LAPORAN PROYEK AKHIR SISTEM PENCACAH KEHADIRAN UNTUK PENGATUR SUHU RUANGAN OTOMATIS BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA16 Disusun Oleh : NIM : 08 / 272256 / NT / 13138 FREDY INDRA OKTAVIANSYAH PROGRAM DIPLOMA TEKNIK ELEKTRO FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA 2011
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Sistem Pencacah Kehadiran Untuk Pengatu Suhu Ruangan Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega16
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LAPORAN PROYEK AKHIR
SISTEM PENCACAH KEHADIRAN UNTUK PENGATUR SUHU RUANGAN OTOMATIS
BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA16
Disusun Oleh :
NIM : 08 / 272256 / NT / 13138
FREDY INDRA OKTAVIANSYAH
PROGRAM DIPLOMA TEKNIK ELEKTRO
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2011
iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Judul :SISTEM PENCACAH KEHADIRAN UNTUK
PENGATUR SUHU RUANGAN OTOMATIS BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA16
Nama : Fredy Indra Oktaviansyah Nim : 08/272256/NT/13138 Konsentrasi : Teknik Telekomunikasi Pembimbing : Nur Sulistyawati, S.T.,M.T. Waktu Pendadaran : 21 Oktober 2011 Sudah disetujui oleh Program Diploma Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada, sebagai bagian dari syarat kelulusan untuk memperoleh gelar Ahli Madya (A.Md.) Ketua Program Diploma :M. Arrofiq, S.T., M.T., Ph.D NIP.197311271999031001
..............
Pembimbing PA :Nur Sulistyawati, S.T.,M.T. NIP.195408181987031001
..............
TIM PENGUJI Ketua :Hidayat Nur Isnianto, S.T.,M.Eng NIP. 197305282002121001
………..
Sekretaris :Ir. Sri Lestari, M.T. NIP. 195908281986022001
..............
Penguji Utama : Budi Bayu Murti, S.T.,M.T. NIP. 197212231999031001
..............
Penguji Kedua : Ir. Lukman Subekti, M.T. NIP. 1962210301993031002
Sedangkan untuk skematik rangkaian LCD 16x2 yang dihubungkan pada
sistem minimum dapat dilihat seperti gambar 3.6 di bawah :
Gambar 3.6Skematik Rangkaian LCD 16x2
Pada rangkaian kontrol LCD 16x2, R3 berfungsi untuk mengatur kontras
karakter yang ditampilkan oleh LCD yang dihunbungkan ke port contr LCD.
3.2.5 Perancangan Penampil 7-Segmen
Penampil 7-segmen dalam aplikasi elektronika memang menguras port
suatu mikrokontroler atau jalur data yang akan ditampilkan, lebih-lebih jika data
yang ditampilkan lebih dari 1 digit, diperlukan jalur untuk mengontrol sumber
daya tiap 7-segmen dan jalur untuk input data pada 7-segmen. Rangkaian display
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7-segmen yang digunakan adalah 7-segmen 4 digit (2x2) multiplex. Ini
merupakan suatu cara untuk menghemat port mikrokontroler atau jalur data yang
akan ditampilkan dengan merangkai setiap digit 7-segmen secara paralel.
Rangkaian ini tidak perlu lagi menggunakan rangkain tambahan decoder
BCD (Binary Code Decoder), karena ATmega16 adalah mikrokontroler 8 bit.
Jadi, kaki kendali a - g (kombinasi LED 7-segmen) pada data 7-segmen dapat
langsung dihubungkan ke port mikrokontroler. 7-segmen yang digunakan adalah
7-segmen common anode, jadi untuk menyalakan 7-segmen, pin “com” atau
“CA” harus diberi logika 1 (high) dan data a - g diberi logika 0 (low). Transistor
9013 berfungsi sebagai saklar yang menghubungkan antara data dari
mikrokontroler ke 7-segmen. Resistor 470Ω digunakan sebagai pembatas arus
agar arus yang mengalir melalui 7-segmen tidak melebihi arus maksimum yang
diperbolehkan yaitu sebesar 20mA. Sedangkan untuk Vcc nya adalah 5 V, dan
diambil dari regulator sistem minimum.
Di bawah ini adalah skematik rangkaian penampil 7-segmen 4 digit (2x2)
yang akan dihubungkan pada sistem minimum :
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Gambar 3.7 Skematik Untai 7-segmen 4 digit (2x2)
3.2.6 Perancangan Sensor Photodiode
Sensor photodiode digunakan untuk mendeteksi orang yang masuk dan
keluar ruangan. Photodiode dan infrared diberi Vcc 5 V, sehingga untuk
photodiode ketika disinari penuh oleh cahaya inframerah yang berasal dari LED
infrared akan menghasilkan output tegangan maksimal 5 V, dan ketika tidak ada
berkas cahaya yang masuk ke photodiode akan menghasilkan output tegangan
minimal 0 V. Besarnya tegangan yang dihasilkan dari output photodiode
tergantung pada berkas cahaya yang masuk/ditangkap oleh sensor photodiode.
Pada rangkaian digunakan 2 pasang sensor (photodiode dan infrared) pada pintu
masuk ruangan. Tegangan output dari photodiode inilah yang akan masuk ke
relay, lalu mengaktifkan relay.Setelah relay aktif,PORTB.0 dan PORTB.1
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mikrokontroler terhubung ke ground. Untuk skematik rangkaian sensor
photodiode dan LED infrared, dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.8 di bawah ini :
Gambar 3.8Skematik Sensor Photodiode dan Infrared
Orang yang berjalan masuk atau keluar ruangan akan melewati dan
menghalangi berkas sinar infrared yang menyinari photodiode. Karena adanya
perubahan berkas cahaya yang diterima oleh photodiode, maka tegangan output
photodiode akan berubah dan perubahan tegangan inilah yang akan digunakan
sebagai logika orang masuk dan keluar ruangan.
3.2.7 Perancangan Relay DC 5 Volt
Relay yang digunakan pada sistem adalah tipe relay DC yang aktif ketika
diberi sumber tegangan 5 volt DC dengan arus minimal 20 mA. Kondisi ON dan
OFF relay diatur berdasarkan informasi dari photodiode. Jadi ketika output
photodiode 5 volt, maka relay ON dan ketika output photodiode 0 volt maka relay
OFF. Akan tetapi, karena arusoutput photodiode terlalu kecil (berdasarkan
pengukuran besarnya 20uV) meskipun tegangannya sudah mencukupi (5 V), relay
tidak akan ON. Maka pada sistem ditambahkan komponen penguat arus
(transistor 9013) agar arus minimal yang dibutuhkan untuk mengaktifkan relay
terpenuhi. Transistor ini sekaligus berfungsi sebagai saklar otomatis untuk relay.
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Untuk rangkaian pencatu arus dan juga saklar otomatis relay dapat dilihat pada
gambar 3.9 di bawah ini :
Gambar 3.9 Rangkaian Pencatu dan Saklar Otomatis untuk Relay
3.2.8 Perancangan Sensor Suhu LM35
Sensor LM35 memiliki fungsi mengubah besaran fisis/suhu menjadi
besaran elektris/listrik dalam bentuk tegangan. Suhu di dalam ruangan akan
dideteksi oleh LM35 kemudian diubah menjadi bentuk tegangan dan
diiformasikan ke port ADC pada mikrokontroler yaitu PORTA (0-7). Setiap
perubahan suhu 1°C maka tegangan akan berubah sebesar 10 mV. Ini menunjukan
kelinieran antara tegangan dan suhu pada sensor LM35. Pada rangkaian
digunakan 2 buah sensor suhu yang diletakkan di dalam ruangan dengan jarak
yang tidak berdekatan, alasannya adalah agar didapat hasil pendeteksian suhu
yang lebih akurat dalam suatu ruangan dengan menampilkan hasil rata-rata dari
kedua sensor suhu tersebut. Oleh karena ada 2 sensor suhu yang digunakan, maka
dibutuhkan 2 pin port ADC yaitu pada rangkaian menggunakan PORTA.0 untuk
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sensor 1 dan PORTA.1 untuk sensor 2. Sensor LM35 memiliki tegangan operasi
VCC 4 V sampai30 V. Akan tetapi LM35 mempunyai kemampuan menghasilkan
panas (self-heating) jika menggunakan tegangan yang terlalu besar yang dapat
menyebabkan kesalahan pembacaan yaitu pembacaan rendah kurang dari 0,5 V
pada suhu 25 °C.
Output tegangan dari sensor LM35 yang masuk ke ADC mikrokontroler
akan dikonversi oleh mikrokontroler 10 bit.Namun karena Vin dari sensor LM35
menuju port ADC mikrokontroler berubah-ubah sesuai kondisi suhu ruangan
danderajat kenaikan suhu, maka nilai ADC juga berubah-ubah terhadap waktu.
Gambar 3.10 di bawah ini adalah skematik rangkaian sensor suhu LM35 :
Gambar3.10 Skematik Sensor LM35
3.2.9 Perancangan Rangkaian Pendingin (Kipas)
Pada perancangan rangkaian kipas sebagai pendingin ruangan,
menggunakan komponen tambahan yaitu transistor 9013 yang berfungsi sebagai
saklar otomatis antara kipas dengan tegangan DC 12 volt. Kutub positif kipas
terhubung k Vcc 12 V, sedangkan kutub negatif kipas terhubung ke kolektor
transistor. Saklar tersebut akan memutuskan jalur kutub negatif kipas ke ground
ketika data/output dari PORTD.5 mikrokontroler berlogika 0 (tegangan low 0 V).
Namun ketika berlogika 1 (tegangan high ±5 V) maka saklar tersebut akan
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menghubungkan kutub negatif kipas ke ground. Untuk menjalankan kipas, penulis
memanfaatkan output PWM 8 bit pada mikrokontroller ATMega16. Di bawah ini
adalah skematik rangkaian yang berfungsi sebagai saklar otomatis berdasarkan
besar kecilnya nilai PWM dari mikrokontroler untuk putaran kipas:
Gambar 3.11 Skematik Rangkaian Saklar Otomatis untuk Kipas
3.3 Perancangan Perangkat Lunak
Pada sistem pencacah kehadiran dan pengatur suhu ruangan otomatis ini,
mikrokontroler diprogram dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Bascom
(Basic Compiler) dengan file berekstensi “*.bas”. Melalui perangkat lunak
Bascom AVR, file ini kemudian di-compile menjadi file hexadesimal
denganekstensi file “*.hex”. File “.hex” ini kemudian di-download ke dalam
mikrokontroler dengan AVR Studio. Gambar 3.12 di bawah ini adalah tampilan
perangkat lunak BASCOMAVR yang digunkan untuk membuat listing
programdan meng-compile menjadi bahasa mesin dalam bentuk file “*.hex” :
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Gambar 3.12 BASCOM AVR Compiler
Sebelum bahasa basic dituliskan ke mikrokontroler, perlu dilakukan
inisialisasi terlebih dahulu. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar mikrokontroler berada
dalam keadaan siap bekerja. Secara garis besar inisialisasi yang dilakukan
meliputi pengesetan port pada mikrokontroler dibagian masukan (tombolpush
button, infrared, dan sensor suhu) dan bagian keluaran (LCD, 7-segmen, dan
kipas).
3.3.1 Inisialisasi LCD
Dalam inisialisasi LCD pada bahasa basic adalah berupa tipe LCD,
konfigurasi pin LCD yang terhubung ke port mikrokontroler dan tampilan kursor
berkedip atau mati. Dalam sistem ini digunakan LCD tipe 16x2 dan menggunakan
jalur data LCD 4 bit, yaitu bit-4 sampai bit-7 yang terhubung ke port
mikrokontroler. pada PORTD3 sampai PORTD.0. pin RS terhubung ke PORTD.7
dan pin EN ke PORTD.6.
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3.3.2 Inisialisasi ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
Agar proses ADC dapat berlangsung, maka ADC juga perlu diinialisasi
pada listing program sebagai berikut :
Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc
Seperti pada pembahasan pada sensor photodiode di atas, telah dijelaskan bahwa
ATMega16 memiliki resolusi ADC 10 bit (dapat juga menggunakan ADC 8 bit).
Karena pada perancangan sistem menggunakan ADC 10 bit dan tegangan
referensi ADC sebesar 5 volt maka range tegangan analog 5 volt dari input ADC
baik itu dari photodie maupun sensor suhu, akan di sampling sebanyak 1024
tingkat/level. Sehingga untuk menampilkan nilai ADC dalam bentuk desimal pada
LCD maupun 7-segmen, perlu dilakukan konversibilangan.
3.3.3 Inisialisasi PWM
Pada Atmega16, ada 2 cara membangkitkan PWM, yang pertama PWM
dapat dibangkitkan dari port I/O yang difungsikan sebagai output. Yang kedua
adalah dengan memanfaatkan fasilitas PWM dari fungsi timer/counter yang telah
disediakan. Dengan adanya fasilitas ini proses pengaturan waktu high/low sinyal
digital tidak akan mengganggu urutan program lain yang sedang dieksekusi oleh
processor. Selain itu, dengan menggunakan fasilitas ini kita tinggal memasukkan
berapa porsi periode waktu ON dan OFF gelombang PWM pada sebuah register.
OC1A, OC1Bdan OC2adalah register tempat mengatur duty cycle PWM.
Untuk mengatur porsi ON dan OFF kita berikan nilai pada register
OCR1Adan OCR1Bpada looping while. Ada 2 nilai bit yang dapat dipilih pada
PWM ATMega16, yaitu 8 dan 10 bit. Untuk sistem yang dibuat saat ini
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menggunakan PWM 8 bit dengan alasan tidak begitu banyak memerlukan
perubahan duty cycle.Nilai maksimum dari OCR1A dan OCR1B adalah 255 (8
bit).
3.3.4 Inisialisasi Masukan dan Keluaran (I/O)
Tombol dalam hal ini diinisialisasi sebagai masukan aktif low . artinya
bahwa ketika tombol terhubung ke groundmaka program akan
memproses/mengeksekusi program di dalamya, tetapi jika tidak ada penekanan
tombol maka tombol akan berlogika high dan tidak terjadi proses di dalam
program. Berikut adalah listing program konfigurasi dan deklarasi variabel I/O :
‘******************* konfigurasi tombol ******************* Config Portc = Output Config Pina.4 = Output Config Pina.5 = Output Config Pina.6 = Output Config Pina.7 = Output Config Pinb.0 = Input Config Pinb.1 = Input Config Pinb.2 = Input Config Pinb.3 = Input Config Pinb.4 = Input Config Pinb.5 = Input Config Pinb.6 = Input Config Pinb.7 = Input ‘********** deklarasi input output dalam variable ********** Up Alias Pinb.2 Down Alias Pinb.3 Seg1 Alias Porta.4 Seg2 Alias Porta.5 Seg3 Alias Porta.6 Seg4 Alias Porta.7 In_2 Alias Portb.5 Out_1 Alias Portb.6 Out_2 Alias Portb.7
Dari program diatas dapat dilihat bahwa port masukan yang digunakan adalah
PORTB.2 dan PORTB.3 yang di wakili variable Up dan Down. Variabel ini
berfungsi untuk mengatur/mengeset batas maksimal suhu di dalam ruangan.
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3.3.5 Program Keseluruhan
Secara keseluruhan perancangan program agar sistem dapat berjalan
dijabarkan sebagai berikut :
1. Proses ADC untuk suhu dimulai dan ditampilkan di 2 digit 7-segmen.
2. Setsuhu pada posisi default yaitu 27°C
3. PWM untuk kipas belum aktif meskipun suhu dalam ruangan lebih besar
dari set suhu default jika photodiode tidak mendeteksi ada orang masuk ke
dalam ruangan.
4. Ketika photodiode mendeteksi ada orang masuk dalam ruangan, maka
terjadi increment variable Orang (jumlah orang dalam ruangan), lalu oleh
mikrokontroler dioleh dan dikonversi dalam bentuk desimal. Kemudian
diinformasikan ke 7-segmen. Oleh 7-segmen suhu ruangan ditampilkan
dalam bentuk 2 digit desimal.
5. Sementara itu, ADC sensor suhu terus membaca suhu ruangan dalam (t)
waktu. Jika suhu dalam ruangan lebih besar dari setsuhu, maka PWM aktif
dengan nilai diskrit PWM > 0 sesuai dengan pemberian nilai PWM pada
program berdasarkan kenaikan suhu ruangan. Seperti yang telah dijelaskan
pada bab II tentang PWM, bahwa sistem ini menggunakan PWM 8 bit
yang tersedia pada ATMega16. Di bawah ini adalah contoh pencarian duty
cycle dan tegangan output ketika nilai diskrit PWM sebesar 255 :
Dimana : nilai diskrit dari 8 bit = (28
PWM1a (Ton) = 255
-1) = 255
60
(Toff) = 1
Jadi, tegangan output :
6. Setelah itu set suhu dalam ruangan bias kita atur dengan menekan tombol
push button Up untuk menaikan suhu default, dan Down untuk
menurunkan suhut default.
Agar dapat melihat struktur jalannya program maka dibuat flowchart
(diagram alur). Flow chart digunakan sebagai dasar acuan dalam membuat
program. Struktur program akan lebih mudah dibuat/didesain.Selain itu juga jika
terdapat kesalahan akan lebih mudah untuk mendeteksi letak kesalahannya serta
untuk lebih memudahkan dalam menambahkan instruksi-instruksi baru pada
program jika nantinya terjadi pengembangan pada struktur programnya.
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Baca suhu ruangan
Suhu > set suhu
Baca sensor orang
Tambah counter
Mulai
Ada orang
masuk?
tidak tidak
tidak
ya
Flow Chart
Kurangi counter
Counter = 0
Tampilkan suhu
Kipas mati
Apakah counter =
0 ?
Ada orang keluar?
Kipas nyala
Tampilkan counter
ya ya
tidak
ya
Gambar 3.13 Flow Chart
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BAB IV
PENGUJIAN SISTEM DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Pengujian Fungsional
Pengujian fungsional setiap bagian dan sistem keseluruhan yang terdiri
dari pengujian rangkaian catu daya, rangkaian sistem minimum mikrokontroler
ATMega16, ADC, sensor suhu, infrared/LED, tombol, penampil (LCD dan 7-
segmen), prototypependingin ruangan/kipas, dan software.
4.1.1 Pengujian Rangkaian Catu Daya
Catudaya adalah bagian penting dalam suatu rangkaian, yaitu sebagai
sumber tegangan. Pada pengujian rangkaian catudaya ini meliputi pengujian
rangkaian regulator.
Penyearah yang digunakan adalah penyearah gelombang penuh non CT
(Center Tap) menggunakan dioda bridge dengan filter. Setalah itu Vout masuk ke
rangkaian regulator. Catu daya yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem ini adalah +5 V dan
+12 V DC. Catu daya yang digunakan adalah catu daya gelombang penuh non CT
dengan kapasitor sebagai filter. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengambil data
pengukuran tegangan keluaran dari regulatorIC7805 dan regulatorIC7812. Agar
dapat dilihat bentuk tegangan dan nilai data tegangan yang akurat, pengujian
dilakukan menggunakan osiloskop.
Berikut adalah data hasil pengukuran tegangan keluaran catu daya :
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Tabel 4.1Tabel Pengkuran Keluaran Regulator 7805 dan 7812
No Bagian
Tegangan terukur Bentuk gelombang Tanpa
beban Beban penuh
1. Regulator IC7805
4.92 Volt
4.92 Volt
2. Regulator IC7812
11.95 Volt
11.95 Volt
3. Gnd 0 Volt 0 Volt
Dari tabel diatas diketahui bahwa regulator 7805 dan 7812 bekerja dengan
baik karena keluaran regulator 7805 mendekati +5 volt dan keluaran regulator
7812 mendekati keluaran tegangan ideal yaitu +12 volt. Dari hasil pengujian
diperoleh bahwa catu daya telah mencukupi untuk mencatu arus dan tegangan ke
beban.
4.1.2 Pengujian Unit Mikrokontroler
Mikrokontroler merupakan unit kendali utama perancangan sistem ini.
Pengujian yang dilakukan dengan menghubungkan mikrokontroler ATMega16 ke
LCD. Blok diagram pengujian seperti Gambar 4.1 di bawah ini :
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Gambar 4.1Blok Pengujian Sistem Minimum ATMega16
Listing program pengujian mikrokontroler :
$regfile = "m16def.dat" ;’ATMega yang digunakan $crystal = 12000000 ;’Crystal yang digunakan ‘************** konvigurasi LCD ************** Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db7 = Portd.0 , Db6 = Portd.1 , Db5 = Portd.2 , Db4 = Portd.3 , E = Portd.6 , Rs = Portd.7 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 Cursor Off ‘************** penampil **************** cls Do
Locate 1 , 1 : Lcd "Pengujian" ;’Letak karakter pada layar LCD Locate 2 , 1 : Lcd "LCD 16 x 2" ;’Letak karakter pada layar LCD
‘************** perulangan ************** Loop Program di atas dicompile dan di download ke mikrokontroler ATMega16,
kemudian dijalankan. Program ini berfungsi untuk menampilkan kalimat
“Pengujian LCD 16x2”. Data hasil pengujian mikrokontroler dan penampil LCD
seperti Gambar 4.2 berikut :
Gambar 4.2Hasil Pengujian Mikrokontroler dan Penampil LCD
Mikrokontroler ATMega16
LCD 16x2
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Dari hasil pengujian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem minimum
ATMega16 dan LCD berjalan dengan baik dan dapat menampilkan karakter pada
layar sesuai perintah program.
4.1.3 Pengujian Tombol
Pengujian unit ini untuk mengetahui apakah tombol bisa beroperasi sesuai
fungsinya. Untuk mengakses menu yang tersedia terdapat 4 buah tombol pada
sistem minimum yaitu Up danDown. Dua tombol tersebutdigunakan untuk
mengatur set suhu yang diinginkan dalam ruangan. Listing program di bawah ini
adalah pengujian untuk mengaktifkan tombol push button pada sistem :
$regfile = "m16def.dat" ;’ATMega yang digunakan $crystal = 12000000 ;’Crystal yang digunakan ‘************** deklarasi variabel ************** Dim NilaiAs Byte, ‘************** konvigurasi LCD ************** Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db7 = Portd.0 , Db6 = Portd.1 , Db5 = Portd.2 , Db4 =
Portd.3 , E = Portd.6 , Rs = Portd.7 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 Cursor Off ‘*************** konfigurasi input ************* Config Pinb.0 = Input Config Pinb.1 = Input Config Pinb.2 = Input Config Pinb.3 = Input Up Alias Pinb.2 Down Alias Pinb.3 ‘*************** penentuan nilai awal ************ Nilai = 0 ‘************** logika kondisi tombol ************* If Up = 0 Then ;’Tombol menaikkan nilai
Bitwait Up , Set Incr Nilai Cls End If If Down = 0 Then ;’Tombol menurunkan nilai
Bitwait Down , Set Decr Nilai Cls End If ‘************** penampil pada LCD ************** Locate 1 , 1 : Lcd ; Nilai
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Loop ;’Perulangan Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pengujian Tombol pada LCD
Berdasarkan tabel percobaan diatas, bahwa tombol dalam kondisi baik.
Tombol diatas merupakan sistem aktif low, dimana LCD akan mendapatkan reaksi
naiknya nilai/counter ketika tombol Up ditekan, dan nilai akan turun ketika
tombol Down ditekan.
4.1.4 Pengujian 7-Segmen
Pengujian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah penampil 7-segmen
dapat berfungsi dan menampilkan informasi dari mikrokontroler. 2 digit 7-segmen
akan menampilkan informasi suhu dan 2 digit lainnya akan menampilkan
informasi suhu dalam ruangan. Di bawah ini adalah program pengujian untuk
mengaktifkan 7-segmen :
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$regfile = "m16def.dat" ;’Atmega yang digunakan $crystal = 12000000 ;’Crystal yang digunakan '*********** deklarasi sub rutin ************* Declare Sub Angka_segmen '*********** deklarasi variabel ************** Dim Data_segmen As Byte, '*********** KONFIGURASI INPUT OUTPUT ************ Config Portc = Output Config Pina.4 = Output Config Pina.5 = Output Config Pina.6 = Output Config Pina.7 = Output '*********** deklarasi output dalam variabel *********** Seg1 Alias Porta.4 Seg2 Alias Porta.5 Seg3 Alias Porta.6 Seg4 Alias Porta.7 Do '********* tampilkan jumlah org dan suhu ke 7-segment ********* Data_segmen = 1 ;’pengujian angka dapat divariasikan
Waitus 500 Porta = &H00 Loop '*************** sub angka segmen **************** Sub Angka_segmen
Select Case Data_segmen Case 0 : Portc = &H40 ;’Data bilangan heksadesimal untuk Case 1 : Portc = &HF9 mengaktifkan kombinasi led pada 7- Case 2 : Portc = &H24 segmen agar tertampil kombinasi led Case 3 : Portc = &H30 bilangan desimal Case 4 : Portc = &H19 Case 5 : Portc = &H12 Case 6 : Portc = &H02 Case 7 : Portc = &HF8 Case 8 : Portc = &H00 Case 9 : Portc = &H10
End Select End Sub Pada pengujian ini digunakan LCD sebagai pembanding nilai yang tampil
pada 7-segmen dan sensor suhu sebagai nilai yang yang akan digunakan untuk
pengujian. Listing program diatas kemudian di-compile lalu di-download ke
mikrokontroler. Berikut adalah Tabel hasil pengujian rangkaian 7-segmen :
Tabel 4.3 Hasil Pengujian 7-Segmen
No Data Segmen Heksa Desimal
Tampilan pada 7-segmen Seg1
Seg2
Seg3
Seg4
Seg1
Seg2
Seg3
Seg4
1. 1 2 3 4 F9 24 30 19
Seg3 Seg4 Seg1 Seg2
2. 9 8 7 6 10 00 F8 02
Seg3 Seg4 Seg1 Seg2
3. 2 5 4 2 24 12 19 24
Seg3 Seg4 Seg1 Seg2
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Berdasarkan percobaan di atas, keempat 7-segmen dapat berfungsi dengan
baik dalam menampilkan informasi angka desimal. Dalam program pengujian kita
dapat mengubah-ubah variabel Data_segmen pada output Seg1, Seg2, Seg2, dan
Seg3 dengan angka tunggal sesuai yang kita inginkan. Bilangan desimal yang kita
berikan akan dikonversi secara program menjadi bilangan heksa desimal pada
subrutin Angka_segmen. Pengkonversian tersebut dilakukan agar 7-segmen dapat
membaca sandi yang sesuai dengan format 7-segmen sehingga LED-LED pada
penampil 7-segmen dapat menyala.
4.1.5 Pengujian Sensor Suhu LM35
Pengujian sensor suhu dilakukan untuk mengetahui keakuratan LM35
dalam mendeteksi suhu. Untuk nilai pembanding digunakan termometer air raksa,
apakah nilai suhu ruangan sudah sama dengan termometer air raksa. Pada
pengujian ini pun menggunakan LCD sebagai penampil suhu yang terbaca sensor.
Untuk mendapatkan nilai pembacaan suhu yang sesuai/akurat maka
diperlukan kalibrasi dan kalibrasi yang dilakukan dalam sistem ini adalah
kalibrasi sensor pada program agar nilai suhu yang ditampilkan sesuai dengan
nilai suhu yang ditampilkan air raksa. Di bawah ini adalah flow chart kalibrasi
sensor :
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Gambar 4.3 Flow Chart Kalibrasi Sensor
Di bawah ini adalah listing program untuk pengujian sensor suhu LM35 :
$regfile = "m16def.dat" ;’ATMega yang digunakan $crystal = 12000000 ;’Crystal yang digunakan '*************** deklarasi variabel **************** Dim Datasuhu1 As Integer , Datasuhu2 As Integer, Sensor As Byte, Suhu1 As
Single , Suhu2 As Single, Pengali As Single, Total_suhu As Single, Tampil_suhu As String * 4,
Datasuhu1 = Getadc(0) ;’Pembacaan suhu oleh sensor 1 Datasuhu2 = Getadc(1) ;’Pembacaan suhu oleh sensor 2
'*********** konversi adc jadi suhu ************ Pengali = 5 / 1024 ;’Tegangan referensi ADC 5 volt
dicacah sebanyak 10bit (1024 desimal)
Mulai
Jalankan ADC sensor suhu
Program pengkondisian sinyal tiap sensor suhu
Rata-rata hasil pembacaan 2 sensor suhu
Tampilkan Hasil
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Pengali = Pengali * 100 Suhu1 = Datasuhu1 * Pengali ;’Suhu1 dan suhu2 adalah variabel hasil Suhu2 = Datasuhu2 * Pengali konversi nilai Datasuhu agar nilai suhu Total_suhu = Suhu1 + Suhu2 yang akan ditampilkan menjadi bentuk
desimal Total_suhu = Total_suhu / 2 ;’Total_suhu adalah nilai rata-rata dari
kedua sensor pembaca suhu Tampil_suhu = Fusing(total_suhu , "#.##") ;’”#.##” untuk menentukan nilai
suhu sampai 2 digit desimal Locate 1 , 5 : Lcd ; Tampil_suhu ; "'C" ;’Menampilkan letak nilai suhu pada
LCD Loop Pengujian sensor suhu dapat dilihat seperti gambar 4.3 di bawah ini :
Gambar 4.4 Pengujian Sensor Suhu
Dapat dilihat juga pada tabel 4.4 di bawah ini hasil pengujian suhu yang
terbaca antara termometer air raksa dengan sensor suhu LM35 :
Dari gambar di atas menunjukkan bahwa sensor suhu LM35 bekerja
dengan baik karena perbandingan nilai suhu hampir sama antara LM35 dengan
termometer air raksa.Pada program di atas, mulanya ADC membaca 2 sensor
suhu. Kemudian nilai tegangan suhu dicacah sebanyak 10bit (1024 desimal). Nilai
total suhu suhu didapat dari rata-rata kedua nilai suhu dan inilah nilai suhu yang
akan ditampilkan pada LCD. Namun pada sistem keseluruhan, suhu ruangan
ditampilkan ditampilkan pada 2 digit 7-segmen. Karena hanya menggunakan 2
digit 7-segmen untuk menampilkan suhu, maka suhu yang tertampil nilainya
hanya bilangan desimal puluhan dan satuan (tidak dengan angka di belakang
koma).
4.1.6 Pengujian Sensor Photodiode
Pada pengujian photodiodeyang digunakan sebagai sensor orang masuk
dan keluar ruangan menggunakan penampil 7-segmen ,dan untuk mengetahui
eksekusi programnya, pada pengujian ini menggunakan 7-segmen sebagai
penampil eksekusi. Di bawah ini adalah listing program pengujian sensor
photodiode :
$regfile = "m16def.dat" ;’ATMega yang digunakan $crystal = 12000000 ;’Crystal yang digunakan ‘*************** deklarasi sub rutin *************** Declare Sub Angka_segmen Declare Sub Angka_segmen '*************** deklarasi variabel **************** Dim Datasuhu1 As Integer , Datasuhu2 As Integer, Sensor As Byte, Pengali As
Single, Suhu1 As Single , Suhu2 As Single, Tampil_suhu As String * 4 , Total_suhu As Single , Konvert_segmen As Single, Segmen1 As Byte ,
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Segmen2 As Byte , Data_segmen As Byte, Suhu_segmen As Byte, Orang As Byte
'*************** konfigurasi adc **************** Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc '*************** baca adc ****************** Start Adc ;’Aktifkan ADC untuk sensor photodiode Cls Do Photo1 = Getadc(3) ;’Baca photodiode1 Photo2 = Getadc(2) ;’Baca photodiode2 ‘*************** konversi bilangan segmen ************ Segmen1 = Orang / 10 Segmen2 = Segmen1 Segmen1 = Segmen1 * 10 Segmen1 = Orang – Segmen1 ‘************** logika kondisi *************** If Serve1 = 0 Then
Bitwait Serve1 , Set If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set Incr Orang End If Cls
End If
If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set If Serve1 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve1 , Set Decr Orang End If Cls
End If
If Orang = 100 Then ;’Batas maksimal orang yang tertampil Orang = 99 di 7-segmen adalah 99 End if If Orang = 255 Then ;’Agar tidak ada penurunan nilai Orang Orang = 0 jika Orang=0 End If '********* tampilkan jumlah orang dan suhu ke 7-segment ********* Data_segmen = Segmen2 ;’Segmen2 adalah nilai satuan untuk
jumlah orang yang masuk ruangan Angka_segmen
Seg1 = 1 ;’kontrol aktif hanya untuk seg1 Seg2 = 0
Delay Waitus 500
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Data_segmen = Segmen1 ;’Segmen1 adalah nilai puluhan untuk orang yang keluar ruangan
Angka_segmen Seg1 = 0 ;’kontrol aktif hanya untuk seg2 Seg2 = 1
Delay Waitus 500
Porta = &H00 ‘*************** perulangan **************** Loop '************ sub angka segmen **************** Sub Angka_segmen
Select Case Data_segmen Case 0 : Portc = &H40 ;’Data bilangan heksadesimal untuk
mengaktifkan kombinasi led pada 7-segmen agar tertampil kombinasi led bilangan desimal
Case 1 : Portc = &HF9 Case 2 : Portc = &H24 Case 3 : Portc = &H30 Case 4 : Portc = &H19 Case 5 : Portc = &H12 Case 6 : Portc = &H02 Case 7 : Portc = &HF8 Case 8 : Portc = &H00 Case 9 : Portc = &H10
End Select End Sub Berdasarkan pengujian bahwa setiap terdapat orang masuk ke dalam
ruangan, maka akan tampil counter pada 2 digit7-segmen dalam desimal sebagai
informasi bahwa terdapat sejumlah orang dalam ruangan. Dibawah ini adalah
tabel hasil pengujian sensor photodiode :
Tabel 4.4 Pengujian Sensor Photodiode
No Terdapat orang
Tampilan 7-Segmen
Masuk Keluar
1. √ ×
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2. √ ×
3. √ ×
4. √ ×
5. √ ×
6. × √
7. × √
8. × √
9. × √
Keterangan : √ (ya), × (tidak)
Dari tabel di atas dapat diketahui bahwa counter orang oleh sensor
photodiode berfungsi dengan baik dan dapat menampilkan jumlah orang dalam
suatu ruangan pada 2 digit 7-segmen. Namun pada sistem yang dibuat, sensor
mendeteksi orang yang masuk atau keluar ruangan secara bertahap/orang tidak
berdampingan atau tidak bersama dengan kondisi pintu yang hanya dilewati oleh
satu orang saja. Orang yang masuk atau keluar ruangan beriringan dapat terbaca
oleh sensor dan menambahkan atau mengurangi counter akan tetapi dengan syarat
jarak orang beriringan minimal 1,5 cm karena sensor harus diberi jeda untuk
mendapatkan kembali sinar infrared yang masuk pada photodiode agar proses
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counter berlangsung. Jarak 1,5 cm tersebut adalah jarak antara photodiode 1
dengan photodiode 2.
4.1.7 Pengujian Kipas
Pengujian kipas dilakukan untuk mengetahui berfungsi tidaknya sinyal
PWM dari mikrokontroller dalam menjalankan kipas dan untuk mengetahui
perubahan nilai PWM pada program terhadap putaran kipas. Listing program
untuk menguji nyala kipas adalah sperti di bawah ini :
$regfile = "m16def.dat" ;’Atmega yang digunakan $crystal = 12000000 ;’Crystal yang digunakan '************* deklarasi sub rutin *************** Declare Sub Angka_segmen '************* deklarasi variabel *************** Dim Datasuhu1 As Integer , Datasuhu2 As Integer , Datasuhu3 As Integer ,
Datasuhu4 As Integer , Sensor As Byte, Suhu1 As Single , Suhu2 As Single, Pengali As Single , Sp As Byte ,Tampil_suhu As String * 4 , Total_suhu As Single, A As Byte , Ulang As Byte
'************* konfigurasi PWM *************** Config Timer1 = Pwm , Pwm = 8 , Prescale = 64 , Compare A Pwm = Clear Down Pwm1a = 0 '************** konfigurasi adc **************** Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc '************** konfigurasi pin LCD ************ Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db7 = Portd.0 , Db6 = Portd.1 , Db5 = Portd.2 , Db4 = Portd.3 , E = Portd.6 , Rs = Portd.7 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 Cursor Off '*************konfigurasi input output********** Config Pinb.0 = Input Config Pinb.1 = Input Config Pinb.5 = Input Config Pinb.6 = Input Config Pinb.7 = Input '****** deklarasi input output dalam variabel ****** Serve1 Alias Pinb.0 Serve2 Alias Pinb.1 In_1 Alias Portb.4 In_2 Alias Portb.5 Out_1 Alias Portb.6 Out_2 Alias Portb.7 Portb = &HFF A = 0
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'*********** baca adc ****************** Start Adc Cls Do Datasuhu1 = Getadc(0) Datasuhu2 = Getadc(1) '*********** konversi adc jadi suhu ************ Pengali = 5 / 1024 Pengali = Pengali * 100 Suhu1 = Datasuhu1 * Pengali Suhu2 = Datasuhu2 * Pengali Total_suhu = Suhu1 + Suhu2 Total_suhu = Total_suhu / 2 Tampil_suhu = Fusing(total_suhu , "#.##") '********** PWM ************* Pwm1a = 255 If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set Incr A Cls End If If Serve1 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve1 , Set Decr A Cls End If If A = 1 Then Pwm1a = 200 End If If A = 2 Then Pwm1a = 150 End If If A = 3 Then Pwm1a = 100 End If If A = 4 Then Pwm1a = 50 End If If A = 5 Then Pwm1a = 0 End If If A = 255 Then A = 0
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End If If A = 7 Then A = 6 End If '********** tampilkan suhu ke lcd ********** Locate 1 , 1 : Lcd ; "Pwm=" ; Pwm1a Locate 1 , 11 : Lcd ; "A=" ; A Locate 2 , 1 : Lcd ; Tampil_suhu ; "'Celcius" Loop Hasil pengujianPWM mikrokontroller dapat dilihat seperti tabel 4.4 di
bawah ini :
Tabel 4.5 Hasil Pengujian PWM pada Putaran Kipas
No Nilai PWM T1 T2 Bentuk gelombang Respon
kipas
1 0 0 ms
0 ms
Tidak berputar
2 50 0.67 ms
2.3 ms
Berputar pelan
3 100 1.1 ms
1.6 ms
Berputar sedang
4 150 1.6 ms
1.1 ms
Berputar mendekati
putaran penuh
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5 255 2.68 ms
0.02 ms
Berputar penuh
Berdasarkan data hasil pengujian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk
PWM 8 bit pada mikrokontroller akan menghasilkan putaran kipas sesuai nilai
PWM yang kita tentukan dalam program pada skala PWM 0 – 255.
4.2 Pengujian Keseluruhan Alat
Secara keseluruhan alat yang telah dibuat merupakan prototype terutama
untuk simulasi ruangan dan pendingin/kipas seperti gambar di bawah ini :
Gambar 4.5Prototype Sistem Pencacah Kehadiran dan Pengatur Suhu Ruangan
Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler
Sedangkan untuk software, listing program keseluruhan untuk
menjalankan sistem adalah seperti berikut :
$regfile = "m16def.dat" $crystal = 12000000 '************** deklarasi sub rutin *************** Declare Sub Angka_segmen '*************** deklarasi variabel *************** Dim Datasuhu1 As Integer , Datasuhu2 As Integer , Datasuhu3 As Integer ,
Datasuhu4 As Integer , Sensor As Byte, Suhu1 As Single , Suhu2 As
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Single , Suhu3 As Single , Suhu4 As Single , Pengali As Single , Sp As Byte, Tampil_suhu As String * 4 , Total_suhu As Single , Konvert_segmen As Single , Photo1 As Integer , Photo2 As Integer, A As Byte , Kounter As Byte , Setsuhu As Byte , Ulang As Byte , Orang As Byte , Tengah As Byte , Antara As Byte , Teng As Byte , Segmen1 As Byte , Segmen2 As Byte , Segmen3 As Byte , Segmen4 As Byte , Suhu_segmen As Byte , Data_segmen As Byte, Konvert2 As Bit , Konvert1 As Bit
'*************** konfigurasi PWM ************** Config Timer1 = Pwm , Pwm = 8 , Prescale = 64 , Compare A Pwm = Clear Down Pwm1a = 0 '*************** konfigurasi adc *************** Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc '************* konfigurasi pin LCD ************* Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db7 = Portd.0 , Db6 = Portd.1 , Db5 = Portd.2 , Db4 = Portd.3 , E = Portd.6 , Rs = Portd.7 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 Cursor Off '*************konfigurasi input output ********* Config Portc = Output Config Pina.4 = Output Config Pina.5 = Output Config Pina.6 = Output Config Pina.7 = Output Config Pinb.0 = Input Config Pinb.1 = Input Config Pinb.2 = Input Config Pinb.3 = Input Config Pinb.4 = Input Config Pinb.5 = Input Config Pinb.6 = Input Config Pinb.7 = Input 'Config Portd.5 = Output '******* deklarasi input output dalam variabel ******* Serve1 Alias Pinb.0 Serve2 Alias Pinb.1 Up Alias Pinb.2 Down Alias Pinb.3 Seg1 Alias Porta.4 Seg2 Alias Porta.5 Seg3 Alias Porta.6 Seg4 Alias Porta.7 In_1 Alias Portb.4 In_2 Alias Portb.5 Out_1 Alias Portb.6 Out_2 Alias Portb.7 Portb = &HFF ;’PortB berlogika 1 (high) dan akan melakukan
proses eksekusi program ketika diberi logika 0 (low)
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Setsuhu = 27 ;’Setsuhu default '**************** baca adc ****************** Start Adc Cls Do Datasuhu1 = Getadc(0) Datasuhu2 = Getadc(1) '************ konversi adc jadi suhu ************* Pengali = 5 / 1024 Pengali = Pengali * 100 Suhu1 = Datasuhu1 * Pengali Suhu2 = Datasuhu2 * Pengali Total_suhu = Suhu1 + Suhu2 Total_suhu = Total_suhu / 2 Tampil_suhu = Fusing(total_suhu , "#.##") '*********** tampilkan suhu ke 7 segmen ********** Konvert_segmen = -10 ^ -45 Suhu_segmen = Total_suhu + Konvert_segmen Segmen1 = Suhu_segmen / 10 Segmen2 = Segmen1 Segmen1 = Segmen1 * 10 Segmen1 = Suhu_segmen - Segmen1 '*********** pengaturan set point suhu *********** If Up = 0 Then ;’Menaikkan setsuhu Bitwait Up , Set Incr Setsuhu Cls End If If Down = 0 Then ;’Menurunkan setsuhu Bitwait Down , Set Decr Setsuhu Cls End If If Setsuhu = 255 Then ;’Supaya ketika setsuhu=0 maka tidak ada Setsuhu = 0 proses penurunan setsuhu Cls End If If Setsuhu = 19 Then ;’Memberikan batas minimal setsuhu Setsuhu = 20 Cls End If If Setsuhu = 41 Then ;’Memberikan batas maksimal setsuhu Setsuhu = 40 Cls
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End If If Serve1 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve1 , Set If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set Incr Orang End If Cls End If If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set If Serve1 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve1 , Set Decr Orang End If Cls End If If Orang = 255 Then ;’Supaya ketika jumlah Orang=0 maka tidak ada Orang = 0 prosen penurunan nilai Orang End If ‘************ konversi segmen *************** Segmen3 = Orang / 10 Segmen4 = Segmen3 Segmen3 = Segmen3 * 10 Segmen3 = Orang - Segmen3 '********** tampilkan suhu ke lcd ********** Locate 1 , 1 : Lcd "Setsuhu : " ; Setsuhu ; "'C" ‘******** logika pengkondisi pwm kipas ****** If Total_suhu > B And Orang >= 1 Then
If Total_suhu > 25 And Total_suhu <= 26 Then Pwm1a = 50 Else If Total_suhu > 26 And Total_suhu <= 27 Then Pwm1a = 75 Else If Total_suhu > 27 And Total_suhu <= 28 Then Pwm1a = 100 Else If Total_suhu > 28 And Total_suhu <= 29 Then Pwm1a = 125 Else If Total_suhu > 29 And Total_suhu <= 30 Then
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Pwm1a = 150 Else If Total_suhu > 30 And Total_suhu <= 31 Then Pwm1a = 175 Else If Total_suhu > 31 And Total_suhu <= 32 Then Pwm1a = 200 Else If Total_suhu > 32 And Total_suhu <= 33 Then Pwm1a = 225 Else If Total_suhu > 33 Then Pwm1a = 255 End If End If End If End If End If End If End If End If End If Else
Pwm1a = 0 End If '******** tampilkan jumlah org dan suhu ke 7-segment ******* Seg1 = 1 Seg2 = 0 Seg3 = 0 Seg4 = 0 Delay Waitus 500 Seg1 = 0 Seg2 = 1 Seg3 = 0 Seg4 = 0 Data_segmen = Segmen1 Angka_segmen Delay Waitus 500 Seg1 = 0 Seg2 = 0 Seg3 = 1
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Seg4 = 0 Data_segmen = Segmen4 Angka_segmen Delay Waitus 500 Seg1 = 0 Seg2 = 0 Seg3 = 0 Seg4 = 1 Data_segmen = Segmen3 Angka_segmen Delay Waitus 500 Porta = &H00 Waitus 500 '*************** perulangan ************** Loop '************ sub angka segmen *********** Sub Angka_segmen Select Case Data_segmen Case 0 : Portc = &H40 Case 1 : Portc = &HF9 Case 2 : Portc = &H24 Case 3 : Portc = &H30 Case 4 : Portc = &H19 Case 5 : Portc = &H12 Case 6 : Portc = &H02 Case 7 : Portc = &HF8 Case 8 : Portc = &H00 Case 9 : Portc = &H10 End Select End Sub
Untuk mengoperasikan sistem ini dimulai dengan menjalankan sistem,
yaitu dengan menekan tombol power pada sistem minimum. Tampilan pertama
yang muncul adalah seperti gambar 4.6 dan 4.7 di bawah ini untuk 7-segmen dan
LCD :
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Gambar 4.6 Tampilan Awal 7-Segmen
Gambar 4.7 Tampilan Awal LCD
Sistem kerja alat ini yaitu ketika tombol power sudah dinyalakan, maka
proses pembacaan suhu dan pembacaan orang masuk dalam ruangan dimulai dan
ditampilkan pada 7-segmen. Suhu default merupakan suhu awal dimana sistem
pertama kali dinyalakan dan belum ada pengaturan batas suhu yang ditentukan
pada tampilan setsuhu. Sebelum ada orang masuk, meskipun suhu dalam ruangan
lebih besar dari setsuhu default (27°C), maka kipas tidak akan menyala.
Sedangkan ketika terdapat orang masuk dan suhu lebih besar dari suhu default,
kipas akan langsung menyala. Setelah itu kita dapat mengatur nilaisetsuhu dan
mengganti setsuhu default sesuai yang diinginkan agar kipas dapat
mempertahankan suhu ruangan yang diharapkan. Di bawah ini adalah tabel hasil
pengujian sistem keseluruhan :
Tabel 4.6 Hasil Pengujian Sistem Keseluruhan
No Terdapat orang Jumlah
simulasi orang dalam
ruangan
Pengaturan Suhu (SetSuhu) Perlakuan Suhu
Ruangan Respon kipas
Nilai PWM
Masuk Keluar
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1. × × 0 Default (27°C) - 26°C OFF 0 2. √ × 1 Set 25°C - 26°C ON 50 3. √ × 2 Set 26°C - 26°C OFF 0 4. √ × 3 Set 26°C +1°C 27°C ON 75 5. √ × 4 Set 26°C - 27°C ON 75 6. √ × 5 Set 26°C +1°C 28°C ON 100 7. √ × 6 Set 26°C - 28°C ON 100 8. √ × 7 Set 27°C +1°C 29°C ON 125 9. √ × 8 Set 29°C - 29°C OFF 0 10. √ × 9 Set 30°C +1°C 30°C OFF 0 11. √ × 10 Set 30°C +1°C 31°C ON 175 12. √ × 11 Set 30°C +1°C 32°C ON 200 13. × √ 10 Set 29°C -1°C 31°C ON 175 11. × √ 9 Set 29°C -1°C 30°C ON 150 12. × √ 8 Set 29°C -1°C 29°C OFF 0 13. × √ 7 Set 29°C -1°C 28°C OFF 0 14. × √ 6 Set 28°C - 28°C OFF 0 15. × √ 5 Set 27°C - 28°C ON 100 16. × √ 4 Set 27°C - 28°C ON 100 17. × √ 3 Set 27°C -1°C 27°C OFF 0 18. × √ 2 Set 26°C - 27°C ON 75 19. × √ 1 Set 26°C - 27°C ON 75 20. × √ 0 Set 26°C - 27°C OFF 0
Keterangan : √ (ya), × (tidak)
Dari tabel pengujian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa kipas menyala
dengan membandingkan antara suhu ruangan yang terbaca oleh sensor dan
pengturan suhu yang kita tentukan. Jika suhu yang terbaca oleh sensor lebih besar
dan terdapat orang dalam ruangan maka kipas otomatis akan hidup (ON) dengan
putaran yang sudah kita atur pada nilai PWM pada program. Ketika belum
terdapat orang dalam ruangan, maka pengaturan setsuhu berada pada posisi
default yaitu sebesar 27°C. Kemudian seseorang dalam ruangan dapat merubah
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nilai setsuhu sesuai keinginan dengan batas minimal nilai setsuhu yaitu 20°C dan
batas maksimal 40°C agar suhu ruangan tidak melebihi batas setsuhu yang
diberikan.
Setiap kenaikan suhu 1°C pada range 26 - 33°C, maka PWM untuk kipas
semakin besar sesuai PWM yang telah ditentukan pada program. Jika suhu
ruangan lebih dari 33°C, maka kipas berada pada putaran penuh dengan PWM
255. Putaran kipas yang telah diatur oleh PWM, diharapkan dapat menurunkan
suhu dalam ruangan dengan putaran kipas yang tidak langsung menyala pada
kondisi putaran penuh.
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BAB V
PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan
Setelah melakukan perancangan dan pembuatan proyek akhir Sistem
Pencacah Kehadairan dan Pengatur Suhu Ruangan Otomatis ini maka dapat
diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut :
1. Sistem ini dapat mendeteksi orang masuk dan keluar ruangan,
mendeteksi suhu, menampilkan informasi suhu dan jumlah orang
dalam ruangan.
2. Kelebihan alat ini diantaranya adalah menyalakan pendingin ruangan
secara otomatis dengan mendeteksi terlebih dahulu adanya orang
dalam ruangan.
3. Dengan mengatur kapan kipas akan menyala dengan sistem otomatis
dan pendeteksian suhu terlebih dahulu, maka dapat menghemat
penggunaan energi listrik.
5.2 Saran
Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan di dalam penulisan
maupun rangkaian yang telah penulis buat. Dalam hal penulisan masih banyak
kesalahan-kesalahan yang tidak disengaja dan juga dalam hal pembuatan
rangkaian. Maka dalam bab ini diberikan saran untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut.
Adapun saran tersebut antara lain :
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1. Pengembangan dapat dilakukan terhadap perangkat keras atau alat yang
digunakan bisa saja menggunakan IC Mikrokontroler yang lain ataupun
sensor orang masuk selain sensor photodiode.
2. Pintu yang diaplikasikan yaitu pintu yang hanya bisa dilewati oleh satu
orang baik masuk maupun keluar ruangan karena jika orang yang masuk
berdampingan 2 orang atau lebih, maka akan terjadi kesalahan counter.
3. Pengembangan dapat dilakukan terhadap perangkat lunak yang digunakan
oleh penulis di dalam pembuatan penulisan penelitian ini dan dapat pula
digunakan untuk aplikasi yang lain.
4. Untuk komponen-komponen utamanya lebih dikembangkan dalam hal
pemakaiannya dan bisa dibuat untuk tujuan ataupun proyek yang lebih
besar.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abi Sabrina,”Fungsi Dasar Transistor”,http://abisabrina.wordpress.com/Diakses
pada 6 September 2011.
Agfianto Eko Putra, 2002, “Belajar Mikrokontroler (Teori dan Aplikasi)”, Gava
Media, Yogyakarta.
Bayu Sasongko,” Informasi Elektronika dan Teknologi Membuat Sensor Suhu
dengan LM35 dan Mikrokontroler Atmega16”,http://etekno.blogspot.com/
Diakses pada 5 September 2011.
Belajar Elektronika,”Rangkaian Display 7 Segmen 4 Digit Multiplex”,
http://belajar-elektronika.info/ Diakses pada 5 September 2011.
Blackbox Electronics,”Membuat Sistem Minimum AVR 40
PIN”,http://blackbox86.blogspot.com/ Diakses pada 5 September 2011.
Program Keseluruhan Sistem Pencacah Kehadiran dan Suhu Ruangan Otomatis
Berbasis Mikrokontroler
$regfile = "m16def.dat" $crystal = 12000000 '************** deklarasi sub rutin *************** Declare Sub Angka_segmen '*************** deklarasi variabel *************** Dim Datasuhu1 As Integer , Datasuhu2 As Integer , Datasuhu3 As Integer
, Datasuhu4 As Integer , Sensor As Byte, Suhu1 As Single , Suhu2 As Single , Suhu3 As Single , Suhu4 As Single , Pengali As Single , Sp As Byte, Tampil_suhu As String * 4 , Total_suhu As Single , Konvert_segmen As Single , Photo1 As Integer , Photo2 As Integer, A As Byte , Kounter As Byte , Setsuhu As Byte , Ulang As Byte , Orang As Byte , Tengah As Byte , Antara As Byte , Teng As Byte , Segmen1 As Byte , Segmen2 As Byte , Segmen3 As Byte , Segmen4 As Byte , Suhu_segmen As Byte , Data_segmen As Byte, Konvert2 As Bit , Konvert1 As Bit
'Config Portd.5 = Output '******* deklarasi input output dalam variabel ******* Serve1 Alias Pinb.0 Serve2 Alias Pinb.1 Up Alias Pinb.2 Down Alias Pinb.3 Seg1 Alias Porta.4 Seg2 Alias Porta.5 Seg3 Alias Porta.6 Seg4 Alias Porta.7 In_1 Alias Portb.4 In_2 Alias Portb.5 Out_1 Alias Portb.6 Out_2 Alias Portb.7 Portb = &HFF Setsuhu = 27 '**************** baca adc ****************** Start Adc Cls Do Datasuhu1 = Getadc(0) Datasuhu2 = Getadc(1) '************ konversi adc jadi suhu ************* Pengali = 5 / 1024 Pengali = Pengali * 100 Suhu1 = Datasuhu1 * Pengali Suhu2 = Datasuhu2 * Pengali Total_suhu = Suhu1 + Suhu2 Total_suhu = Total_suhu / 2 Tampil_suhu = Fusing(total_suhu , "#.##") '*********** tampilkan suhu ke 7 segmen ********** Konvert_segmen = -10 ^ -45 Suhu_segmen = Total_suhu + Konvert_segmen Segmen1 = Suhu_segmen / 10 Segmen2 = Segmen1 Segmen1 = Segmen1 * 10 Segmen1 = Suhu_segmen - Segmen1 '*********** pengaturan set point suhu *********** If Up = 0 Then Bitwait Up , Set Incr Setsuhu Cls End If
If Down = 0 Then Bitwait Down , Set Decr Setsuhu Cls End If If Setsuhu = 255 Then Setsuhu = 0 Cls End If If Setsuhu = 19 Then Setsuhu = 20 Cls End If If Setsuhu = 41 Then Setsuhu = 40 Cls End If If Serve1 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve1 , Set If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set Incr Orang End If Cls End If If Serve2 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve2 , Set If Serve1 = 0 Then Bitwait Serve1 , Set Decr Orang End If Cls End If If Orang = 255 Then Orang = 0 End If ‘************ konversi segmen *************** Segmen3 = Orang / 10
Segmen4 = Segmen3 Segmen3 = Segmen3 * 10 Segmen3 = Orang - Segmen3 '********** tampilkan suhu ke lcd ********** Locate 1 , 1 : Lcd "Setsuhu : " ; Setsuhu ; "'C" ‘******** logika pengkondisi pwm kipas ****** If Total_suhu > B And Orang >= 1 Then
If Total_suhu > 25 And Total_suhu <= 26 Then Pwm1a = 50 Else If Total_suhu > 26 And Total_suhu <= 27 Then Pwm1a = 75 Else If Total_suhu > 27 And Total_suhu <= 28 Then Pwm1a = 100 Else If Total_suhu > 28 And Total_suhu <= 29 Then Pwm1a = 125 Else If Total_suhu > 29 And Total_suhu <= 30 Then Pwm1a = 150 Else If Total_suhu > 30 And Total_suhu <= 31 Then Pwm1a = 175 Else If Total_suhu > 31 And Total_suhu <= 32 Then Pwm1a = 200 Else If Total_suhu > 32 And Total_suhu <= 33 Then Pwm1a = 225 Else If Total_suhu > 33 Then Pwm1a = 255 End If End If End If End If
'************ sub angka segmen *********** Sub Angka_segmen Select Case Data_segmen Case 0 : Portc = &H40 Case 1 : Portc = &HF9 Case 2 : Portc = &H24 Case 3 : Portc = &H30 Case 4 : Portc = &H19 Case 5 : Portc = &H12 Case 6 : Portc = &H02 Case 7 : Portc = &HF8 Case 8 : Portc = &H00 Case 9 : Portc = &H10 End Select End Sub
Features• Output Current up to 1A • Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V • Thermal Overload Protection • Short Circuit Protection• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
DescriptionThe MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinkingis provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,these devices can be used with external components toobtain adjustable voltages and currents.
TO-220
D-PAK
1. Input 2. GND 3. Output
1
1
Internal Block Digram
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
2
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Electrical Characteristics (MC7805/LM7805)(Refer to test circuit ,0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500mA, VI = 10V, CI= 0.33µF, CO= 0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in Vo due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Value UnitInput Voltage (for VO = 5V to 18V)(for VO = 24V)
VIVI
3540
VV
Thermal Resistance Junction-Cases (TO-220) RθJC 5 oC/WThermal Resistance Junction-Air (TO-220) RθJA 65 oC/WOperating Temperature Range TOPR 0 ~ +125 oCStorage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ +150 oC
Parameter Symbol ConditionsMC7805/LM7805
UnitMin. Typ. Max.
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 oC 4.8 5.0 5.25.0mA ≤ Io ≤ 1.0A, PO ≤ 15WVI = 7V to 20V 4.75 5.0 5.25 V
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline TJ=+25 oCVO = 7V to 25V - 4.0 100
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQIO = 5mA to 1.0A - - 0.5
mAVI = 12.5V to 29V - - 1.0
Output Voltage Drift ∆VO/∆T IO = 5mA - -1 - mV/°COutput Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz, TA =+25 °C - 58 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120HzVI = 13V to 23V 56 71 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ=+25 °C - 2 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 17 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI = 35V, TA=+25 °C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ =+25 °C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
7
Electrical Characteristics (MC7812)(Refer to test circuit ,0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500mA, VI =19V, CI= 0.33µF, CO=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol ConditionsMC7812
UnitMin. Typ. Max.
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 oC 11.5 12 12.55.0mA ≤ IO≤1.0A, PO≤15WVI = 14.5V to 27V 11.4 12 12.6 V
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline TJ =+25 oCVI = 14.5V to 30V - 10 240
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQIO = 5mA to 1.0A - 0.1 0.5
mAVI = 27V to 38V - 0.5 1
Output Voltage Drift ∆VO/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.5 - mV/ oCOutput Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz, TA =+25 oC - 60 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120HzVI = 28V to 38V 50 67 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ=+25 oC - 2 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 28 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI = 35V, TA=+25 oC - 230 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ =+25 oC - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
11
Electrical Characteristics (MC7805A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 10V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 oC 4.9 5 5.1VIO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤ 15W
VI = 7.5V to 20V 4.8 5 5.2
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI = 7.5V to 25VIO = 500mA - 5 50
mVVI = 8V to 12V - 3 50
TJ =+25 oCVI= 7.3V to 20V - 5 50VI= 8V to 12V - 1.5 25
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 oCIO = 5mA to 1.5A - 9 100
mVIO = 5mA to 1A - 9 100IO = 250mA to 750mA - 4 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 oC - 5.0 6 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
IO = 5mA to 1A - - 0.5mAVI = 8 V to 25V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
VI = 7.5V to 20V, TJ =+25 oC - - 0.8Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T Io = 5mA - -0.8 - mV/ oC
Output Noise Voltage VNf = 10Hz to 100KHzTA =+25 oC - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mAVI = 8V to 18V - 68 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 oC - 2 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 17 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 oC - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ= +25 oC - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
12
Electrical Characteristics (MC7806A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I =11V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 oC 5.58 6 6.12VIO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤ 15W
VI = 8.6V to 21V 5.76 6 6.24
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 8.6V to 25VIO = 500mA - 5 60
mVVI= 9V to 13V - 3 60
TJ =+25 oCVI= 8.3V to 21V - 5 60VI= 9V to 13V - 1.5 30
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 oCIO = 5mA to 1.5A - 9 100
mVIO = 5mA to 1A - 4 100IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5.0 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 oC - 4.3 6 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
IO = 5mA to 1A - - 0.5mAVI = 9V to 25V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
Output Noise Voltage VNf = 10Hz to 100KHzTA =+25 oC - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mAVI = 9V to 19V - 65 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 oC - 2 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 17 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 oC - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25 oC - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
13
Electrical Characteristics (MC7808A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 14V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 oC 7.84 8 8.16VIO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤15W
VI = 10.6V to 23V 7.7 8 8.3
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 10.6V to 25VIO = 500mA - 6 80
mVVI= 11V to 17V - 3 80
TJ =+25 oCVI= 10.4V to 23V - 6 80VI= 11V to 17V - 2 40
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 oCIO = 5mA to 1.5A - 12 100
mVIO = 5mA to 1A - 12 100IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 oC - 5.0 6 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
IO = 5mA to 1A - - 0.5mAVI = 11V to 25V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
Output Noise Voltage VNf = 10Hz to 100KHzTA =+25 oC - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mAVI = 11.5V to 21.5V - 62 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 oC - 2 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 18 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 oC - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25 oC - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
14
Electrical Characteristics (MC7809A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 15V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant, junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25°C 8.82 9.0 9.18VIO = 5mA to 1A, PO≤15W
VI = 11.2V to 24V 8.65 9.0 9.35
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 11.7V to 25VIO = 500mA - 6 90
mVVI= 12.5V to 19V - 4 45
TJ =+25°C VI= 11.5V to 24V - 6 90 VI= 12.5V to 19V - 2 45
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25°CIO = 5mA to 1.0A - 12 100
mVIO = 5mA to 1.0A - 12 100IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 °C - 5.0 6.0 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
VI = 11.7V to 25V, TJ=+25 °C - - 0.8mAVI = 12V to 25V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - - 0.5Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.0 - mV/ °C
Output Noise Voltage VNf = 10Hz to 100KHzTA =+25 °C - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mAVI = 12V to 22V - 62 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 °C - 2.0 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 17 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 °C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25°C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
15
Electrical Characteristics (MC7810A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 16V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25°C 9.8 10 10.2V IO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤ 15W
VI =12.8V to 25V 9.6 10 10.4
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 12.8V to 26V IO = 500mA - 8 100
mV VI= 13V to 20V - 4 50
TJ =+25 °C VI= 12.5V to 25V - 8 100 VI= 13V to 20V - 3 50
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 °C IO = 5mA to 1.5A - 12 100
mV IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 12 100 IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 °C - 5.0 6.0 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
VI = 13V to 26V, TJ=+25 °C - - 0.5mA VI = 12.8V to 25V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - - 0.5Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.0 - mV/ °C
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz TA =+25 °C - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mA VI = 14V to 24V - 62 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25°C - 2.0 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 17 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 °C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25 °C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
16
Electrical Characteristics (MC7812A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 19V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 °C 11.75 12 12.25V IO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤15W
VI = 14.8V to 27V 11.5 12 12.5
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 14.8V to 30V IO = 500mA - 10 120
mV VI= 16V to 22V - 4 120
TJ =+25 °C VI= 14.5V to 27V - 10 120 VI= 16V to 22V - 3 60
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 °C IO = 5mA to 1.5A - 12 100
mV IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 12 100 IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25°C - 5.1 6.0 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
VI = 15V to 30V, TJ=+25 °C - 0.8mA VI = 14V to 27V, IO = 500mA - 0.8
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 0.5Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.0 - mV/°C
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz TA =+25°C - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mA VI = 14V to 24V - 60 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25°C - 2.0 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 18 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 °C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25 °C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
17
Electrical Characteristics (MC7815A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I =23V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 °C 14.7 15 15.3V IO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤15W
VI = 17.7V to 30V 14.4 15 15.6
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 17.9V to 30V IO = 500mA - 10 150
mV VI= 20V to 26V - 5 150
TJ =+25°C VI= 17.5V to 30V - 11 150 VI= 20V to 26V - 3 75
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 °C IO = 5mA to 1.5A - 12 100
mV IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 12 100 IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 °C - 5.2 6.0 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
VI = 17.5V to 30V, TJ =+25 °C - - 0.8mA VI = 17.5V to 30V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - - 0.5Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.0 - mV/°C
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz TA =+25 °C - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mA VI = 18.5V to 28.5V - 58 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 °C - 2.0 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 19 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 °C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25°C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
18
Electrical Characteristics (MC7818A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 27V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 °C 17.64 18 18.36V IO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤15W
VI = 21V to 33V 17.3 18 18.7
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 21V to 33V IO = 500mA - 15 180
mV VI= 21V to 33V - 5 180
TJ =+25 °C VI= 20.6V to 33V - 15 180 VI= 24V to 30V - 5 90
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25°C IO = 5mA to 1.5A - 15 100
mV IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 15 100 IO = 250mA to 750mA - 7 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 °C - 5.2 6.0 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
VI = 21V to 33V, TJ=+25 °C - - 0.8mA VI = 21V to 33V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - - 0.5Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.0 - mV/ °C
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz TA =+25°C - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mA VI = 22V to 32V - 57 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25°C - 2.0 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 19 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25°C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25 °C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
19
Electrical Characteristics (MC7824A)(Refer to the test circuits. 0°C < TJ < 125°C, Io =1A, V I = 33V, C I=0.33µF, C O=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)
Note:1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Change in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Output Voltage VO
TJ =+25 °C 23.5 24 24.5V IO = 5mA to 1A, PO ≤15W
VI = 27.3V to 38V 23 24 25
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline
VI= 27V to 38V IO = 500mA - 18 240
mV VI= 21V to 33V - 6 240
TJ =+25 °C VI= 26.7V to 38V - 18 240 VI= 30V to 36V - 6 120
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload
TJ =+25 °C IO = 5mA to 1.5A - 15 100
mV IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 15 100 IO = 250mA to 750mA - 7 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 °C - 5.2 6.0 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ
VI = 27.3V to 38V, TJ =+25 °C - - 0.8mA VI = 27.3V to 38V, IO = 500mA - - 0.8
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - - 0.5Output Voltage Drift ∆V/∆T IO = 5mA - -1.5 - mV/ °C
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz TA = 25 °C - 10 - µV/Vo
Ripple Rejection RR f = 120Hz, IO = 500mA VI = 28V to 38V - 54 - dB
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 °C - 2.0 - VOutput Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 20 - mΩShort Circuit Current ISC VI= 35V, TA =+25 °C - 250 - mAPeak Current IPK TJ=+25 °C - 2.2 - A
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
20
Typical Perfomance Characteristics
Figure 1. Quiescent Current
Figure 3. Output Voltage
Figure 2. Peak Output Current
Figure 4. Quiescent Current
I
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
21
Typical Applications
Figure 5. DC Parameters
Figure 6. Load Regulation
Figure 7. Ripple Rejection
Figure 8. Fixed Output Regulator
Input OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
Input OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
Input OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
Input OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
22
Figure 9. Constant Current Regulator
Notes:(1) To specify an output voltage. substitute voltage value for "XX." A common ground is required between the input and the
Output voltage. The input voltage must remain typically 2.0V above the output voltage even during the low point on the inputripple voltage.
(2) CI is required if regulator is located an appreciable distance from power Supply filter.(3) CO improves stability and transient response.
VO = VXX(1+R2/R1)+IQR2Figure 10. Circuit for Increasing Output Voltage
IRI ≥5 IQVO = VXX(1+R2/R1)+IQR2
Figure 11. Adjustable Output Regulator (7 to 30V)
Input OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
CI
Co
Input OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
CICo
IRI 5IQ≥
Input OutputMC7805LM7805
LM741Co
CI
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
23
Figure 12. High Current Voltage Regulator
Figure 13. High Output Current with Short Circuit Protection
Figure 14. Tracking Voltage Regulator
Input
OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
Input
OutputMC78XX/LM78XX
MC78XX/LM78XX
LM741
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
24
Figure 15. Split Power Supply ( ±15V-1A)
Figure 16. Negative Output Voltage Circuit
Figure 17. Switching Regulator
MC7815
MC7915
Input
Output
MC78XX/LM78XX
Input Output
MC78XX/LM78XX
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
25
Mechanical DimensionsPackage
4.50 ±0.209.90 ±0.20
1.52 ±0.10
0.80 ±0.102.40 ±0.20
10.00 ±0.20
1.27 ±0.10
ø3.60 ±0.10
(8.70)
2.80
±0.
1015
.90
±0.2
0
10.0
8 ±0
.30
18.9
5MA
X.
(1.7
0)
(3.7
0)(3
.00)
(1.4
6)
(1.0
0)
(45°)
9.20
±0.
2013
.08
±0.2
0
1.30
±0.
10
1.30+0.10–0.05
0.50+0.10–0.05
2.54TYP[2.54 ±0.20]
2.54TYP[2.54 ±0.20]
TO-220
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
26
Mechancal Dimensions (Continued)
Package
6.60 ±0.20
2.30 ±0.10
0.50 ±0.10
5.34 ±0.30
0.70
±0.
20
0.60
±0.
200.
80 ±
0.20
9.50
±0.
30
6.10
±0.
20
2.70
±0.
209.
50 ±
0.30
6.10
±0.
20
2.70
±0.
20
MIN
0.55
0.76 ±0.10 0.50 ±0.10
1.02 ±0.20
2.30 ±0.20
6.60 ±0.20
0.76 ±0.10
(5.34)
(1.50)
(2XR0.25)
(5.04)
0.89
±0.
10
(0.1
0)(3
.05)
(1.0
0)
(0.9
0)
(0.7
0)
0.91
±0.
10
2.30TYP[2.30±0.20]
2.30TYP[2.30±0.20]
MAX0.96
(4.34)(0.50) (0.50)
D-PAK
MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
27
Ordering InformationProduct Number Output Voltage Tolerance Package Operating Temperature
LM7805CT ±4% TO-220 0 ~ + 125°C
Product Number Output Voltage Tolerance Package Operating TemperatureMC7805CT
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of the user.
2. A critical component in any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
www.fairchildsemi.com
DISCLAIMER FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
Rangkaian Sistem Keseluruhan
LM35Precision Centigrade Temperature SensorsGeneral DescriptionThe LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperaturesensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to theCelsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has anadvantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a largeconstant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centi-grade scaling. The LM35 does not require any externalcalibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚Cat room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚Ctemperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming andcalibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output imped-ance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration makeinterfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. Itcan be used with single power supplies, or with plus andminus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it hasvery low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 israted to operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature range,while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C range (−10˚with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available pack-
aged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while theLM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in theplastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also avail-able in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and aplastic TO-220 package.
Featuresn Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)n Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factorn 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)n Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C rangen Suitable for remote applicationsn Low cost due to wafer-level trimmingn Operates from 4 to 30 voltsn Less than 60 µA current drainn Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still airn Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typicaln Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load
Typical Applications
DS005516-3
FIGURE 1. Basic Centigrade Temperature Sensor(+2˚C to +150˚C)
DS005516-4
Choose R1 = −VS/50 µAV OUT=+1,500 mV at +150˚C
= +250 mV at +25˚C= −550 mV at −55˚C
FIGURE 2. Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor
Order Number LM35H, LM35AH, LM35CH, LM35CAH orLM35DH
See NS Package Number H03H
TO-92Plastic Package
DS005516-2
Order Number LM35CZ,LM35CAZ or LM35DZ
See NS Package Number Z03A
SO-8Small Outline Molded Package
DS005516-21
N.C. = No Connection
Top ViewOrder Number LM35DM
See NS Package Number M08A
TO-220Plastic Package*
DS005516-24
*Tab is connected to the negative pin (GND).Note: The LM35DT pinout is different than the discontinued LM35DP.
Order Number LM35DTSee NS Package Number TA03F
LM35
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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 10)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage +35V to −0.2VOutput Voltage +6V to −1.0VOutput Current 10 mAStorage Temp.;
TO-46 Package, −60˚C to +180˚CTO-92 Package, −60˚C to +150˚CSO-8 Package, −65˚C to +150˚CTO-220 Package, −65˚C to +150˚C
Lead Temp.:TO-46 Package,
(Soldering, 10 seconds) 300˚C
TO-92 and TO-220 Package,(Soldering, 10 seconds) 260˚C
ESD Susceptibility (Note 11) 2500VSpecified Operating Temperature Range: TMIN to T MAX(Note 2)
LM35, LM35A −55˚C to +150˚CLM35C, LM35CA −40˚C to +110˚CLM35D 0˚C to +100˚C
Electrical Characteristics(Notes 1, 6)
LM35A LM35CA
Parameter Conditions Tested Design Tested Design Units
Typical Limit Limit Typical Limit Limit (Max.)
(Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 4) (Note 5)
Accuracy T A=+25˚C ±0.2 ±0.5 ±0.2 ±0.5 ˚C
(Note 7) T A=−10˚C ±0.3 ±0.3 ±1.0 ˚C
T A=TMAX ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.0 ˚C
T A=TMIN ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.5 ˚C
Nonlinearity T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.18 ±0.35 ±0.15 ±0.3 ˚C
(Note 8)
Sensor Gain T MIN≤TA≤TMAX +10.0 +9.9, +10.0 +9.9, mV/˚C
(Average Slope) +10.1 +10.1
Load Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.0 mV/mA
(Note 3) 0≤IL≤1 mA T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.5 ±3.0 ±0.5 ±3.0 mV/mA
Line Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.01 ±0.05 mV/V
(Note 3) 4V≤V S≤30V ±0.02 ±0.1 ±0.02 ±0.1 mV/V
Quiescent Current V S=+5V, +25˚C 56 67 56 67 µA
(Note 9) V S=+5V 105 131 91 114 µA
V S=+30V, +25˚C 56.2 68 56.2 68 µA
V S=+30V 105.5 133 91.5 116 µA
Change of 4V≤VS≤30V, +25˚C 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0 µA
Quiescent Current 4V≤V S≤30V 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 µA
(Note 3)
Temperature +0.39 +0.5 +0.39 +0.5 µA/˚C
Coefficient of
Quiescent Current
Minimum Temperature In circuit of +1.5 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 ˚C
for Rated Accuracy Figure 1, IL=0
Long Term Stability T J=TMAX, for ±0.08 ±0.08 ˚C
1000 hours
LM35
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Electrical Characteristics(Notes 1, 6)
LM35 LM35C, LM35D
Parameter Conditions Tested Design Tested Design Units
Typical Limit Limit Typical Limit Limit (Max.)
(Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 4) (Note 5)
Accuracy, T A=+25˚C ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.0 ˚C
LM35, LM35C T A=−10˚C ±0.5 ±0.5 ±1.5 ˚C
(Note 7) T A=TMAX ±0.8 ±1.5 ±0.8 ±1.5 ˚C
T A=TMIN ±0.8 ±1.5 ±0.8 ±2.0 ˚C
Accuracy, LM35D(Note 7)
T A=+25˚C ±0.6 ±1.5 ˚C
TA=TMAX ±0.9 ±2.0 ˚C
TA=TMIN ±0.9 ±2.0 ˚C
Nonlinearity T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.2 ±0.5 ˚C
(Note 8)
Sensor Gain T MIN≤TA≤TMAX +10.0 +9.8, +10.0 +9.8, mV/˚C
(Average Slope) +10.2 +10.2
Load Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.4 ±2.0 ±0.4 ±2.0 mV/mA
(Note 3) 0≤IL≤1 mA T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.5 ±5.0 ±0.5 ±5.0 mV/mA
Line Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.01 ±0.1 ±0.01 ±0.1 mV/V
(Note 3) 4V≤V S≤30V ±0.02 ±0.2 ±0.02 ±0.2 mV/V
Quiescent Current V S=+5V, +25˚C 56 80 56 80 µA
(Note 9) V S=+5V 105 158 91 138 µA
V S=+30V, +25˚C 56.2 82 56.2 82 µA
V S=+30V 105.5 161 91.5 141 µA
Change of 4V≤VS≤30V, +25˚C 0.2 2.0 0.2 2.0 µA
Quiescent Current 4V≤V S≤30V 0.5 3.0 0.5 3.0 µA
(Note 3)
Temperature +0.39 +0.7 +0.39 +0.7 µA/˚C
Coefficient of
Quiescent Current
Minimum Temperature In circuit of +1.5 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 ˚C
for Rated Accuracy Figure 1, IL=0
Long Term Stability T J=TMAX, for ±0.08 ±0.08 ˚C
1000 hours
Note 1: Unless otherwise noted, these specifications apply: −55˚C≤TJ≤+150˚C for the LM35 and LM35A; −40˚≤TJ≤+110˚C for the LM35C and LM35CA; and0˚≤TJ≤+100˚C for the LM35D. VS=+5Vdc and ILOAD=50 µA, in the circuit of Figure 2. These specifications also apply from +2˚C to TMAX in the circuit of Figure 1.Specifications in boldface apply over the full rated temperature range.
Note 2: Thermal resistance of the TO-46 package is 400˚C/W, junction to ambient, and 24˚C/W junction to case. Thermal resistance of the TO-92 package is180˚C/W junction to ambient. Thermal resistance of the small outline molded package is 220˚C/W junction to ambient. Thermal resistance of the TO-220 packageis 90˚C/W junction to ambient. For additional thermal resistance information see table in the Applications section.
Note 3: Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output due to heating effects can becomputed by multiplying the internal dissipation by the thermal resistance.
Note 4: Tested Limits are guaranteed and 100% tested in production.
Note 5: Design Limits are guaranteed (but not 100% production tested) over the indicated temperature and supply voltage ranges. These limits are not used tocalculate outgoing quality levels.
Note 6: Specifications in boldface apply over the full rated temperature range.
Note 7: Accuracy is defined as the error between the output voltage and 10mv/˚C times the device’s case temperature, at specified conditions of voltage, current,and temperature (expressed in ˚C).
Note 8: Nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of the output-voltage-versus-temperature curve from the best-fit straight line, over the device’s rated temperaturerange.
Note 9: Quiescent current is defined in the circuit of Figure 1.
Note 10: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications do not apply when operatingthe device beyond its rated operating conditions. See Note 1.
Note 11: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor.
Note 12: See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” or the section titled “Surface Mount” found in a current NationalSemiconductor Linear Data Book for other methods of soldering surface mount devices.
LM35
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Typical Performance Characteristics
Thermal ResistanceJunction to Air
DS005516-25
Thermal Time Constant
DS005516-26
Thermal Responsein Still Air
DS005516-27
Thermal Response inStirred Oil Bath
DS005516-28
Minimum SupplyVoltage vs. Temperature
DS005516-29
Quiescent Currentvs. Temperature(In Circuit of Figure 1.)
DS005516-30
Quiescent Currentvs. Temperature(In Circuit of Figure 2.)
DS005516-31
Accuracy vs. Temperature(Guaranteed)
DS005516-32
Accuracy vs. Temperature(Guaranteed)
DS005516-33
LM35
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
ApplicationsThe LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as otherintegrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued orcemented to a surface and its temperature will be withinabout 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.
This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost thesame as the surface temperature; if the air temperature weremuch higher or lower than the surface temperature, theactual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an interme-diate temperature between the surface temperature and theair temperature. This is expecially true for the TO-92 plasticpackage, where the copper leads are the principal thermalpath to carry heat into the device, so its temperature mightbe closer to the air temperature than to the surface tempera-ture.
To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to theLM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same tempera-ture as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this isto cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which willinsure that the leads and wires are all at the same tempera-ture as the surface, and that the LM35 die’s temperature willnot be affected by the air temperature.
The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metalsurface or pipe without damage. Of course, in that case theV− terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal.Alternatively, the LM35 can be mounted inside a sealed-endmetal tube, and can then be dipped into a bath or screwedinto a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35 andaccompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated anddry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true ifthe circuit may operate at cold temperatures where conden-sation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes suchas Humiseal and epoxy paints or dips are often used toinsure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connec-tions.
These devices are sometimes soldered to a smalllight-weight heat fin, to decrease the thermal time constantand speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On theother hand, a small thermal mass may be added to thesensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviationsin the air temperature.
Temperature Rise of LM35 Due To Self-heating (Thermal Resistance, θJA)TO-46, TO-46*, TO-92, TO-92**, SO-8 SO-8** TO-220
no heatsink
small heat fin no heatsink
small heat fin no heatsink
small heat fin no heatsink
Still air 400˚C/W 100˚C/W 180˚C/W 140˚C/W 220˚C/W 110˚C/W 90˚C/W
Moving air 100˚C/W 40˚C/W 90˚C/W 70˚C/W 105˚C/W 90˚C/W 26˚C/W
Still oil 100˚C/W 40˚C/W 90˚C/W 70˚C/W
Stirred oil 50˚C/W 30˚C/W 45˚C/W 40˚C/W
(Clamped to metal,
Infinite heat sink) (24˚C/W) (55˚C/W)
*Wakefield type 201, or 1" disc of 0.020" sheet brass, soldered to case, or similar.**TO-92 and SO-8 packages glued and leads soldered to 1" square of 1/16" printed circuit board with 2 oz. foil or similar.
Noise Voltage
DS005516-34
Start-Up Response
DS005516-35
LM35
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Typical Applications
CAPACITIVE LOADS
Like most micropower circuits, the LM35 has a limited abilityto drive heavy capacitive loads. The LM35 by itself is able todrive 50 pf without special precautions. If heavier loads areanticipated, it is easy to isolate or decouple the load with aresistor; see Figure 3. Or you can improve the tolerance ofcapacitance with a series R-C damper from output toground; see Figure 4.
When the LM35 is applied with a 200Ω load resistor asshown in Figure 5, Figure 6 or Figure 8 it is relatively immuneto wiring capacitance because the capacitance forms a by-pass from ground to input, not on the output. However, aswith any linear circuit connected to wires in a hostile envi-ronment, its performance can be affected adversely by in-tense electromagnetic sources such as relays, radio trans-mitters, motors with arcing brushes, SCR transients, etc, asits wiring can act as a receiving antenna and its internaljunctions can act as rectifiers. For best results in such cases,a bypass capacitor from VIN to ground and a series R-Cdamper such as 75Ω in series with 0.2 or 1 µF from output toground are often useful. These are shown in Figure 13,Figure 14, and Figure 16.
DS005516-19
FIGURE 3. LM35 with Decoupling from Capacitive Load
DS005516-20
FIGURE 4. LM35 with R-C Damper
DS005516-5
FIGURE 5. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor(Grounded Sensor)
DS005516-6
FIGURE 6. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor(Output Referred to Ground)
DS005516-7
FIGURE 7. Temperature Sensor, Single Supply, −55˚ to+150˚C
DS005516-8
FIGURE 8. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor(Output Referred to Ground)
DS005516-9
FIGURE 9. 4-To-20 mA Current Source (0˚C to +100˚C)
NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORTDEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERALCOUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices orsystems which, (a) are intended for surgical implantinto the body, or (b) support or sustain life, andwhose failure to perform when properly used inaccordance with instructions for use provided in thelabeling, can be reasonably expected to result in asignificant injury to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a lifesupport device or system whose failure to performcan be reasonably expected to cause the failure ofthe life support device or system, or to affect itssafety or effectiveness.
National SemiconductorCorporationAmericasTel: 1-800-272-9959Fax: 1-800-737-7018Email: [email protected]
National SemiconductorAsia Pacific CustomerResponse GroupTel: 65-2544466Fax: 65-2504466Email: [email protected]
National SemiconductorJapan Ltd.Tel: 81-3-5639-7560Fax: 81-3-5639-7507
www.national.com
TO-92 Plastic Package (Z)Order Number LM35CZ, LM35CAZ or LM35DZ
NS Package Number Z03A
LM35
Precision
Centigrade
Temperature
Sensors
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers– Fully Static Operation– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories– 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
– 1K Byte Internal SRAM– Programming Lock for Software Security
• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard– Extensive On-chip Debug Support– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
• Peripheral Features– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator– Four PWM Channels– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface– Programmable Serial USART– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator– External and Internal Interrupt Sources– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
• Operating Voltages– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L– 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
• Speed Grades– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L– Active: 1.1 mA– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA– Power-down Mode: < 1 µA
8-bit Microcontroller with 16K Bytes In-SystemProgrammable Flash
ATmega16ATmega16L
Summary
Note: This is a summary document. A complete documentis available on our Web site at www.atmel.com.
2 ATmega16(L)2466HS–AVR–12/03
Pin Configurations Figure 1. Pinouts ATmega16
Disclaimer Typical values contained in this datasheet are based on simulations and characteriza-tion of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured on the same process technology. Minand Max values will be available after the device is characterized.
Overview The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhancedRISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, theATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the systemdesigner to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
Block Diagram Figure 2. Block Diagram
INTERNALOSCILLATOR
OSCILLATOR
WATCHDOGTIMER
MCU CTRL.& TIMING
OSCILLATOR
TIMERS/COUNTERS
INTERRUPTUNIT
STACKPOINTER
EEPROM
SRAM
STATUSREGISTER
USART
PROGRAMCOUNTER
PROGRAMFLASH
INSTRUCTIONREGISTER
INSTRUCTIONDECODER
PROGRAMMINGLOGIC SPI
ADCINTERFACE
COMP.INTERFACE
PORTA DRIVERS/BUFFERS
PORTA DIGITAL INTERFACE
GENERALPURPOSE
REGISTERS
X
Y
Z
ALU
+-
PORTC DRIVERS/BUFFERS
PORTC DIGITAL INTERFACE
PORTB DIGITAL INTERFACE
PORTB DRIVERS/BUFFERS
PORTD DIGITAL INTERFACE
PORTD DRIVERS/BUFFERS
XTAL1
XTAL2
RESET
CONTROLLINES
VCC
GND
MUX &ADC
AREF
PA0 - PA7 PC0 - PC7
PD0 - PD7PB0 - PB7
AVR CPU
TWI
AVCC
INTERNALCALIBRATEDOSCILLATOR
4 ATmega16(L)2466HS–AVR–12/03
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowingtwo independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clockcycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up toten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The ATmega16 provides the following features: 16K bytes of In-System ProgrammableFlash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1Kbyte SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, aJTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging support and programming, threeflexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and External Interrupts, a serialprogrammable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bitADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only),a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and sixsoftware selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowingthe USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, andinterrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register con-tents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next ExternalInterrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer continuesto run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchro-nous Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standbymode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping.This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. In ExtendedStandby mode, both the main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer continue to run.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology.The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-systemthrough an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, orby an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use anyinterface to download the application program in the Application Flash memory. Soft-ware in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section isupdated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPUwith In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega16 isa powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution tomany embedded control applications.
The ATmega16 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system developmenttools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuitemulators, and evaluation kits.
Pin Descriptions
VCC Digital supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used.Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A outputbuffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will sourcecurrent if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated whena reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
5
ATmega16(L)
2466HS–AVR–12/03
Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for eachbit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sinkand source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will sourcecurrent if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listedon page 56.
Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for eachbit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sinkand source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will sourcecurrent if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface isenabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be acti-vated even if a reset occurs.
Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of theATmega16 as listed on page 59.
Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for eachbit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sinkand source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will sourcecurrent if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listedon page 61.
RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will gener-ate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table15 on page 36. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externallyconnected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be con-nected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
6 ATmega16(L)2466HS–AVR–12/03
Register SummaryAddress Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
Notes: 1. When the OCDEN Fuse is unprogrammed, the OSCCAL Register is always accessed on this address. Refer to the debug-ger specific documentation for details on how to use the OCDR Register.
2. Refer to the USART description for details on how to access UBRRH and UCSRC.3. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.4. Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that the CBI and SBI instructions will operate on
all bits in the I/O Register, writing a one back into any flag read as set, thus clearing the flag. The CBI and SBI instructionswork with registers $00 to $1F only.
CLH Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG H ← 0 H 1MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONSNOP No Operation None 1SLEEP Sleep (see specific descr. for Sleep function) None 1WDR Watchdog Reset (see specific descr. for WDR/timer) None 1BREAK Break For On-Chip Debug Only None N/A
Notes: 1. This package conforms to JEDEC reference MS-011, Variation AC. 2. Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold Flash or Protrusion.
Mold Flash or Protrusion shall not exceed 0.25 mm (0.010").
14 ATmega16(L)2466HS–AVR–12/03
44M1
2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131
TITLE DRAWING NO.
R
REV. 44M1, 44-pad, 7 x 7 x 1.0 mm Body, Lead Pitch 0.50 mm Micro Lead Frame Package (MLF) C44M1
01/15/03
COMMON DIMENSIONS(Unit of Measure = mm)
SYMBOL MIN NOM MAX NOTE
A 0.80 0.90 1.00
A1 – 0.02 0.05
A3 0.25 REF
b 0.18 0.23 0.30
D 7.00 BSC
D2 5.00 5.20 5.40
E 7.00 BSC
E2 5.00 5.20 5.40
e 0.50 BSC
L 0.35 0.55 0.75Notes: 1. JEDEC Standard MO-220, Fig. 1 (SAW Singulation) VKKD-1.
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
D
E
Marked Pin# 1 ID
E2
D2
b e
Pin #1 CornerL
A1
A3
A
SEATING PLANE
15
ATmega16(L)
2466HS–AVR–12/03
Errata The revision letter in this section refers to the revision of the ATmega16 device.
ATmega16(L) Rev. I • IDCODE masks data from TDI input
1. IDCODE masks data from TDI input
The JTAG instruction IDCODE is not working correctly. Data to succeeding devicesare replaced by all-ones during Update-DR.
Problem Fix / Workaround
– If ATmega16 is the only device in the scan chain, the problem is not visible.
– Select the Device ID Register of the ATmega16 by issuing the IDCODEinstruction or by entering the Test-Logic-Reset state of the TAP controller toread out the contents of its Device ID Register and possibly data fromsucceeding devices of the scan chain. Issue the BYPASS instruction to theATmega16 while reading the Device ID Registers of preceding devices of theboundary scan chain.
– If the Device IDs of all devices in the boundary scan chain must be capturedsimultaneously, the ATmega16 must be the fist device in the chain.
ATmega16(L) Rev. H • IDCODE masks data from TDI input
1. IDCODE masks data from TDI input
The JTAG instruction IDCODE is not working correctly. Data to succeeding devicesare replaced by all-ones during Update-DR.
Problem Fix / Workaround
– If ATmega16 is the only device in the scan chain, the problem is not visible.
– Select the Device ID Register of the ATmega16 by issuing the IDCODEinstruction or by entering the Test-Logic-Reset state of the TAP controller toread out the contents of its Device ID Register and possibly data fromsucceeding devices of the scan chain. Issue the BYPASS instruction to theATmega16 while reading the Device ID Registers of preceding devices of theboundary scan chain.
– If the Device IDs of all devices in the boundary scan chain must be capturedsimultaneously, the ATmega16 must be the fist device in the chain.
ATmega16(L) Rev. G • IDCODE masks data from TDI input
1. IDCODE masks data from TDI input
The JTAG instruction IDCODE is not working correctly. Data to succeeding devicesare replaced by all-ones during Update-DR.
Problem Fix / Workaround
– If ATmega16 is the only device in the scan chain, the problem is not visible.
– Select the Device ID Register of the ATmega16 by issuing the IDCODEinstruction or by entering the Test-Logic-Reset state of the TAP controller toread out the contents of its Device ID Register and possibly data fromsucceeding devices of the scan chain. Issue the BYPASS instruction to theATmega16 while reading the Device ID Registers of preceding devices of theboundary scan chain.
16 ATmega16(L)2466HS–AVR–12/03
– If the Device IDs of all devices in the boundary scan chain must be capturedsimultaneously, the ATmega16 must be the fist device in the chain.
17
ATmega16(L)
2466HS–AVR–12/03
Datasheet Change Log for ATmega16
This section contains a log on the changes made to the datasheet for ATmega16.
Changes from Rev. 2466G-10/03 to Rev. 2466H-12/03
All page numbers refer to this document.
1. Updated “Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator” on page 27.
Changes from Rev. 2466F-02/03 to Rev. 2466G-10/03
All page numbers refer to this document.
1. Removed “Preliminary” from the datasheet.
2. Changed ICP to ICP1 in the datasheet.
3. Updated “JTAG Interface and On-chip Debug System” on page 34.
4. Updated assembly and C code examples in “Watchdog Timer Control Regis-ter – WDTCR” on page 41.
5. Updated Figure 46 on page 101.
6. Updated Table 15 on page 36, Table 82 on page 215 and Table 115 on page274.
7. Updated “Test Access Port – TAP” on page 220 regarding JTAGEN.
8. Updated description for the JTD bit on page 229.
9. Added note 2 to Figure 126 on page 251.
10. Added a note regarding JTAGEN fuse to Table 105 on page 259.
11. Updated Absolute Maximum Ratings* and DC Characteristics in “ElectricalCharacteristics” on page 289.
12. Updated “ATmega16 Typical Characteristics” on page 297.
13. Fixed typo for 16 MHz MLF package in “Ordering Information” on page 11.
14. Added a proposal for solving problems regarding the JTAG instructionIDCODE in “Errata” on page 15.
Changes from Rev. 2466E-10/02 to Rev. 2466F-02/03
All page numbers refer to this document.
1. Added note about masking out unused bits when reading the ProgramCounter in “Stack Pointer” on page 10.
2. Added Chip Erase as a first step in “Programming the Flash” on page 286 and“Programming the EEPROM” on page 287.
3. Added the section “Unconnected pins” on page 53.
18 ATmega16(L)2466HS–AVR–12/03
4. Added tips on how to disable the OCD system in “On-chip Debug System” onpage 34.
5. Removed reference to the “Multi-purpose Oscillator” application note and“32 kHz Crystal Oscillator” application note, which do not exist.
6. Added information about PWM symmetry for Timer0 and Timer2.
7. Added note in “Filling the Temporary Buffer (Page Loading)” on page 252about writing to the EEPROM during an SPM Page Load.
8. Removed ADHSM completely.
9. Added Table 73, “TWI Bit Rate Prescaler,” on page 180 to describe the TWPSbits in the “TWI Status Register – TWSR” on page 179.
10. Added section “Default Clock Source” on page 23.
11. Added note about frequency variation when using an external clock. Noteadded in “External Clock” on page 29. An extra row and a note added in Table118 on page 291.
12. Various minor TWI corrections.
13. Added “Power Consumption” data in “Features” on page 1.
14. Added section “EEPROM Write During Power-down Sleep Mode” on page 20.
15. Added note about Differential Mode with Auto Triggering in “Prescaling andConversion Timing” on page 205.
16. Added updated “Packaging Information” on page 12.
Changes from Rev. 2466D-09/02 to Rev. 2466E-10/02
All page numbers refer to this document.
1. Updated “DC Characteristics” on page 289.
Changes from Rev. 2466C-03/02 to Rev. 2466D-09/02
All page numbers refer to this document.
1. Changed all Flash write/erase cycles from 1,000 to 10,000.
2. Updated the following tables: Table 4 on page 24, Table 15 on page 36, Table42 on page 83, Table 45 on page 110, Table 46 on page 110, Table 59 on page141, Table 67 on page 165, Table 90 on page 233, Table 102 on page 257, “DCCharacteristics” on page 289, Table 119 on page 291, Table 121 on page 293,and Table 122 on page 295.
3. Updated “Errata” on page 15.
Changes from Rev. 2466B-09/01 to Rev. 2466C-03/02
All page numbers refer to this document.
1. Updated typical EEPROM programming time, Table 1 on page 18.
19
ATmega16(L)
2466HS–AVR–12/03
2. Updated typical start-up time in the following tables:
Table 3 on page 23, Table 5 on page 25, Table 6 on page 26, Table 8 on page 27,Table 9 on page 27, and Table 10 on page 28.
3. Updated Table 17 on page 41 with typical WDT Time-out.
4. Added Some Preliminary Test Limits and Characterization Data.
Removed some of the TBD's in the following tables and pages:
Table 15 on page 36, Table 16 on page 40, Table 116 on page 272 (table removedin document review #D), “Electrical Characteristics” on page 289, Table 119 onpage 291, Table 121 on page 293, and Table 122 on page 295.
5. Updated TWI Chapter.
Added the note at the end of the “Bit Rate Generator Unit” on page 176.
6. Corrected description of ADSC bit in “ADC Control and Status Register A –ADCSRA” on page 217.
7. Improved description on how to do a polarity check of the ADC doff results in“ADC Conversion Result” on page 214.
8. Added JTAG version number for rev. H in Table 87 on page 227.
9. Added not regarding OCDEN Fuse below Table 105 on page 259.
10. Updated Programming Figures:
Figure 127 on page 261 and Figure 136 on page 272 are updated to also reflect thatAVCC must be connected during Programming mode. Figure 131 on page 268added to illustrate how to program the fuses.
11. Added a note regarding usage of the “PROG_PAGELOAD ($6)” on page 278and “PROG_PAGEREAD ($7)” on page 278.
12. Removed alternative algortihm for leaving JTAG Programming mode.
See “Leaving Programming Mode” on page 286.
13. Added Calibrated RC Oscillator characterization curves in section “ATmega16Typical Characteristics” on page 297.
14. Corrected ordering code for MLF package (16MHz) in “Ordering Information”on page 11.
15. Corrected Table 90, “Scan Signals for the Oscillators(1)(2)(3),” on page 233.
Printed on recycled paper.
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