. Caustic soda is recommended as it absorbs chlorine more readily.
A suitable tank to hold the solution should be provided in a convenient location.
Chlorine gas should be passed into, the solution through an iron pipe or rubber
hose properly weighted to hold it under the surface; the container should not be
immersed.
The proportions of alkali and water recommended for this purpose are given
below.
Chlorine Container Capacity
Caustic Soda and Water
Soda Ash and Water
Hydrated Lime and Water
kg Weight
(kg) Volume
(L) Weight
(kg) Volume
(L) Weight
(kg) Volume (L)
45 58 182 136 450 58 566
68 90 270 220 680 82 815
900 1 160 3 680 2 720 9 050 1 160 11 50
7.4.5 Occupational Safety Management and Surveillance Program
The Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India has a nodal organization
viz. Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) in
dealing with Occupational Safety and Health issues in Industries. The Directorate
General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) is the technical arm of
the Ministry on matters connected with Occupational Health in the manufacturing and
port sectors.
The Factories Act, 1948 provides for appointment of qualified Medical Practitioners and
Certifying Surgeons to examine young persons engaged in dangerous manufacturing
processes and to ensure medical supervision in case of illness due to the nature of
manufacturing processes. The Factories Act, 1948 also provides for notification of
certain occupational diseases as listed in the Third Schedule of the Act. As per Section
90 of the Factories Act, 1948, the State Govt. is vested with the powers to appoint a
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Competent Person to conduct inquiry into the causes of any accident or notifiable
diseases.
The following measures needs to be implemented in the work places to enhance
occupational health:
1. Identify and involve workers in assessing workplace risks,
2. Assess and consider employees' needs when planning and organising work,
3. Provide advice, information and training to employees, as well as mechanisms for
employee feedback such as a suggestion scheme,
4. Occupational health surveillance and Occupational health audit, To develop a
system of creating up to date data base on mortality, and morbidity due to
Occupational diseases and use it for performance monitoring of the same and
5. Extending support to the state government for effective enforcement of the health
provisions stipulated under section 41F of the Factory Act by equipping them
with work environment monitoring technologies
The occupational health safety system should be headed by a competent and qualified
safety office that will be supported by a team of safety volunteers from each plant and
department within the facility. The safety team will take up a detailed task based risk
assessment studies and will develop task based safety procedures and work permit
systems. The safety team should record the near misses in the plant and take necessary
corrective action to minimize the occupational risks.
A dedicated occupational health centre shall be developed consisting the following
facilities:
1. A full time doctor may be appointed to monitor the day-to-day occupational
health aspects and also to provide medical advice to the workers, employees and
residents of the colony,
2. Minimum facilities such as oxygen cylinder for emergency medical use, two bed
clean room for first aid applications, first aid kits as per the Factories act,
3. ECG and X-ray facilities, (4). Peak Expiratory flow Meter to check the lung
function.
4. As a part of the surveillance program, the following minimum medical expansion
may be undertaken during the pre-employment phase: 1. General physical
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examination and blood pressure, 2. X-Ray of chest & ECG, 3. Sputum examination,
A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which suddenly, people are plunged into
helplessness and suffering and, as a result, need protection, clothing, shelter, medical
and social care and other necessities of life.
Disasters can be divided into two main groups. In the first, are disasters resulting from
natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm surges, cyclones,
tropical storms, floods, avalanches, landslides, forest fires. The second group includes
disastrous events occasioned by man, or by man's impact upon the environment.
Examples are armed conflict, industrial accidents, radiation accidents, facto ry fires,
explosions and escape of toxic gases or chemical substances, river pollution, mining or
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other structural collapses, air, sea, rail and road transport accidents and can reach
catastrophic dimensions in terms of human loss.
There can be no set criteria for assessing the gravity of a disaster in the abstract since
this depends to a large extent on the physical, economic and social environment in
which it occurs. What would be consider a major disaster in a developing country, ill
equipped to cope with the problems involved, may not mean more than a temporary
emergency elsewhere. However, all disasters bring in their wake similar consequences
that call for immediate action, whether at the local, national or international level, for
the rescue and relief of the victims. This includes the search for the dead and injured,
medical and social care, removal of the debris, the provision of temporary shelter for
the homeless, food, clothing and medical supplies, and the rapid re-establishment of
essential services.
7.7.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP]
The Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of
environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage
operations in this same order of priorities. For effective implementation of the Disaster
Management Plan, it should be widely circulated and personnel training through
rehearsals/drills.
The Disaster Management Plan should reflect the probable consequential severalties of
the undesired event due to deteriorating conditions or through 'Knock on' effects.
Further the management should be able to demonstrate that their assessment of the
consequences uses good supporting evidence and is based on currently available and
reliable information, incident data from internal and external sources and if necessary
the reports of out side agencies.
To tackle the consequences of a major emergency inside the factory or immediate
vicinity of the factory, a Disaster Management Plan has to be formulated and this
planned emergency document is called "Disaster Management Plan".
The objective of the Industrial Disaster Management Plan is to make use of the
combined resources of the plant and the outside services to achieve the following:
Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties;
Safeguard other people;
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Minimize damage to property and the environment;
Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;
Identify any dead;
Provide for the needs of relatives;
Provide authoritative information to the news media;
Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected area;
Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the
cause and circumstances of the Emergency.
In effect, it is to optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitation and render
medical help and to restore normalcy.
7.7.3 Actuation of the plan
A major emergency in a plant is one that has the potential to cause serious injury or loss
of life. It may cause damage to property and serious disruption, both inside and outside
of the plant.
The disasters identified as most likely to occur in the power plant are:
Fire at oil storage area
Fire at coal storage area
Toxic release of chemical
Hazard analysis has revealed that the damage distance is mainly confined to plant
boundary only. The main objective of the disaster management plan is to prevent or at
least reduce the risk of accidents through design, operation, maintenance and
inspection. An important element of accident mitigation is emergency planning, which
would consist of:
Recognizing the possibilities and probabilities of each kind of accident
Assessing the on-site and off-site implications of such incidents and deciding the
emergency procedures that would need to be carried out.
A number of elements make-up a good and workable disaster management plan.
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7.7.4 Emergency Equipment
7.7.4.1 Fire Detection and Protection System
Fire detection and alarm system provided for the entire plant area will be
microprocessor based Intelligent Analog Addressable type. Microprocessor based
analogue addressable main fire alarm panel (MFAP) shall be provided in central control
room with computer and printer and one additional fire alarm and control panel in coal
handling plant control room and repeater panel, which will be provided in the fire
station building.
Detectors are also to be provided. This shall be provided with the cross zoning
arrangements. The spacing of detectors will be in accordance with IS 2189/NFPA 72E/
BS 5839 (code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of automatic
fire detection and alarm
system).
7.7.4.2 Fire Protection System
The design and installation of complete fire protection system shall comply with
regulations of Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC) of India. In the absence of TAC
regulations, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard shall be
adopted. All equipment, special purpose fittings, couplings or accessories shall be
approved and certified for use in fire fighting system application by TAC / UL / FM.
The Power Plant is classified as Ordinary Hazard Occupancy as per TAC. Hence the
entire system will be designed accordingly.
7.7.5 Emergency response
The plant communication system will be provided to facilitate operations by
establishing quick communications among the operating personnel stationed at various
locations of the plant.
The Power plant will be provided with microprocessor based intercom telephone
system to facilitate inter-communication for operation/ administrative purposes. This
consists of an Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (EPABX) of suitable
capacity. All the instruments for subscribers will also have the provision for hooking up
with P&T lines.
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The telephone sets will be installed in various areas of power plant. In hazard areas
such as oil storage, wall telephone sets with explosion proof and corrosion resistant
metal cases will be provided.
7.7.6 Emergency control center
This involves setting up of an emergency communication system, formation of an
emergency response team and setting up of an emergency control centre. It is essential
that the emergency plan be regularly tested so that any defect may be corrected. The
plan should be reviewed and updated and any changes made should be disseminated to
all concerned. Emergency plan needs to consider emergency shutdown procedure so
that phased and orderly shutdown of the plant & systems can take place when
necessary.
Depending upon the methodology adopted for the co-ordination of various aspects of
disaster management, specific responsibilities should be fixed fo r civil and government
agencies. Outside agencies support is required for the emergency responses such as:
Augmenting the fire fighting service and firewater
Emergency medical help for the injured personnel of the plant
Evacuation of personnel
Law enforcement, traffic control and crime prevention
Co-ordination with other nearby industrial establishments
Communication facilities
Procuring fire-fighting consumables such as foam compound, fire hose etc
7.7.7 Response Evaluation, Testing and Updating of the Plan
The safety of a plant and function of safety related systems could only be as good as the
maintenance and monitoring of these systems. It is of great importance to establish
plant maintenance & monitoring schedule, which includes the following tasks;
Checking of safety related operating conditions in the control room and at site /
on the field.
Checking of safety related parts of the plant on site by visual inspection or by
remote monitoring.
Monitoring of safety related utilities such as electricity, steam, coolant and
compressed air.
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Preparation of maintenance plan and documentation of maintenance work
specifying the different interval and type of works to be performed.
In addition, the maintenance and monitoring schedule shall specify the qualifications
and experience required by the personnel to perform their tasks.
7.7.8 Reporting to Authorities
In the management of a major hazard, in an installation, it is likely that the incident be
reported to the concerned authorities. Reporting shall be carried o ut in three steps.
Identification/notification of a major hazard installation
Preparation of a safety report
Immediate reporting of the accident
The safety report gives the authorities the following opportunities:
To carry out specific inspection in order to learn about hazards arising from
these installations.
To take a proper site selection decision for a new plant
To establish contingency plans.
Emergency planning rehearsals and exercises shall be monitored by senior officers
form the emergency services. After each exercise, the plan shall be thoroughly
reviewed to take account of omissions or short comings.
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Chapter 8-Projetc Benefits
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8. PROJECT BENEFITS
8.1. Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure
There will be a probable increase in the infrastructure resources due to the project in
the region by the way of transport, communication, health facilities and other basic
facilities to be created. Creation of new infrastructure or up-gradation of the existing
infrastructure is likely to create a boost to the local economy and enhance the quality of
life of the people living in the region.
8.2. Improvement in Social Infrastructure
It would be somewhat difficult to quantify all the benefits of a project of this type and
nature to the state and national economy because there are too many “spin-off” indirect
benefits in additions to direct benefits.
8.2.1. Induced Development
Since, power is the wheel for any of the development, the surrounding villages and
region would get maximum benefits out of generated electricity. The benefits may be
realized either as upcoming of industries and its allied ancillary units. Other benefits
would be generation of either direct or indirect employment to the locals. The ensured
and reliable supply of power to upcoming industries and surrounding region would be a
boon for development of the region.
8.2.2. Power supply
The project is expected to generate around 9828 million units of electricity per year
which will meet the growing energy deficit in the state and will have a tremendous
positive impact on enhancement in the economy of Bihar.
8.3. Direct and Indirect Benefit for Public
8.3.1. Employment
The proposed project will provide direct as well as indirect employment to the locals.
There will be a huge demand for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled work force during
the construction and operation phases of the project.
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The above requirement for manpower shall be sourced from the local area to the extent
possible and preference shall be given to persons affected due to implementation of the
project. In addition to the above, the development of infrastructure in the area will also
attract many industries which would generate further employment.
8.3.2. Improved socio-economic conditions
The proposed project is likely to have a positive impact on the socio -economic
conditions of the region. The social structure in the region is likely to change due to the
creation of more job opportunities and revenues for income generation. People will
have higher incomes due to direct employment as well as indirect employment and will
have higher earning and buying capabilities.
8.3.3. Health
As a apart of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, it is envisaged to
create health infrastructure in the form of primary health centre, which will be
beneficial to the employees and also local people living in the region as their
dependence on nearby towns and cities for quality medical treatment will be reduced.
As part of CSR, it is also proposed to conduct periodic health camps and carryout health
campaigns which will lead to better health conditions of the people.
8.3.4. Training for developing skills for locals
With globalization, Indian Industries are now opening to the world, resulting in growing
demand for world-class quality workmanship and deployment of latest technologies to
enhance technical skill and productivity. Intense training to workforce and equipping
them with required knowledge and skill in power industry will ensure quality and
higher level of productivity of men and machines.
Realizing this, STPL proposes to set up Skill Development Training programs under CSR
programs to provide vocational training in a professional manner and to develop highly
trained workforce that suits the requirement of proposed project. Structured training
programs will be conducted to enable both new entrants and less experience workers in
the power industry progressively improve their skill levels, knowledge and competency.
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Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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9. ENVIRONMNENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1. Introduction
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) reviews the adequacy of various pollution
control measures envisaged for proposed project (presented in Chapter 2.0) in
mitigating various environmental impacts identified and assessed in Chapter 4.
Additional mitigatory measures, if required to ensure sustainable power development
are also suggested. EMP has been prepared separately for construction and ope ration
phases and presented below. It describes administrative aspects of ensuring that
mitigatory measures are implemented and their effectiveness is monitored. It also
includes green belt development plan. Environmental monitoring program has already
been presented in Chapter 6.
Each of the mitigatory measure has been assessed with respect to
Adoption of state of art technological measures
Identification of human resources for its effective implementation
Allocation of financial resources for its effective implementation and
Effectiveness of mitigatory measure in mitigation of impacts
EMP specifies various technological measures for pollution prevention, waste
minimization, end-of-pipe treatment, attenuation etc. proposed to be undertaken to
mitigate the environmental impacts on each sector of environment during each phase of
the project, i.e. construction phase and operation phase. Most of the mitigatory
measures are integral part of the main plant package and are commissioned
simultaneously with the commissioning of the main plant packages. However, at this
stage, it is not possible to give a detailed physical and financial plan for individual
measures.
9.2. Summary of Proposed Pollution Control Measures
The proposed project is an environmental friendly facility with a reduced carbon foot
print and water footprint when compared with conventional power plants that are in
operation in the current day of operation. The following environmental management
plan will be adopted at deign an operational phases of the proposed project. About Rs.
1300 Cr has been allocated for implementing various pollution control systems and also
other management programs.
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Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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Air Pollution control programs – In order to meet the new power plant standards,
STPL proposed to install higher efficiency electrostatic precipitators to meet the
emission level below 30 mg/Nm3. The envisaged uncontrolled SO2 emissions from each
boiler will be in the order of 5000 Kg/hr. In order to meet the new power plant
standards, a flue gas desulfurization unit (FGD) will be installed to remove about 95% of
the SO2 emissions from the power plant. Similarly, low NOx burners to maintain NOx
levels below 100 mg/Nm3 as per the new power plant emission standards. The peak
predicted ground level concentration of SO2, NOx and Particulate Matter due to release
of controlled emissions was reported to be in the order of 1.4 µg/m3, 1.4 µg/m3 and
0.55 µg/m3 respectively. The cumulative resultant post project baseline scenario will be
far below the stipulated NAAQ standards. These predicted concentrations will be 8 to 10
folds lower than that of the uncontrolled emission scenario.
Water and Wastewater Management Plan- the facility will be operated on dry fly ash
handling system and hence the overall water consumption will be limited to 2.5
m3/MWHR against 4 m3/MWHR in the case of conventional power plants in tropical
regions. Total fresh water demand in the facility will be in the order of 3265 m3/hr
(~78,400 m3/day). Necessary water allocation was granted by Government of Bihar.
Majority of the water will be used as make up for the cooling tower. The following
environmental management plans will be adopted: (1). Adopting good water quality for
cooling water make up there by reducing the blow-down losses, (2). Reuse of cooling
tower blow down for bottom ash handling, fly ash conditioning, make up to the
evaporation losses in the ash pond area etc. In order to achieve zero liquid discharge
(complete reuse of treated wastewater in the plant), suitably designed Reverse Osmos is
plant will be installed to treat the cooling tower blow down, (3) other stream
wastewater if any will be collected in a collection pit and will be subjected to
neutralization and will be reused for ash conditioning and bottom ash handling
operations,(4). Any excess utilized wastewater will be collected in a lined polishing
pond and will be reused in the plant based on the main plant demand, (5). Online
pollutant monitoring system will be installed on the treated wastewater line of the
polishing pond as per the CPCB guidelines, (6). About 70 m3/hr (~1700 m3/day)
sewage generated from the domestic needs (canteen, colony, toilets etc) will be treated
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Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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in a dedicated sewage treatment plant and reused for greenbelt development, gardening
and horticulture applications within the project site.
9.3. Administrative Aspects
The key benefits of EMP are that it provides the organization with means of managing
and improving its environmental performance thereby allowing it to contribute to
better environmental quality. The other benefits include cost control and improved
relations with the stakeholders. EMP includes four major elements;
Commitment & Policy
Planning
Implementation
Measurement & Evaluation
9.3.1. Commitment & Policy
Project Proponent will strive to provide and implement the Environmental Management
Plan that incorporates all issues related to environmental and social components and
will comply with the suggestions given by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF&CC) and Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB). In this regard, STPL has
well laid down Environment Policy which was approved by their Directors.
9.3.2. Planning
This includes identification of environmental impacts, and setting environmental
objectives. Environmental Management Plan would specifically consist of the following
and STPL is committed to follow the said plan in letter and in spirit. Pollution control
arrangements/ mitigation measures for different types/sources of pollution.
9.3.3. Implementation
The company believes in preservation of the Environment and will install and will
ensure efficient operation of its pollution control equipment/systems. Company will
ensure that trained manpower is available for operating, maintaining and documenting
the effective environmental operations.
9.3.4. Environmental Management System
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) is suggested for ensuring that the activities
and services of the region conform to the carrying capacity (supportive and assimilative
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Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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capacity). This is based on Bureau of Indian Standard Specification IS:13967 (1993):
Environmental Management Systems - Specification (equivalent to ISO 14001).
Since this is more in line with the quality systems, it is recommended that the industry
shall improve EMS as outlined in the following sub-sections.
9.3.5. Environmental Management Records
STPL will maintain a well-established system of records to demonstrate compliance
with the environmental performance management system and the extent of
achievement of the environmental objectives and targets. In addition to the other
records (legislative, audit and review reports), management records shall address the
following:
Details of failure in compliance and corrective action
Details of incidents and corrective action
Details of complaints and follow-up action
Appropriate contractor and supplier information
Inspection and maintenance reports
Product identification and composition data
Monitoring data
Environmental training records
Housekeeping
9.3.6. Environmental Management System Audits
As a mandatory requirement under the Environment Protection Rules (1986) as
amended through the Notification issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in
April 1993, an Environmental Statement will be prepared annually at the industry level.
This includes the consumption of total resources (raw material and water per tonne of
product), quantity and concentration of pollutants (air and water) discharged, quantity
of hazardous and solid waste generation, pollution abatement measures, conservation
of natural resources and cost of production vis-à-vis the investment on pollution
abatement. This may be an internal or external audit, but carried out impartially and
effectively by a person properly trained for it. Broad knowledge of the environmental
process and expertise in relevant disciplines is also required.
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The intention of this statement is:
To identify the process/production areas where resources can be used more
efficiently through a comparison with the figures of a similar industry (thereby
reducing the consumption per unit of product)
To determine the areas where waste generation can be minimised at source and
through end of pipe treatment (thereby reducing the wastes generated and
discharged per unit of product)
To initiate a self-correcting/improvement system through an internal analysis to
achieve cost reduction through choice of superior technology and more efficient
practices.
9.3.7. Environmental Management Cell
A permanent organizational set up will be formed by Project Proponent to ensure the
effective implementation of mitigation measures and to conduct environmental
monitoring. The major duties and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell
will be as follows:
To implement the Environmental Management Plan
To ensure efficient operation and maintenance of pollution control devices
To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations
To minimize environmental impacts of operations by strict adherence to the
EMP
To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule
Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in case
monitored results are above the specified limit
Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable
environmental laws as ready reference
Maintain environment related records
Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants and monitoring
laboratories
Maintaining log of public complaints and the action taken
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Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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9.3.7.1. Hierarchical Structure of EHS Management Cell
The proposed environmental management cell comprises of an environmental engineer
who will be supported by a team of executives to implement the safety and
environmental aspects of the company. The environmental engineer will be reporting to
the plant manager with regards to all compliances and management arrangements for
implementing the ISO 14001 and other regulatory compliances. A dedicated safety
engineer and social scientist also will be inducted to implement various safety and CSR
related aspects in the plant. The environment team will have the following
responsibilities:
Developing policy and procedures for implementing the environmental
management programs in the facility,
Monitoring and supervising the effectiveness of the pollution control systems
and water and waste minimization programs in the facility in close coordination
with the process and plant operational teams,
Undertaking the environmental monitoring programs as per the minimum
monitoring program suggested in this EIA report in consultation with State
Pollution Control Board,
Maintaining the environmental records, documentation and reporting the
environmental compliance status to the plant manager and pollution control
board and MOEF&CC Regional office from time to time as per the directions of
the regulations,
Identifying the environmental risks and hazards and near misses in the plant and
making corrective actions
Providing training to the employees and workers on the environmental and
safety related aspects, work permit systems and safety procedures etc as per the
company policy,
Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for
ensuring sustainable operation of the proposed manufacturing unit. Records will be
maintained for regulatory, monitoring and operational KPIs.
Typical Environmental Management Plans for the proposed project during constru ction
and operation phase are summarized in Table 9.1and 9.2
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Table 9-1 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Construction Phase
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect Mitigation measures to be provided for
the proposed project - Action plan Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Transport of Construction
Materials -Construction
phase
Noise generation Periodic maintenance of vehicles is required
At Security Gate
Monthly during construction
Contractor Security In charge
Log Book
Dust generation
Covering construction material with tarpaulin sheets to prevent the material from being air borne.
Storage Area At all times during construction Phase
Contractor Site Engineer - Random Checks
Photographs with date – Monthly, Air monitoring records
The vehicle speed will be regul ated. Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Security In Charge – Random Checks
Penalty records for over speeding
The workers transporting materials will be provided with PPE to reduce impact of air borne dust on their health
Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Site Engineers – Random Checks
Log Book for distribution of PPE
Vehicular emissions
Periodic emission check for vehicles is required.
At Security Gate
At all times during construction phase
Contractor Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate
Copy of PUC Certificate
Construction Activities
Noise generation
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) such as ear plugs and helmets will be provided for construction workers.
Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Site Engineers – Random Checks
Log Book for distribution of PPE, training records
The working hours will be imposed on construction workers.
Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Site In charge – Fortnightly checks
Attendance register with In and Out timing
Dust generation
PPE in the form of nose masks shall be provided for construction workers.
Plant Area During Excavation and storing of raw materials
Contractor Site Engineers – Random Checks
Log Book for distribution of PPE, training records
Use of water sprays to prevent the dust from being air borne.
Plant Area Once a day at the time of excavation and installation
Contractor Site Engineers Water Consumption, Log sheets, Air monitoring records
Air Emissions from construction machinery
Check and regular maintenance of construction machinery for emissions
Plant Area Check – Every week once and maintenance as and when required
EHS Department EHS Department - Every Fortnight
Check list for equipments, and maintenance records
Clean fuel will be used in D.G set (Bharat Stage IV)
D.G Set At all Times Contractor EHS and maintenance department
Analysis report of ambient air quality
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-265
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect Mitigation measures to be provided for
the proposed project - Action plan Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Spill of Construction material and paints
Spill management plan Within the plant
At all times EHS Department Periodic workplace monitoring
Spill management and reporting documents, raw material inventory,
Construction Activities
Sewage form the construction area
Channelization of sewage from construction area through network of drains
Table 9-2 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Operation Phase
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect
Mitigation measures to be provided for the proposed project - Action plan
Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Operation of plant - Air
Environment
Emission at Source
Electrostatic Precipitators, FGD and Low NOx burners will be installed for controlling Particul ate Matter (PM), SO2 and NOx respectively to meet the new emissions standards stipulated for thermal power plants.
Project site
At all times during operation of power plant
EHS and maintenance department
Online stack emission monitoring systems will be installed. Stack monitoring and ambient air quality monitoring by authorized laboratories will be adopted on periodical basis as per state pollution control board directions.
Analysis reports of stack and ambient air
Stack of Adequate height of 275m as per the CPCB guidelines and environmental regulations.
Project site At the time of construction
EHS and maintenance department
Online Stack monitoring and ambient air quality monitoring by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of stack and ambient air
Fugitive emissions
Covered belt conveyors to transport coal from stock yard to power plant will be installed at the plant site.
Project site
At all times during operation of boiler
EHS and maintenance department
Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring
Adequate numbers of water sprinkling system at coal storage yard
At coal stack yard
At all times EHS department Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-266
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect
Mitigation measures to be provided for the proposed project - Action plan
Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
The sprinkling of water along the internal roads in the plant in order to control the dust arising due to the movement of vehicular traffic
Inside pl ant At all times EHS department Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring
Adequately designed greenbelt around the plant premises to be developed as per the EMP stated in this document.
Within the plant
To be developed in stages on inside and periphery of the power plant
EHS department Number of trees planted and area under green belt
Area statement, Log of trees planted and photographs
Loading and unloading of coal may lead to fugitive emissions.
Unloading of coal trucks will be carried out with proper care, avoiding dropping of the materials from height. The material will be moisten by sprinkling water while unloading, handling and during storage
Coal storage area
At all time during unloading
EHS department Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring, water consumption
Operation of plant - Noise Environment
Generation from turbine generator room, ID fans and coal crushing, cooling towers
The turbine & generators will be provided with acoustic enclosures and housed in buildings that would considerably reduce the transmission of noise to the outside environment. Noise levels outside the TG room will be maintained less than 70 dB(A) to meet the noise standards for industrial areas.
Turbine and generators
At all times Maintenance and EHS Department
Noise level monitoring inside the plant and at site boundaries by authorized laboratory
Monthly preventive maintenance records
The steam generator draught fans, the electrostatic precipitators and the air heaters will be designed to limit noise emission as low as possible.
Steam generators, air heaters and ESP
At all times Maintenance and EHS Department
Noise level monitoring inside the plant and at site boundaries by authorized laboratory
Monthly preventive maintenance records
Low noise fans will be selected for the cooling towers so that the noise levels at the facility boundary well below the stipulated day noise level of 70 dB(A) to meet the standards for the industrial areas.
Inside the plant
At all times Maintenance and operation teams
Checking of noise l evels within the facility and also mechanical preventive maintenance monitoring of the equipment.
Monthly preventive maintenance records
Periodic maintenance of vehicles. At Security Gate
At all time Security Team Visual inspection by Security team
Log Book
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-267
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect
Mitigation measures to be provided for the proposed project - Action plan
Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Greenbelt development around the plant boundary.
Inside the plant area
To be developed in stages on inside and periphery of the power plant
EHS Department Number of trees planted and area under green belt
Area statement, Log of trees planted and photographs
Providing Mufflers/Silencer Pads, Enclosures/rooms etc., to all noise generating machineries
High noise generating machineries
At all times Maintenance and EHS Department
Noise level monitoring inside the plant and at site boundaries by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports
Water and wastewater
environment
Water drawl from the river, pre-treatment, wastewater generation and reuse of treated wastewater
Water consumption in the pl ant will be maintained below 2.5 m3/MWHR as per the new power plant regulations by adopting various conservation methods and wastewater recycling programs. The facility will be adopting zero liquid discharge for their plant operations. A dedicated sewage treatment pl ant will be installed and treated sewage will be utilized for greenbelt and horticulture applications.
Within the plant
At all times Maintenance and EHS department
Online flow meters will be installed at the raw water intake, cooling tower make up and recycling water lines. Online COD, TDS and TSS meters will be installed on the wastewater utilized for greenbel t.
Monthly preventive maintenance records. Analysis reports of water quality and wastewater quality.
Fly ash generation
and utilization
Bottom ash and fly ash generation
Bottom ash will be stored in the ash pond and fly ash will be disposed to various agencies as per the MOUs signed. A suitably designed fly ash management plan and fly ash pond has been designed and presented in this EIA report.
Within the plant
All times Maintenance and EHS department
Test wells (ground water) will be installed at the fly ash pond area for monitoring the quality of the ground water from time to time.
Fly ash disposal records and ground water quality monitoring reports.
Hazardous waste
Used oils from the machines
Used oil will be collected in drums and will be disposed to authorized recycling vendors.
Within the plant
Periodical Maintenance and EHS department
-
Plant records and hazardous waste authorization from pollution control board.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-268
9.4. Fly Ash Utilization Program
Estimated quantity of ash produced from the proposed 2x660MW plant with 90 % PLF
will be in the order of 2.7 Million tons per annum when the plant is operated at 100%
Indian coal, whereas the same will be in the order of 0.45 Million Tons per year when
the plant is operated on imported coal during the first four years of plant operation. Fly
ash utilization plan is given in Table 9.3.
Table 9-3 Fly Ash Generation and Utilization Plan
Parameter Units Based on Indian
Coal Use Scenario Based on Imported Coal Use Scenario
Coal consumption in each 660MW unit TPH 425 262
Total Annual coal demand in 2x660MW MTPA 6.7 3.9
Ash content %w/w 41 12
Total ash generation TPD 8364 1506
Total ash generation MTPA 2.7 0.45
Bottom as generation @ 15% of total ash
MTPA 0.40 0.07
Fly ash generation @ 85% of the total ash
MTPA 2.30 0.38
Fly ash utilization plan as per notification, MOEF&CC At 50% of fly ash generated to be utilized and disposed end of the 1st year operation
MTPA 1.17 0.19
Fly ash may be stored in ash pond at the end of 1st year of operation
MTPA 1.17 0.19
Fly ash generated to be utilized/disposed from the end of 2nd year
MTPA 1.76 0.28
Fly ash may be stored at the ash pond at the end 2st year
MTPA 0.59 0.1
100% fly ash generated to be utilized and disposed from end of 3rd year onwards
MTPA 2.35 0.38
Note: Unutilized fly ash in 1st and 2nd year will be disposed in from 4th year to 9th year
MTPA 1.76 0.28
Additional gypsum ash generated from FGD
MTPA 0.2 0.15
Net fly ash +gyspum ash to be disposed from 3rd year onwards
MTPA 2.54 0.53
For ash disposal from the proposed thermal power plant, about 282 acres of land is
identified within the project area, which is adequate for more than 30 years in the
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-269
current scenario, as STPL has obtained tie-ups and expression of interests for the
disposal of 100% fly ash from the second year of operation of the power plant.
As per MOEF&CC latest notification, 100 percent fly ash utilization is to be achieved
progressively within 4 years starting with 50% in 1st year and 70% & 90% in 2nd &
3rd year respectively of plant commissioning. STPL has already signed with cement
plants, state road and building works departments and others to utilize about 3 Million
tons of fly ash per year. Hence the STPL will be able to achieve 100% fly ash utilization
from third year onwards. Since fly ash can act as impervious liner, therefore no
liner is required for storing the utilized fly ash during the first four years. Only bottom
ash lagoon shall be lined with impervious liner. To avoid fugitive ash dust emission
and for promoting vegetation cover, the final ash surface will be covered with 300 mm
thick earth cover.
STPL has obtained tie-ups and expression of interests with various institutions for the
disposal of fly ash as against the total fly ash generation of 2.7 Million tons per annum
(Table 9.4). Copies of the MOUs signed with various agencies are presented in
Annexure 8.
Table 9-4:Various Tie-ups for Fly Ash Utilization
Agency Quantity – Tie Up
Rural Works dept. Govt of Bihar Letter no. BRRDA(HQ)PMGSY-581/2015/65, Dated 07-01-2016
0.48
Office of the engineer in Chief cum Additional Commisisoner cum Special Secretary, Road Constriction Department, Govt. of Bihar,
Letter No. 11/Vividh-03-41/2015-192(E), dated 08-01-2016.
0.24
M/s. R.K Mishra Enterprises (Transportation agency of cement, fly ash, gypsum and other materials)
0.5
Lafarge Cement plant 0.8
Dalmiya Cement, 0.7
Global Infra Limited (Transportation agency of cement, fly ash, gypsum and other materials)
0.5
Total 3.22
Apart from the above tie-ups, STPL intends to make available the required quantity of
the fly ash to the local brick manufacturing facilities. Similar to other gangetic planes,
several small to medium size brick manufacturing facilities are located in 50Km radius
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-270
of the project site. Fal-G technology has is effectively demonatrated for fly ash based
brick manufacturing that can utilize 60%to 70% of the brick with fly ash with lime and
gypsum added as binders. About 20% of fly ash will be provided free of cost to the brick
manufacturing units in the region.
Figure 9-1 Location of some of the Major Brick Manufacturing Units in the Region
Figure 9-2 Fly Ash Brick Manufacturing Units
Disposal for mine pit reclamation - As per the MOEF&CC notification, 2015 fly ash can
be disposed into mine pits for reclamation needs, where the quality o f fly ash is not
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-271
important. A feasibility study for ash disposal in abandoned mine pit was conducted by
Central Mine Planning and Designing Institute (CMPDI) in South Balanda Open Cast
Project of Orissa. The study indicated that the ash disposal in the mine voids of South
Balanda is not likely to pose any significant environmental risk. It is a common fear of
leachability of trace metals into the underground water due to disposal of fly ash in the
abandoned mine pits. To determine the mobility of trace metals from fly ash central
Mine Planning & Design Institute, Ranchi has conducted a survey in Orissa this regard.
They concluded that the leaching of trace metals from coal ash will not pollute the
underground / surface water sources as all toxic elements are present in concentration
less than the limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (ref)18. The STPL may
approach various mining companies in the 200 Km radius the proposed thermal power
plant for exploring the possibilities of utilizing the fly ash for open cast and
underground mine reclamation and back-filling operations.
Figure 9-3 Use of Fly ash for Underground Mine Reclamation (ref)19
9.5. Ecological Environment
Considering these predicted impacts, a comprehensive green belt development plan are
proposed which will improve the existing status of ecosystems and associated
biodiversity in the nearby area. These habitat improvement efforts shall not only cover
the project core area but adjoining areas as well.
Emission from the stack will be controlled as well as dispersed through appropriate
design. As ambient air quality will be within limits, no active damage to the vegetation is
This section of the report presents the strategy to be followed in implementing various
pre-defined CSR Plans. For this, a universally accepted principles recommended by
World Bank Group (WBG) (ref)20 have been referred. Once the key community
development areas have been identified, the critical aspects to be addressed are - when
to invest in communities, how to invest, constitution of the implementing team and how
to monitor the effectiveness of the program.
9.10.4.1.2. Formation of Core CSR Management Team
The first step in the community investment programs is to form a central CSR
management team within STPL, which shall be supported by a group of social scientists
headed by a functional head to implement and monitor the overall program. The
primary responsibilities of the central CSR management team is to define the specific
yearly investment programs, identifying various vehicles and appointing stake-holders
to successfully implement the individual schemes, allocating and disbursing funds to the
respective stake-holders and implementation agencies in appropriate time, periodical
interactions with communities and understand the effectiveness of the overall 20 Strategic Community Investment, A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging
Markets, International Finance Corporation
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-292
programs and finally undertake audits through external agencies to assess the adequacy
of the implementation strategies to meet the specified objectives. A clearly defined
community investment plan policy shall be developed by STPL every year to define the
objectives, targets, roles and responsibilities of the individual stake-holders. The policy
should be developed based on the following key performance objectives:
Set out a 3-5 year plan for the company’s community investments
Identify target stakeholder groups and specify eligibility criteria for each of the
identified scheme
Establish an iterative process of engagement with local stakeholders and partners
on community investment
Draw on the company’s core competencies and resources to support communities
Promote cross-functional coordination and accountability for supporting
community investment objectives
Identify the implementation model and decision-making/governance structures
Define roles and responsibilities, budget, scope, and timeline
Describe how project results will be monitored and communicated
9.10.4.1.3. Identifying and Nominating the Implementing Agencies
Assessing who is who and which organizations could be potential partners for
community development programs is an important part of understanding the local
context. Partnerships are a cornerstone of strategic community development program.
Ideally, they should be pursued in the early planning stages as a part of a company’s
sustainability and exit strategies. Wherever possible, it is good practice to explore
working through existing reputed Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) or programs
before creating new ones. These agencies can be selected based on the following
criteria: Ability to reach the local people and areas, thematic areas of expertise - health,
capacity building, sanitation, etc. Delivery capacity, including staffing, existing
relationships, contacts, and networks with local areas and communities, Core values
(which should be compatible with the company’s objectives and principles) reputation
and track record.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-293
9.10.4.1.4. Constituting Village Development Committees
The key beneficiaries of the community development programs are the needy local
villagers. Therefore, the local communities shall be completely involved in various
designated programs. It has been recommended to form local village bodies such as
youth association groups, fishermen association group, women group, village develop
group, etc. Each of these groups will be defined with the basic constitution of the
committee, specific roles and responsibilities. Each group should comprise of at least
three members from various sections of the village. The roles and responsibilities of
these groups is to undertake awareness programs among the villagers about the
respective schemes, providing local support while implementing the schemes in
association with the nominated implementing agency or NGO, etc., providing feedback
to STPL on the overall progress of the scheme, grievances, if any and suggestion and
recommendations for the effective implementation of the schemes. Monthly progress
review meetings with respective stakeholders of the individual schemes are essential to
ensure smooth implementation of the designated schemes.
9.10.4.1.5. Fund Allocation and Disbursement
Based on the well planned community development programme, adequate annual
budget shall be allocated for community development plan and the same shall be
credited in a dedicated account to ensure continuous flow of funds throughout the year
without any interruption. Required funds for the respective programs can be allocated
on a monthly basis to the nominated implementing agencies based on the monthly work
progress reviews with respective stake holders. An external CSR consultant can be
nominated for project cost estimations, verification of the schemes proposed and also to
monitor the overall programs.
An implementation or delivery model is the organizational structure through which a
company carries out its community investment program or supports others in doing so.
In practice, many companies use “hybrid” approaches—a combination of different
mechanisms to deliver their programs. The following schemes can be adopted for
effective community development investment.
In-house Implementation - Company creates an internal department or unit to
work directly with communities to design and implement community
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-294
development schemes. Schemes for developing infrastructure such as roads,
sanitation facilities, construction of buildings, hospitals, etc. can be taken up
under this mode.
Company Foundation - Company establishes an independent foundation as a
separate legal entity to carry out its community development programs.
Foundations can have grant-making authority (i.e., financing of community
development programs implemented by others) or serve as an implementing
function (implementing their own projects and programs).
Third-party Implementation - Company engages a third party, such as NGO or
group of NGOs, to work with local communities in designing and implementing
schemes or it supports an existing initiative being implemented by others.
Multi- Stakeholder Partnership - Company establishes or joins a voluntary or
collaborative alliance, network, or partnership. This implies cooperation
between two or more partners in a manner that shares risks, responsibilities,
resources, and competencies, and involves a joint commitment to common tasks
and goals. Schemes such as social forestry programs, restoration of lakes and
canals and disaster management infrastructure facilities, etc. can be taken up
under this scheme.
Hybrid Models - Company utilizes a combination of two or more
implementation models to deliver various components in the community
development program.
9.10.4.1.6. CSR Activity Monitoring, Reporting and Continual Improvement
The CSR management team of the STPL should develop monthly, quarterly, half yearly
and annual status reports for adopting necessary corrective actions for continuous
improvement.
A suitable system to monitor the whole process with regard to the performance at the
field levels shall be established. This system can be developed within the CSR
department who will be assigned to do periodic evaluation. This process should be
intimated to the nominated Implementing Agencies in their work order. The monitoring
and evaluation shall be taken at different levels i.e. CSR department, with Implementing
Agencies, within community, etc. The various field functionaries would be familiarized
with the basics of this reporting system as well as their role and responsibility. The
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-295
Monitoring and Evaluation team’s responsibilities are as follows: Periodic Progress
Reports, Necessity and the periodicity of such reports, Output to be generated,
Evaluation, Improvement / Development of Implementation process, Analyzing
deviations to the said objectives, Focusing on Qualitative aspects in progress of project
and Identifying Changes / Milestones in development
Annual bench mark surveys can be carried out with selected villages to assess the
overall outcome and benefits of the CSR programs implemented in the respective areas
as per the pre defined CSR objectives. The findings of the study can be compared with
the ratings prior to the entry of development activities. The following parameters can
be considered for evaluating the overall outcome and performance of the community
development programs implemented in a specific period:
1. Increase income level of the BPL families,
2. Increase in literacy level,
3. Reduction in infant mortality and ailments of humans and cattle,
4. Increase in fish production,
5. Reduced population migration,
6. Increased sanitation and drinking water facilities etc.
Other indicative parameters that shall be included in the evaluation of the overall
performance of the CSR program are listed hereunder:
• Number of protests, demonstrations, complaint letters, and compensation
requests
• Number of community participants in consultation meetings
• Closures of activities due to a disturbance by the community/local stakeholders
• Quantity of work applications received from the community/local stakeholders
• Incidents (related to communities or other stakeholders) affecting company
property or personnel
• Number of problems or grievances identified by local stakeholders
• Quantity—and the time period of delays in implementing the schemes
• Community sentiment surrounding current community development initiatives
(i.e., Do they fulfill needs and expectations?)
• Effectiveness of public consultation activities (i.e., Do local people feel their
participation has value?)
• Degree of trust felt by the community toward the company (and vice versa)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-296
• Positions taken by the local government regarding decisions that affect the
company
• Community members say they are better off as the result of the company’s
presence
• Number of positive and negative press articles about the company
If measuring value of the community development is important, communicating that
value is equally important. For benefits derived from community development to be
optimized, stakeholders at the local, regional, and international levels need to know
about these investments and the value they create. The annual reports should address
the community development programs implemented, impact on the business, the
outcome and benefits of schemes to local villagers and community. Various
communication models can be adopted such as Television, road, booklets and
magazines, press meets and conferences, seminars and the company website.
9.11. Budgetary Cost Estimates for Environmental Management
The estimated cost of the various items under environmental management programs
will be in the order of 1300 Cr. Break-up of the budget for the proposed project
environmental management programmes are presented in Table 9.15.
Table 9-15 Proposed Budget for Environmental Management Plan
Item Capital Cost,
(Rs Cr.) Electrostatic Precipitator 202.88
Chimney 65.00 Cooling Tower incl. Civil Works 123.78 Ash handling incl. AWRS 250.96 Ash Dyke-First 9 Years 85.20
Dust Extraction & Suppression System 5.00 DM Plant waste treatment systems 5.00 Sewerage collection, treatment & disposal
4.00
Environmental Lab, equipment 1.50 Landscaping, Green Belt and Habitat Conservation
5.00
FGD System 563.00
Total 1311.32
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 10-Conclusion
Page C10-297
10. CONCLUSION
Based on the information stated in the project report of STPL and also an independent
assessment on the baseline environmental status and also prediction of impacts the
following conclusions are made by the EIA consulting organization and study team:
The proposed power plant will be adopting the new power plant regulations by
installing efficient pollution control systems and FGD and hence the emissions of
SO2 from the power plant will be several folds lower than that of the current
power plant emission scenario in India. This will further help to achieve very low
ground level concentration of SO2, NOx and PM during the operational phase
without any appreciable change from the background levels.
The proposed facility will utilize the lowest possible water consumption of 2.5
m3/MWHR as per the new power plant regulations and also it has been
proposed to completely recyle and reuse the waste water generated from the
plant. Hence the possible impacts on the ecological and biological environment in
the surface water bodies in the region will be insignificant.
STPL intends to spend about Rs. 61 Cr towards various CSR programs in 10 to 15
years, which will benefit the local people in several folds and the social and
cultural environmental will be enhanced.
The project will given an impetus to induced industrial growth in region.
The proposed project is structured to be in line with the requirements of
MoEF&CC/CPCB.
Thus, it can be concluded that with the judicious and proper implementation of the
pollution control and mitigation measures, the proposed project can proceed without
any significant negative impact on the environment.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 11-Disclosure of Consultants
Page C11-298
11. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
11.1. Introduction
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan
(EMP) report has been prepared by carrying out various scientific studies. The studies
have been carried out by M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai,
India, with technical report from NTPC.
The profiles of the Consultants are given below:
11.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant
M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd (CMSRSL) is a joint venture between the
Murugappa group, India and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group, Japan. CMSRSL is an
ISO 9001:2008 certified company. CMSRSL offers safety and environmental consulting
services across Indian, Middle East and East Asian countries. CMSRL consists of six
consulting domains such as environmental engineering and management, process
safety, fire safety, electrical safety, construction safety and logistics risk assessment.
CMSRSL is an NABET accredited EIA consulting organization for undertaking EIA
studies in the following sectors: paper and pulp, thermal power plants, petroleum
refineries, petrochemical complex, chemical fertilizers, synthetic organic chemical
industries, ports and harbours and area development projects. CMSRSL has offered
environmental and safety related consulting services for more than 5000 clients during
last decade.
11.2.1. Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study
Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study
1 Mr V S Bhaskar EIA Coordinator – Thermal Power Plants. Functional Area Expert(FAE) - Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Noise / Vibration Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Risk & Hazards Management
2 Mr. D. Ravishankar Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control Functional Area Expert FAE –Solid & Hazardous Waste
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 11-Disclosure of Consultants
Page C11-299
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study Management
3 Mr.T.P.Natesan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Land Use, Hydrology, Ground Water & Water Conservation
4 Mr. I.Sivaramakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
5 Dr.T.Balakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
6 Ms. Sathya. S Functional Area Expert (FAE) – MSW and Team Member 7 Dr.Mangalam
Balasubramanian Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
8 Mr. C S Karthick Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
9 Mr. Pudi Rama Satya Kamesh
Associate Functional Area Expert (AFAE)- Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control and Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction
10 Mr.Ganta Srikanth Associate Functional Area Expert (AFAE)- Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts and Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control
11.2.2. Other Technical Team Members
S.No. Technical Members 1 Ms. Saumya Abraham
2 Mr.Mahendra.B
11.2.3. External Labs/Agencies involved in EIA Study
1 Base line Environmental data – Ambient air Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.
Environment Protection Training & Research Institute (EPTRI) (Apr – Jun 2008)
2 Base line Environmental data – Ambient air Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.
M/s. AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd (March 2015 to May 2015)
3 Base line Environmental data – Ambient air Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.
M/s. AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd (17th May to 15th June 2016)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016