SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS) SITE SURVEYING [QSB 60103] FIELD WORK 2 REPORT TRAVERSING DARREN TAN QUAN WEN 0322662 YEAP PHAY SHIAN 0322243 LEE XIN YING 0322432 MICHELLE TUNG MAN KAYE 0324175 LOH MUN TONG 0323680 LECTURER: MR. CHAI VOON CHIET SUBMISSION DATE: 8 th DECEMBER 2016
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND
DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
SITE SURVEYING [QSB 60103]
FIELD WORK 2 REPORT
TRAVERSING
DARREN TAN QUAN WEN 0322662
YEAP PHAY SHIAN 0322243
LEE XIN YING 0322432
MICHELLE TUNG MAN KAYE 0324175
LOH MUN TONG 0323680
LECTURER: MR. CHAI VOON CHIET
SUBMISSION DATE: 8th DECEMBER 2016
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO. TOPIC PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSING 3 – 4
2. OBJECTIVES 5
3. APPARATUS USED 6 - 7
4. FIELD DATA 1
4.1 Unadjusted Field Data
4.2 Average Field Data
4.3 Angular error and angle adjustment
4.4 Course Bearings & Azimuths
4.5 Course Latitudes & Departures
4.6 Adjusted Latitudes & Departures
4.7 Table and Graph of Station Coordinate
8 - 16
5. FIELD DATA 2
5.1 Unadjusted Field Data
5.2 Average Field Data
5.3 Angular error and angle adjustment
5.4 Course Bearings & Azimuths
5.5 Course Latitudes & Departures
5.6 Adjusted Latitudes & Departures
5.7 Table and Graph of Station Coordinate
17 - 25
6. FIELD DATA 3
6.1 Unadjusted Field Data
6.2 Average Field Data
6.3 Angular error and angle adjustment
6.4 Course Bearings & Azimuths
6.5 Course Latitudes & Departures
6.6 Adjusted Latitudes & Departures
6.7 Table and Graph of Station Coordinate
26 - 33
2
7. AUTO LEVEL DISTANCE 34
8. ADJUSTED FIELD DATA
8.1.0 Adjusted Field Data 1
8.1.1 Compass rule correction to latitude and departure
8.1.2 Computation of station coordination
8.1.3 Graph of Station Coordinate
8.2.0 Adjusted Field Data 2
8.2.1 Compass rule correction to latitude and departure
8.2.2 Computation of station coordination
8.2.3 Graph of Station Coordinate
8.3.0 Adjusted Field Data 3
8.3.1 Compass rule correction to latitude and departure
8.3.2 Computation of station coordination
8.3.3 Graph of Station Coordinate
35 - 43
9. DISCUSSION 44
3
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSING
A traverse survey involves a connected sequence of lines whose length and directions
are measured. It is perhaps the most common type of control survey performed by surveyors in
private practice or employed by local government agencies. Precise traverse surveys are much
more practical nowadays with the use of electronic distance measuring (EDM) devices.
Traversing is a type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines from the
framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an
angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively. The angles are measured using
theodolites, or total stations, whereas the distances can be measured using total stations, steel
tapes or electronic distance-measurement instruments (EDMs).
There are two types of traverse:
(1) Open traverse: When the lines from a circuit ends elsewhere
(2) Closed traverse: When the lines from a circuit which ends at the starting point
4
(1) Open traverse
An open traverse is a series of measured straight lines that do not intersect or form a loop. This
lack of geometric closure means that there is no geometric verification possible with respect to
the actual positioning of the traverse stations. In route surveys, open traverse station positioning
can be verified by computation from available tied-in field markers as shown on property plans,
or through the use of global positioning system (GPS) receivers.
(2) Closed traverse
A closed traverse is connected lines that start at a point and ends at the same point or at a point
whose relative position is known. The errors during measurement are minimized and adjusted to
get accurate data. Closed traverse is the primary method used in checking surveying field work.
There are two types of closed traverse:
(a) Loop traverse – A loop traverse starts and ends at the same point, forming a closed
geometric figure called a polygon.
(b) Connecting traverse – A connecting traverse looks like an open traverse, however
the only difference is it begins and ends at points (or lines) of
known position (and direction) at each end of the traverse.
5
OBJECTIVES
● To enhance a better understanding of the traverse process.
● To determine the area encompassed within a boundary.
● To determine the angular error and closing error of traverse conducted.
● To make necessary adjustments in obtaining an accurate data.
● To experience the life of being as a Quantity Surveyor and experience the actual
working environment.
● To help them to understand the correct way to read the reading on the theodolite
and record the data.
● To give the students a chance to familiarize with the actual working atmosphere
on the site including uncertainty situations.
● To provide them the opportunity of hands on experience of setting up the
theodolite for angle measurements.
6
APPARATUS USED
Theodolite
Theodolite is a basic surveying instrument that is commonly used in traversing. It is used to
measure horizontal and vertical angle. Theodolite is a tool used in the land surveying and
engineering industry. Moreover, it has been adapted for other specialized purposes as well.
Modern theodolites consist of telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. The
levelling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit level and crosshairs in the telescope allow
accurate alignment with the object sighted. When the telescope is set up and adjusted precisely,
the two accompanying scales, that are vertical and horizontal, are read.
Tripod
A tripod is a device which is used to support surveying instruments. These surveying instrument
include theodolite, auto-level and so on. The tripod’s head supports the surveying instrument
whereas the feet are spiked to anchor the tripod to the ground. The level base provided will
ensure that the instrument is held securely, thus allowing accurate readings.
7
Plumb bob
A plumb bob or a plummet is a weight with a pointed tip on the bottom that is suspended from a
string and used as a vertical reference line. This instrument used in surveying to sight a point on
the ground that is not readily visible. They are used to set the instrument exactly over a fixed
datum marker, prior to taking fresh readings.
Levelling Staff
The levelling staff is simply a large ruler, available in lengths of 3, 4, or 5 metres and usually
made of aluminium with telescopic sections. The levelling staff is sectional so that can be
adjusted in length to allow for easy storage and transport. The sections have locking buttons to
ensure accurate length is maintained.
The “E” pattern is designed to make it easy to read a small section of the scale when see
through a telescope.
8
FIELD DATA 1
4.1 Unadjusted Field Data
Station Height of
instrume
nt (m)
Station
sight
Stadia Reading (m) Horizontal Vertical
Facing Top Middle Bottom
A 131.0 B L 143.2 131.0 118.5 94º18’00” 90º28’40”
R 143.2 131.0 118.0
D L 149.5 131.0 112.0 90º06’10”
R 149.5 131.0 112.0
B 125.0 A L 137.0 125.0 112.0 71º55’50” 89º30’50”
R 137.5 125.0 112.5
C L 151.0 125.0 99.0 89º56’50”
R 151.0 125.0 99.0
C 176.0 D L 184.5 176.0 167.5 61º01’40” 88º04’30”
R 184.5 176.0 167.5
B L 202.0 176.0 149.5 89º33’00”
R 202.0 176.0 149.5
D 176.0 A L 194.5 176.0 157.0 134º22’50
”
89º13’30”
R 194.5 176.0 157.0
C L 184.5 176.0 167.5 88º51’20”
R 184.5 176.0 167.5
9
4.2 Average Field Data
Station Height of
instrument
(m)
Station
sight
Stadia Reading (m) Horizontal Vertical
Top Middle Bottom
A 131.0 B 143.2 131.0 118.3 94º18’00” 90º28’40”
D 149.5 131.0 112.0 90º06’10”
B 125.0 A 137.3 125.0 112.3 71º55’50” 89º30’50”
C 151.0 125.0 99.0 89º56’50”
C 176.0 D 184.5 176.0 167.5 61º01’40” 88º04’30”
B 202.0 176.0 149.5 89º33’00”
D 176.0 A 194.5 176.0 157.0 134º22’50” 89º13’30”
C 184.5 176.0 167.5 88º51’20”
10
Station Field Angles
A B C D
94° 18’ 00” 71° 55’ 50” 61° 01’ 40” 134° 22’ 50”
Sum = 360° 96‘ 140“
361° 38’ 20”
11
4.3 Angular Error and Angle Adjustment
(4-2)(180°) = (2)(180°) = 360°, the sum of interior angle of the traverse must be 360°.