Site Investigation and Example of Soil Sampling

AHMAD TARMIZI B. MUSTAFFA 01UKA13F3009

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN B. KAMALUDIN 01UKA13F3017

MARINIS AK NYAMBONG 01UKA13F3003

JOANA AK BAIN 01UKA13F3014

NIK NORLAILI BT. MOHAMAD 01UKA13F3013

SITI SYAFIQAH BT YAHYA 01UKA13F3029

BS 5930 : 1981 & BS 1377 : 1990

Relative Density

Site Investigation

Study

Grain Size Analysis ( Wet & Dry

)

Atterberg Limits

LAB

TESTIN

G

Hydrometer

Testing

FIELD

STUDY

& LAB

TESTIN

G

What is site investigation??

To know their suitability for the construction work such as civil engineering and building work.

Acquiring knowledge of the characteristic of site that affect the design and construction

INTRODUCTION

CONDUCTED BY

Geotechnical Engineers

PURPOSE

To obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock around a site to

design earthworks and foundations for proposed structure.

a) Suitability

To access the general suitability of the site and for the proposed work.

b) Design

To enable an adequate and economic design to be prepared, including the design of temporary work.

PRIMARY OBJECT OF S.I

c) Construction

To plan the best method of construction; to foresee and provide against difficulties and delays that may be arise during construction due to ground and other local conditions.

PRIMARY OBJECT OF S.I

d) Effect of Change

To determine the change that may arise in the ground & environmental conditions, either naturally or during the construction work.

e) Choice of Site

To advice on the relative suitability of different sites, or different parts of the same site.

PRIMARY OBJECT OF S.I

UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES

One where the condition of the soil in the sample is closed enough to the conditions of the soil in –situ to allow tests of structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the properties of the soil in – situ.

CATEGORY OF SOIL SAMPLE

Undisturbed Soil Sample

DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES

The structure of the soil has been change sufficiently that test of structural properties of the soil will not representative of in – situ conditions, and only properties of the soil grains.

Example Test :

Grains Size Distribution, Atterberg Limits, Water Content Test etc.)

CATEGORY OF SOIL

SAMPLE

Disturbed Soil Sample

LABORATORY TEST

EXPERIMENT 1 :

SITE INVESTIGATION / SOIL SAMPLING

OBJECTIVE

a) To introduce the techniques on taken disturbed

and undisturbed soil.

b) To determine the physical properties of the soil

through the phrase relationship.

c) To determine or analyze the visual type of land /

soil that available/have been taken

1) Excavating equipment (auger 150mm, connecting rod, spanner)

2) Sampling tool (38mm diameter sample tube, screw connecter)

3) Equipment manufacturers

4) The knife or a wire saw and ruler

5) Sampling bag

6) Hoe (depend on usage)

WORK PROCEDURE

A. Work Procedure on Site

1. Dig the soil to a depth of 1m by using an auger

2. Connect the sampling tube to the equipment

manufactures

3. Lower the sampling device to the bottom of the

hole and then push it into the ground

4. Take three samples from the hole which was

undisturbed soil as a sampling. Keep the

disturbed soil samples in a bag and bring back to

the laboratory.

B. Work Procedure on Laboratory

1. Greased the split mold and in conceivable. Remove the soil sample of undisturbed from the sampling tube into a split mold and cut both ends of soil with the wire saws.

2. WORK PROCEDURE TO FIND THE MOISTURE CONTENT:

a) Weight an empty moisture content can to get the accurate readings. Take some soil sample put in the can.

b) Weight the can with a wet soil. Dried them into oven for 24 hours. After 24 hours, weight the can and the content once again.

c) Please take three samples for this moisture content test.

a) Take a little of disturbed soil samples and look at

the colour of the soil

b) Feel the soil with a finger, find out whether it is grain, smooth or vice versa.

c) Grasp of the soil. Will it be hand held, shaped –form of it is friable.

d) Then decide what type of soil was it.

3. WORK PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL

DETERMINATION:

LABORATORY RESULT?? WE WILL SHARE THE RESULT AFTER WE DONE THE

LAB TEST OK?

WHERE THE LAB RESULT MAN??

GRAIN SIZE

ANALYSISDRY

WET

PURPOSE :-

•This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil.

•ASTM D 422 -Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils

Standard Reference

Significance:

• The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil.

Grain size analysis provides the grain size distribution, and it is required in classifying the soil.

Testing objectives:

The Standard grain size

analysis test determines the

relative proportions of

different grain sizes as they

are distributed among certain

size ranges.

Need and Scope:

The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soils.The data obtained from grain size distribution curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine suitability of soil for road construction, air field etc. Information obtained from grain size analysis can be used to predict soil water movement although permeability tests are more generally used.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

i. Stack of Sieves including pan and

cover

ii. Balance (with accuracy to 0.01 g)

iii. Rubber pestle and Mortar ( for

crushing the soil if lumped or

conglomerated)

iv. Mechanical sieve shaker

v. Oven

THEORY

Soils having particle larger than 0.075mm size are termed as coarse grained soils. In these soils more than 50% of the total material by mass is larger 75 micron.Coarse grained soil may have boulder, cobble, gravel and sand.

PROCEDURE

i. take a representative oven dried sample

of soil that weighs about 500 g. ( this is

normally used for soil samples the

greatest particle size of which is 4.75

mm).

ii. If soil particles are lumped or

conglomerated crush the lumped and not

the particles using the pestle and mortar.

iii. Determine the mass of sample

accurately. Wt (g)

iv. Prepare a stack of sieves. sieves having

larger opening sizes (i.e lower numbers)

are placed above the ones having

smaller opening sizes (i.e higher

numbers). The very last sieve is #200

and a pan is placed under it to collect the

portion of soil passing #200 sieve. Here

is a full set of sieves. (#s 4 and 200

should always be included)

v. Make sure sieves are

clean, if many soil

particles are stuck in the

openings try to poke them

out using brush.

vi. Weigh all sieves and the

pan separately. (Fill in

column 3)

vii.Pour the soil from step 3 into the

stack of sieves from the top and

place the cover, put the stack in the

sieve shaker and fix the clamps,

adjust the time on 10 to 15 minutes

and get the shaker going.

viii.Stop the sieve shaker and

measure the mass of each sieve +

retained soil. (fill in column 4)

GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

- WET SIEVING

Grain size analysis can

be performed by various methods.

Determining the method of grain size

analysis depends on the size of

the particles.

Dry sieving, wet sieving, and pipette analysis are among the

most widely used

methods.

Dry sieving is typically

used for larger sized

particles, wet sieving for

fine sand/silt particles, and

pipette for silt to clay

sized particles.

Most sieve analysis are carried out dry. But

there are some applications which can only be carried out by wet sieving. This is the case when the sample is

a very fine powder which tends to

agglomerate (mostly < 45 µm)

A wet sieving process is set up like a dry

process: the sieve stack is clamped onto the sieve shaker and the

sample is placed on the top sieve. Above the

top sieve a water-spray nozzle is placed which

supports the sieving process additionally to

the sieving motion.

The rinsing is carried out until the liquid

which is discharged through the receiver

is clear. Sample residues on the

sieves have to be dried and weighed.

The "wet" technique only applies to solids

that have the following properties:-

They must be practically insoluble in

water.

They must not be affected by water, e.g.

solids which swell when wet would be

unsuitable.

They must remain unchanged by a

reasonable application of heat, up to 110

C.

• The material to be sieved is mixed with water.

• Prepare the sieve stack. Moisten each sieve with water and placed them on top of the collector with outlet.

• Place venting rings between the sieves to permit the expansion of air cushion.

• Put the complete stack into the sieve shaker.

• If the smallest fraction that leaves the sieve stack should be collected, make the required preparation

• Place the suspension on the uppermost sieve

• Fix the clamping device.

• Start the sieve shaker. Turn on the water supply.

• Observe the liquid living the outlet. Sieving is finished when water is clear. Turn off water supply and sieve shaker.

• Dry the sieves and retained sample in an oven set at 105 °C for an hour.

• Weigh the retained sample on a tared watchglass on a balance and evaluate the result.

BS 1377 : PART 4 : 1990

COMPACTION – RELATED TESTS

GENERAL

Compaction of soil is the process by which the solid

particles are PACKED more closely together, usually

by MECANICAL means, thereby increasing the DRY

DENSITY of the soil.

To obtain relationships between COMPACTED

DRY DENSITY and SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT,

using two magnitudes of MANUAL compactive

effort or compaction by VIBRATION.

Understand basic tests to obtain reference

densities.

TYPES OF TEST

Light Manual Compaction

Test

Heavy Manual Compaction

Test

Use of Vibrating Hammer

PROCEDURE

Sieve Test

Using 37.5mm and 20mm sieve

Separate according to size

METHOD USING RAMMER

Apparatus

Compaction Mould

( 1 Litre )

Metal Rammer

Balance Readable 1g

Spatulla Straightedge Metal / Plactic Tray

Weight the mouldwith baseplate

Attach extension to the mould and place

the mould on the solid base

Place the moist soil in the mould layer by

layer (3 layers)

PROCEDURE

Apply 27 blows, 300mm height, falls freely

Repeat for 2 more test

Remove the extension, level the surface of compacted soil

Weight the soil & mould with baseplate

Remove the compacted soil from the mouldand place it on metal tray

Break up the remainder of the soil, rub it through 20mm test sieve

Add suitable increment water and mix throughly into the soil

Repeat

Method Using Vibrating Hammer Cover the determination of the dry density of

soil, which may contain some particles up to coarse gravel size.

Not generally suitable for cohesive soil

Apparatus

CBR Mould

Electrical Vibrating

Table

Surcharge Base

Plate

Steel Ruler

Balance Readable

to 5g

Straight edge

Sieve

ScoopStop

Watch

Sand Pouring Cylinder

Calibration Test

Fill the sand-pouring cylinder with sand, within about 10mm of its top. Determine the mass of the cylinder (M1) to the nearest gram

Place the sand-pouring cylinder vertically on the calibrating container. Open the shutter to allow the sand run out from the cylinder. When there is no further movement of the sand in the cylinder, close the shutter.

Lift the pouring cylinder from the calibrating container and weigh it to the nearest gram (M3).

Again fill the pouring cylinder with sand, within 10mm of its top.

Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out of the cylinder. When the volume of the sand let out is equal to the volume of the calibrating container, close the shutter.

Place the cylinder over a plane surface, such as a glass plate. Open the shutter. The sand fills the cone of the cylinder. Close the shutter when no further movement of sand takes place.

Remove the cylinder. Collect the sand left on the glass plate. Determine the mass of sand (M2) that had filled the cone by weighing the collected sand.

Determine the dry density of sand, as shown in the data sheet

Determination of Bulk Density of Soil

• Place the sand pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container with the shutter closed making sure that constant mass (M₀) is maintained

• Open the shutter of cylinder and allow the sand to move into the container. When no futher movement is seen, close the shutter and find the mass of sand left in the cylinder (M₂)

• Repeat step 2-3 at least thrice and find the mean mass (M2)

Determination of Field Density of Soil

• Level surface of the soil in the open field

• Place metal tray on the surface haring a circular hole of 10cm diameter at the center. Dig a hole of this diameter up to about 15 cm dept. Collect all the excavation soil in a tray and find the mass of excavation soil (M)

• Remove the tray and place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the hole. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run into the hole till no further movement of sand is noticed. Close the shutter and determine mass of sand which is left in the cylinder , (M₃)

• The representative sample is taken from the excavated soil for determination of water content

DATA & RESULT

ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST

What is it ?

What is the purpose of it ?

How to conduct it ?

What is Atterberg Limits?

What is Atterberg Limits?

What is the Purpose of Atterberg Limits Test ?

Casagrande Liquid Limits

Device

Plastic Limit Test

•To determined

the liquid limitof grain soil

•To determined the

plastic limit of

grain soil

Method

Purposed

Moisture content, expressed as a % of weight of oven-dried soil, at the boundary

between liquid and plastic states of consistency

Moisture content, expressed as a % of weight of oven-dried soil, at the boundary

between plastic and semisolid states of consistency

How To Conduct

Atterberg Limits

Test?

Casagrande

Device (Liquid

Limit)

Plastic Limit

APPARATUS

1. Glass plate

2. A separate glass plate

for ………rolling of threads

3. Spatulas

4. Moisture content

apparatus

APPARATUS

1. Oven

2. Balance (0.01g

.....accuracy)

3. Sieve [425 micron]

4. Casagrande

apparatus

How To Conduct

Atterberg Limits

Test?

PROCEDURE

o Distribution of soil particles having sizes

less than 75 micron (Fine Grained soils) is

often determined by a sedimentation

process using a hydrometer to obtain the

necessary data such as the borderline

between clay and silt. Using this test the

GSD or grain size distribution for soils

containing appreciable amount of fines

is obtained.

The percentage of sand, silt and clay in

the inorganic fraction of soil is measured

in this procedure.

Glass cylinders, 1000-ml capacity

Thermometer, Fahrenheit

Hydrometer, Bouyoucos (Fisherbrand

Model # 14-331-5c)

Electric mixer with dispersing cup

Plunger

Balance sensitive to ± 0.01g

Video

Results are reported as percentages of

the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and %

clay.

Soil texture is based on the USDA textural

triangle.