Situation Analysis Norfolk Unit 2013 UNIT Extension Staff Eric Stormer, Unit Coordinator, Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Agent Gregory Costanza, 4-H Youth Development Extension Agent Elizabeth Calen, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – Food, Nutrition & Health Vincent Falzone, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – 4-H Youth Development Elizabeth Hall, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – Food, Nutrition & Health LaTricia Jennings, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – 4-H Youth Development Brenda Lutz, Unit Administrative Assistant Regina Smith, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – Food, Nutrition & Health UNIT Extension Leadership Council Terrance Afer-Anderson Linda Botts 2013 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 3000-0000 Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, reli gion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, genetic information, marital, family, or veteran status, or any other basis protected by law. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic I nstitute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. eepartment of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin .. .ones, ei rector, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; .ewel E. Hairston, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg.
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Situation Analysis
Norfolk Unit
2013
UNIT Extension Staff
Eric Stormer, Unit Coordinator, Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Agent Gregory Costanza, 4-H Youth Development Extension Agent
Elizabeth Calen, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – Food, Nutrition & Health
Vincent Falzone, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – 4-H Youth Development
Elizabeth Hall, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – Food, Nutrition & Health
LaTricia Jennings, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – 4-H Youth Development
Brenda Lutz, Unit Administrative Assistant
Regina Smith, Family Nutrition Program Assistant – Food, Nutrition & Health
UNIT Extension Leadership Council Terrance Afer-Anderson Linda Botts
2013 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 3000-0000
Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, reli gion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, genetic information, marital, family, or veteran status, or any other basis protected by law. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic I nstitute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. eepartment of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin .. .ones, ei rector, Virginia
Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; .ewel E. Hairston, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Unit Profile Economy 5 Demographics 7 Recreation and Leisure Services 8 Arts and Culture 9 Sports 10 Education 10
Community and Resident Perspectives 13
Priority Issues Economic Vitality and Workforce Development 14 Life-long Learning 16 Environmental Sustainability 17 Asset Development in Children and Adolescents 20 Safe, Healthy, and Inclusive Communities 22
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Introduction
The Virginia Cooperative Extension Service (VCE) Norfolk Unit performed a Situation Analysis during the 2013 calendar year. This process was led by the Unit Coordinator, with assistance from Extension Leadership Council members, unit staff, and area stakeholders. Perspectives were gathered by utilizing data generated from survey instruments, personal interviews, USDA records, U.S. Census data, Virginia Department of Taxation records, City of Norfolk records, VCE’s Strategic Plan (2011-2016), and the City of Norfolk’s Priority Area Plan. Outcomes of this process were used to identify key issues facing the community, and ensure that VCE has in place a detailed plan to guide its progress in realizing stakeholder’s shared goals.
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Unit Profile
Straddling one of the world’s largest natural harbors, the Hampton Roads metropolitan area boasts one of the best ports on the East Coast. The title, “Hampton Roads”, is a centuries-old reference that originated when the region was struggling as a British outpost 400 years ago. Signifying the safety of a port, a roadstead, or “roads”, is a nautical term which refers to a sheltered offshore an- chorage area for ships.
The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Area consists of 16 municipal and county governments. It is the 36th largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States, and the 8th largest MSA in the southeast. Norfolk’s modern history began in 1636 at the core of Hampton Roads.
Norfolk, Virginia, founded in 1682, is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, and cultural center of the region. Norfolk is almost completely surrounded by water, with the Chesapeake Bay immediately to the north, Hampton Roads and the James River to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean 18 miles east. As a military community – the city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point – the population is diverse and somewhat transient. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 96 square miles, of which 54 square miles is land and 42 square miles is water.
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Economy
Norfolk is home to the largest Navy base in the world. The United States Fleet Force Command, located in the northwest corner of the city, consists of approximately 62,000 active duty personnel, 75 ships, and 132 aircraft. The base also serves as the headquarters to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Allied Command Transformation and the United States Joint Forces Com- mand. Over 35% of the Gross Regional Product, which includes the entire Norfolk-Newport News- Virginia Beach MSA, is attributable to defense spending, and 75% of all regional growth since 2001 is attributable to defense spending.
Norfolk Southern Railway, one of North America’s principal Class I railroads, and Maersk Line, Limited, which manages the world’s largest fleet of U.S. Flagged vessels, both call Nor- folk home. The region also plays an important role in de- fense contracting. Shipping and shipbuilding activity are paramount, along with fishing and seaport-related commerce. Major private shipyards located in Norfolk and Hampton Roads include Huntington Ingalls In- dustries, Newport News, BAE Systems Norfolk Ship Repair, General Dynamics, and Colon- na’s Shipyard, Inc.
Because Norfolk serves as the commercial and cultural center for the unusual geographical region of Hampton Roads, and its political structure of independent cities, it can be difficult to separate the economic characteristics of Norfolk from that of the region as a whole.
According to the Virginia Employment Commission, Norfolk’s Top 10 Employers are:
1. U.S. Department of Defense 2. Sentara Healthcare 3. Norfolk City Public Schools 4. City of Norfolk 5. Old Dominion University 6. Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters 7. BAE Systems Ship Repair 8. Norfolk State University 9. Eastern Virginia Medical School 10. Portfolio Recovery Associates
The military’s presence significantly impacts Norfolk’s economy.
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The Hampton Roads MSA is home to four Fortune 500 companies, representing the food, transportation, retail, and shipbuilding industries. These companies are located in Smithfield, Norfolk, Chesapeake and Newport News. They include:
1. Smithfield Foods (213th) 2. Norfolk Southern (247th) 3. Dollar Tree (346th) 4. Huntington Ingalls Industries (380th)
Governmental agencies constitute the largest employer group in Norfolk (20.7%). Nationally, gov- ernment employees represent just 6.6% of the local workforce.
The City of Norfolk is challenged by an abundance of tax exempt properties. In 2014 (data updated March, 2015), City of Norfolk tax exempt property included the following:
Sub-Category # Parcels Total Assessed Value
Federal Government 59 $5,031,661,200
Commonwealth of Virginia 514 $87,465,800
Norfolk State University 22 $169,458,100
Old Dominion University 267 $381,801,100
Virginia Port Authority 2 $351,035,200
City of Norfolk 1,962 2,195,192,700
NRHA 1,170 594,528,400
Norfolk Airport Authority 10 $436,021,100
Regional General Municipal 84 $140,968,700
Religious 776 $708,041,400
Secular Organizations 259 $685,305,600
TOTAL EXEMPT 5,125 $10,781,479,300
As of July, 2014, the assessed value of taxable land in the City of Norfolk was $17,806,235,050, while the value of tax-exempt land was 10,781,479,300. As measured by value, 37.7% of property is tax exempt.
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Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 242,803 people, 86,210 households, and 51,898 families in the City of Norfolk. The population den- sity was 4,382.8 people per square mile. There were 94,416 housing units, at an average density of 1,757.3 per square mile.
Norfolk’s racial demographics have not changed significantly since 2007, e.g., 48.17% of Norfolk residents are white, 43.37% are black, 4.76% are Hispanic, and 3.49% are Asian.
Nationally, 14% of children live in poverty, compared to 16% in Virginia, and 28% in Norfolk.
Nationally, 20% of children live in single-parent households, compared to 30% in Virginia, and 50% in Norfolk.
According to the census, the age distribution in Norfolk was 24.0% under the age of 18, 18.2% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years.
Median income for a household in the city was $31,815. Median income for a family was $36,891. Males had a median income of $25,858 versus $21,907 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,372. About 15.5% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the federal poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those ages 65 or older.
Norfolk’s morbidity indicators reflect, and are consistent with, other state trends. Obesity in chil- dren, adolescents and adults remains a concern, as are low birth weight, physical inactivity, exces- sive drinking, teen pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases.
In comparison to state and national levels, incidents of violent crime are high (716 per 100,000 in Norfolk, vs. 233 per 100,000 in Virginia, and 66 per 100,000 nationally).
Norfolk crime statistics reveal an overall downward trend in crime based on data gathered from the past 11 years, with violent crime increasing, and property crime decreasing.
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In 2010, the city’s violent crime rate was higher than the national violent crime rate average by 52.92%, while the city property crime rate in Norfolk was higher than the national property crime rate average by 91.07%.
In 2010 the city violent crime rate in Norfolk was higher than the violent crime rate in Virginia by 189.03% and the city property crime rate in Norfolk was higher than the property crime rate in Vir- ginia by 141.54%.
Fast food restaurants are accessible to 51% of Norfolk’s residents, as opposed to 50% of Virginia residents, and 27% of the U.S. population. Food deserts, urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy and affordable food, are not uncommon.
In addition, daily fine-particulate matter exposure, while not so high as state statistics, is signifi- cantly higher than national levels (8.8 ppm vs. 12.3 ppm).
Recreation, Parks, and Leisure Services
Norfolk boasts pristine beaches.
Norfolk has a variety of parks and open spaces. The city maintains 3 beaches on its north shore in the Ocean View area. Five additional parks contain picnic facilities and playgrounds for children. The city also has several community pools open to residents.
Norfolk Botanical Gardens offers lively displays.
In all, the parks system includes 2 festival parks (Town Point Park and Ocean View Beach Park), 3 beach parks, 6 community parks, 12 dog parks, 17 community centers with active park amenities, and 71 neighborhood parks.
The Norfolk Botanical Garden, which opened in 1939, is a 155 acre display, conservation, re- search, and cultural venue open year round.
The Virginia Zoo boasts diverse wildlife and teaches
Norfolk is the principal home of several major per- forming arts companies. In addition, Norfolk plays host to numerous yearly festivals and parades, mostly at Town Point Park in the downtown section of the city.
The Chrysler Museum of Art, located in the Ghent district, is the region’s foremost art museum. The late John Russell, art critic for the New York Times, once noted that the Chrysler boasts objects “any museum in the world would kill for.”
Harborfest annually draws thousands of each year,
capitalizing on Norfolk’s natural appeal as an
inviting waterfront city.
Nauticus, the National Maritime Center, features hands-on exhibits, interactive the- aters, aquaria, digital high-definition films and an extensive array of educational pro- grams.
The General Douglas MacArthur Memorial contains the tomb of the late General and his wife, a museum, vast research library, personal belongings, and a short film that chronicles the life of the famous general of the Army.
The Hermitage Museum, an early 20th
century Tudor-style home on a 12 acre estate fronting the Lafayette River, fea- tures an eclectic collection of Western and Asian art. The Virginia Opera, founded in 1974, conducts performanc- es at the Harrison Opera House and statewide. Old Dominion University’s Ted Constant Convocation Center offers large scale concerts, while the Nova Theatre provides a more intimate atmosphere for smaller groups.
Chrysler Museum Tiffany Glass
Ted Constant Center
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Sports
Norfolk serves as home to two profes- sional sports fran- chises in Virginia – The Norfolk Tides and the Norfolk Admirals. Norfolk has two uni- versities with Division I sports teams – the Old Dominion Univer- sity Monarchs and Norfolk State Univer- sity’s Spartans, which provide many sports, including football, basketball, and base- ball.
Norfolk is also home to the Norfolk Blues Rugby Football Club.
College sports contribute to the diversity of recreational opportunities in Norfolk.
Education
Norfolk Public Schools, the city’s public school system, includes 5 high schools, 8 middle schools, 34 elementary schools, and 9 special-purpose/preschools.
There are also a number of private schools in the city, the oldest of which, Norfolk Academy, was founded in 1728.
Virginia Wesleyan is an innovative 4 year liberal arts college in Norfolk.
Religious schools located in Norfolk include St. Pius X Catholic School, Holy Trinity Parish School, Alli- ance Christian School, Christ the King School, Norfolk Christian Schools, and Trinity Lutheran School. The city also hosts the Governor’s School for the Arts.
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Norfolk is home to three public universities, and one private. It also hosts Tidewater Community College. Old Dominion University, founded as the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary in 1930, offers degrees in 68 undergraduate and 95 (60 masters/35 doctoral) graduate degree programs.
Eastern Virginia Medical School, noted for its research into reproductive medicine, is located in the region’s major medical complex in the Ghent district.
Eastern Virginia Medical School students benefit from the latest in medical modeling and simulation technology and
pioneering standardized patient programs.
Norfolk State University, the largest majority black university in Virginia, offers degrees in a wide variety of the liberal arts. Tidewater Community College offers 2-year degrees and specialized training programs. In addition, several for-profit schools operate in the city.
Norfolk Public Library, Virginia’s first public library, offers 12 locations around the city and a book- mobile.
In addition to VCE’s Norfolk Unit, Virginia Tech operates three Agricultural Research and Extension Centers in Hampton Roads. These facilities, in Suffolk, Hampton, and Virginia Beach, are heavily invested in research and extension education.
Within program areas, emphasis is directed toward sustainable production that considers profitabil- ity for producers and processors, quality of food and fiber products, and soil, water, and air protec- tion.
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Currently, Virginia Cooperative Exten- sion’s Norfolk Unit is comprised of one Agriculture and Natural Resources - Horticulture Extension Agent, a Unit Administrative Assistant, three Supple- mental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP-ED) Program Assistants, and two Expanded Food Nutrition Educa- tion Program (EFNEP-ED) Program Assistants. The Norfolk Unit also shares a 4-H Youth Development Ex- tension Agent with the City of Ports- mouth.
Virginia Tech’s Hampton Roads Research and Extension Center
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Community and Resident Perspectives
To assess issues of pressing concern to Norfolk’s residents, a community survey was electronically
distributed to area stakeholders, including businesses, elected officials, and individuals. The survey
instrument was anonymously completed by 54 key stakeholders, businesses representatives, and
residents. Of those who responded to questions concerning demographics, 52% were between the
ages of 18 and 64, while 48% were 65 or older. Data showed that 32% of those who completed the
survey were male, and 68% were female. Ethnically, 10.42% were African American/Black, and
89.58% were white. Asked how long they had lived in Norfolk, 37.5% indicated an average of 18
months, while 97.92% have lived here, on average, 47 years.
A forced choice Likert scale was utilized to measure respondents opinions. Respondents were
asked to rank the importance of 33 community issues as either “Unimportant”, “Somewhat Im-
portant”, “Important”, or “Very Important”. Comments from participants were also invited.
Additional information was gleaned from the City of Norfolk’s Priority Area Plan. The City of Norfolk
utilizes a priority setting model to convey its vision and associated priorities (set by the City Council
with community input).
Data from each source was then collected, processed, and tabulated for analysis. This analysis re-
vealed five key priority areas in which VCE sponsored programs play a particularly important role,
reflecting goals and objectives aligned with The City of Norfolk’s Priority Area Plan:
Economic Vitality and Workforce Development
Lifelong Learning
Environmental Sustainability
Asset Development in Children and Adolescents
Safe, Healthy, and Inclusive Communities
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Priority Issues
Economic Vitality and Workforce Development
The City of Norfolk’s Priority Area Plan has identified Economic Vitality and Workforce Develop-
ment as a City-wide priority. Economic Vitality and Workforce Development is defined as “a
growing, competitive and diversified economy that enhances the quality of life for residents
through a wide range of housing, shopping, educational, cultural, business, and employment op-
portunities.”
The city has identified several objectives and intermediate measures aligned with this priority
strongly supported by VCE programs in Norfolk. These include marketing cultural experiences
available in Norfolk, increasing the knowledge, skills, and abilities of Norfolk’s workforce, and
eliminating barriers to employment.
Agriculture is Virginia’s largest industry. Collectively, agriculture and forestry have a total eco-
nomic impact in excess of $79 billion annually in output or sales, providing 501 thousand jobs
(10.3% of Virginia’s workforce). Each of these jobs supports another 1.5 jobs elsewhere in Vir-
ginia’s economy. In addition, the value-added impact of agriculture and forestry is about $37 bil-
lion – about 10% of Virginia’s gross domestic product.
Currently, VCE programs support these objectives by educating and training people for positions
in a number of areas relating to Agriculture and Natural Resource (ANR). The ANR Horticulture
Extension Agent works with other area agents and professionals each year to provide commercial
and municipal employees (groundskeepers, arborists, pesticide applicators, landscape designers,
irrigation contractors, growers/producers, etc.) with updated training on new research develop-
ments, products, practices and services in order to be current and competitive. This training also
enables employees to obtain and maintain licensure to practice in the commonwealth. Training
and testing is used to certify pesticide applicators, crew managers, advanced crew managers, irri-
gation contractors, arborists, and horticulturists.
In addition, area Extension Agents partner to provide horticulture and pesticide applicator training
to military inmates at the U.S. Naval Consolidated Brig. This training program, designed to ac-
commodate inmates serving sentences of 10 days to less than 10 years, provides valuable job
skills for the incarcerated so that upon re-entry to the general population, they may productively
contribute to Norfolk’s economic growth by having eliminated barriers to employment.
By providing educational services to increase knowledge, skills and abilities of Norfolk’s work
force (and strengthen Norfolk’s economic base) VCE offers a number of programs that have
positive impacts for cultural institutions.
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The ANR Extension Agent routinely plans, markets, creates, implements and evaluates programs
while providing leadership to the Unit’s Extension Master Gardener volunteers. These programs
are diverse in nature, and directly support many lifestyle and cultural amenities. By building rela-
tionships with individuals, governmental agencies, and academic, as well as other institutions,
VCE staff and Extension Master Gardener volunteers contribute to reaching clientele with re-
search-based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental stewardship, and im-
proved quality of life. Inter-agency partnerships and collaborators include: Norfolk Public Health
Department; Virginia Department of Health; Norfolk Emergency Response and Preparedness;
Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Affairs; Old Dominion University; Virginia Wes-
leyan College; Norfolk Botanical Garden; Norfolk Recreation, Parks and Open Space; Hermitage
Museum; Cape Henry Audubon Society; Norfolk Environmental Commission; Fred Heutte Cen-
ter; Norfolk Public Library; Virginia Horticultural Foundation; Virginia Department of Conservation
and Recreation; Bon Secours Health System; Airfield Conference and 4-H Center; U.S. Navy;
U.S. Department of Defense; Tidewater Community College, and Norfolk Public Schools. These
valuable relationships permit VCE programs to reach a broad, far-reaching audience.
The impacts of these various programs are particularly significant in that they support many of
the goals elucidated in the City of Norfolk’s Priority Plan, including:
job creation and training
economic development
environmental sustainability
providing opportunities for life-long learning
protection of cultural resources
emergency management, preparedness, and response
food security
obesity prevention education
access to healthy, affordable, nutritious foods
youth development
neighborhood improvement
tourism
urban forestry management
recycling
healthy, active lifestyles
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Lifelong Learning
In its Priority Area Plan, the City of Norfolk expresses a desire for “residents of all ages (to) enjoy a
culture of learning that enables them to reach their full potential, achieve personal goals, and,
through their knowledge, skills, abilities, and talents, become well equipped to support a prosperous
economy.”
Objectives and intermediate measures associated with this priority include increasing vocational
and technical skills training opportunities for Norfolk residents; identifying and partnering with local
educational institutions, businesses, and community resources to promote and expand life-long
learning for the city workforce and community members; and increased accessibility to program-
ming at libraries and recreation centers to be used as a resource for communication and education.
Lifelong learning may be broadly defined as learning that is pursued through life: learning that is
flexible, diverse, and available at different times, and in different places. Lifelong learning occurs to
fill needs. According to Delors (2006), education is at the heart of both personal and community
development; its mission is to enable each of us, without exception, to develop all our talents to the
full and realize our creative potential, including responsibility for our own lives and achievement of
personal aims. Delors four “pillars of education’ for lifelong learning include:
Learning to know—mastering learning tools, rather than acquisition of structured knowledge.
Learning to do—equipping people for the types of work needed now and in the future including
innovation and adaptation of learning to future environments.
Learning to live together, and with others—peacefully resolving conflict, discovering other
people and their cultures, fostering community capability, individual competence and capacity,
economic resilience, and social inclusion.
Learning to be—education contributing to a person’s development: mind and body, intelli-
gence, sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality.
By employing both non-formal and informal education practices, VCE offers programs that are
learner-centered, responsive to identified community needs, accessible, inclusive, diverse, and flex-
ible. Programs are offered to many and varied organizations in many settings, e.g., libraries, recre-
ation centers, college campuses, churches, community groups, etc. Many programs exist as a re-
sult of forging strong relationships with other area agencies. Essentially, all VCE programs offer
opportunities for life-long learning.
Reference:
Delors, J. (1996) Learning: The Treasure Within Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-
first Century, UNESCO
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Environmental Sustainability
In its Area Priority Plan, the City of Norfolk stresses a “premier waterfront community that creates
a positive, regenerative effect on its environment, avoids detrimental impacts, and thrives eco-
nomically and culturally”.
VCE’s Strategic Plan offers similar direction, seeking to increase profitability and sustainability of
Virginia’s commercial food, fiber, animal, recreation, and green industries, while demonstrating
awareness of social, economic and environmental considerations in program development and
delivery through an outreach plan that increases involvement in under-represented audiences,
fosters cooperative relationships between public partners as a means of addressing resident’s
needs and includes teamwork that promotes local, regional, state, national and international priori-
ties.
The City desires to enhance efficient use and protection of natural resources, and reduce the neg-
ative impacts of coastal flooding. Currently, the ANR Extension Agent offers a number of pro-
grams to support these goals.
While jobs skills training affords clientele with employment opportunities to strengthen Norfolk’s
economic base, it also plays a crucial role in protection of natural resources and protection of the
city’s urban tree canopy. In addition, the ANR Extension Agent works with other area agents to
offer a Pesticide Disposal Program, financed through a grant from the Virginia Department of Agri-
culture and Services (VDACS). Agents solicit pesticide users to register unwanted pesticides to
be collected and disposed of. This program greatly reduces pesticide exposure risks.
ANR Horticulture Extension Agents regularly organize
and instruct courses to licensed pesticide applicators to
meet state and federal regulations for safe and sound
pest management decisions to protect public health and
food systems.
The ANR Extension Agent serves offers
leadership to the Norfolk Environmental
Commission’s Community Gardens Initiative,
advising citizens, groups and organizations
regarding community gardens and green
space. These services include consultation
for the purposes of facility development,
including organizational strategies, fund-
raising, management, and code compliance.
He also serves on Norfolk’s Emergency
Operations Team, providing assessment
assistance in the wake of natural and man-
made emergencies. As a liaison to the
Agricultural Sector, he coordinates envi-
ronmental issues and offers guidance in
addressing threats to food security, the
environment, historic, and cultural resources.
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The ANR Extension Agent also serves on the Hampton Roads Planning District Commission Urban
Forestry Committee, providing leadership and offering strategies and support services to other pub-
lic, private, local and regional agencies to improve quality of life. He also serves as a resource to ex-
amine issues pertinent to regional planning for urban forest management and restoration, potential
tree canopy legislation, and related issues.
ANR programs enjoy strong support from a diverse audience for their focus on sustainability.
Around the world, educators, governments, political bodies, planners, landscape architects, and en-
gineers refer to the idea of “sustainable landscapes” as a subject of increasing importance. Sustain-
ability and sustainable design are at the intersection of environment, economy, and society, reflect-
ing the significance and relevance of ecosystem services and limits, fair and durable prosperity,
health, and social justice. Sustainable landscapes foster environmental sustainability and the
preservation of relevant functions (e.g., biodiversity, water filtration, energy balance). In addition,
sustainable landscapes support ecosystems while providing for human well-being through provision
of food, water, timber, and fiber, and by regulating services that affect climate, diseases, flooding,
and water quality. These ecosystem services are tied directly to the acquisition of cultural services
that deliver recreational, aesthetic, and even spiritual values, while supporting soil formation, photo-
synthesis, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration.
Regardless of whether they are scrutinized in social,
political, economic, or aesthetic contexts, evidence for
the environmental sustainability of landscapes is often
related to their multi-functionality, services, and/or re-
silience. The term “sustainable landscape” broadly
reflects two schools of thought—one focused on the
design and protection of scenic assets, the other, on
understanding the dynamic, multi-functional links be-
tween ecosystems and human well-being.
To address these various needs, the ANR Extension
Agent and his Extension Master Gardener volunteers
plan and implement various programs targeting con-
sumer horticulture audiences at various venues oper-
ated by Norfolk Public Libraries, the Norfolk Public
Health Center, and Norfolk Recreation, Parks, and
Open Space. These programs are designed to en-
courage behaviors that support preservation of bio-