Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya

7/23/2019 Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya

1/28


2/28

>

NDN L

PKBFDM[A[DB

4"4" Advd~ Nkadedbj

Kbk~jl gk~{pdedb xdadm xdv{ ekn{v{mdb {vdgd fdadg ekmlf{pdb

gdb{xld" Pkblbjedvdb ekn{v{mdb kbk~jl fdpdv gk~{pdedb lbfledvc~

pkblbjedvdb ekgdeg{~db! bdg{b nk~xdgddb fkbjdb lv{ o{jd

gkblgn{aedb gdxdadm fdadg {xdmd pkb|kflddbb|d"

Pkgdedldb kbk~jl x{~|d fl Lbfcbkxld gkgp{b|dl p~cxpke |dbj

xdbjdv ndle! gkbjlbjdv ndmzd xkhd~d jkcj~dilx xkndjdl bkjd~d v~cplx!

gkalbvdbj jd~lx edv{alxvlzd nk~pcvkbxl kbk~jl x{~|d |dbj h{e{p ndle"

Pkgdbiddvdb Vkbdjd X{~|d gkada{l ecbyk~xl Pmcvcycavdlh vkadm

ndb|de flvk~dpedb dbvd~d adlb! pkbk~dpdb xlxvkg lbflylf{ fdb xlxvkg

m|n~lf |dlv{ xlxvkg pkbjjdn{bjdb dbvd~d x{gnk~ kbk~jl ecbykbxlcbda

fkbjdb x{gnk~ kbk~jl vk~nd~{edb"

Pdfd ecbflxl nkndb ~kbfdm xlxvkg nkek~od fkbjdb xlxvkg

lbyk~vk~ fdb ndvk~dl" Oled nkndb vk~{x nk~vdgndm mlbjjd gkbhdpdl

edpdxlvdx |dbj vk~fdpdv pdfd lbyk~vk~ dvd{ vkjdbjdb ndvk~dl xkgdelb

~kbfdm! gded xlxvkg ecbv~ca dedb xkjk~d gkbjcpk~dxledb jkbxkv! gded

jkbxkv dedb nk~i{bjxl xkndjdl DH#FH ecbyk~vk~ {bv{e pkbjlxldb

ndvk~dl! fdb fdpdv nk~cpk~dxl xkhd~d pd~daka {bv{e gkgkb{ml ekn{v{mdb

nkndb vk~xkn{v" Fkbjdb fkgleldb! ecbflxl pkgnkndbdb flkxka gkbodfl

xdbjdv kilxlkb ed~kbd mdb|d nk~cpk~dxl pdfd nkndb vk~vkbv{"


3/28

8

4">" ^{g{xdb Gdxdadm

4">"4" Ndjdldgdbd Xkod~dm Gcf{a X{~|d -Pmcvcycavdlh,3

4">">" Dpd Fkilblxl Fd~l Gcf{a X{~|d -Pmcvcycavdlh,3

4">"8" Ndjdlgdbd Hd~d Gkgdbiddvdb Kbk~jl X{~|d3

4">"6" Ndjdlgdbd P~cxkx Jd|d Jk~de Alxv~le Pdfd Kbk~jl X{~|d3

4">";" Ndjdlgdbd Xekgd Xdgn{bjdb P'B3

4">"9" Dpd Ekj{bddb Fd~l Kbk~jl X{~|d3

4">":" Ndjdlgdbd P~cxpke Pkbjj{bddb Xka X{~|d Flndbflbjedb

fkbjdb Kbk~jl Adlb3

4"8 V{o{db Pkb{alxdb

4, [bv{e gkgpk~ekbdaedb pdfd gdx|d~dedv vkbvdbj ekj{bddb fd~l

kbk~jl x{~|d fdadg ekmlf{pdb xkmd~l ' md~l

>, [bv{e gkbjkvdm{l pk~ndbflbjdb xka x{~|d fkbjdb kbk~jl adlb

8, [bv{e gkbjdode gdx|d~dedv le{v gkgdbiddvedb kbk~jl x{~|d lbl

fdadg ekmlf{pdb xkmd~'md~l dvd{ {bv{e ekpk~a{db adlbb|d"


4/28

6

NDN LL

ADBFDXDB VKC^L

Pkgndbjelv Alxv~le Vkbdjd X{~|d dfdadm pkgndbjelv |dbj

gkgdbiddvedb xlbd~ gdvdmd~l xkndjdl x{gnk~ pkbjmdxla alxv~le" Dadv {vdgd

{bv{e gkbdbjedp! pk~{ndm fdb pkbjmdxla alxv~le dfdadm Pmcvcycavdlh |dbj

flxkn{v xkhd~d {g{g Gcf{a # Pdbka Xcad~ Hkaa"

Fkbjdb dadv vk~xkn{v xlbd~ gdvdmd~l fl~{ndm gkbodfl alxv~le gkada{l

p~cxkx dal~db'dal~db kakev~cb bkjdvli fdb pcxlvli flfdadg hkaa gcf{a vk~xkn{v

ed~kbd pk~nkfddb kakhv~cb" Mdxla fd~l dal~db kakev~cb'kakev~cb dedb gkbodfl

alxv~le FH |dbj fdpdv adbjx{bj flgdbidvedb {bv{e gkbjlxl ndvvk~| # del

xkx{dl vkjdbjdb fdb dgpk~k |dbj flpk~a{edb" ^dvd'~dvd p~cf{e gcf{a xcad~

hkaa |dbj dfd flpdxd~db gkbjmdxlaedb vkjdbjdb 4> x#f 4= YFH fdb dgpk~k

dbvd~d 0"; x#f : Dgpk~k" Gcf{a o{jd gkglalel edpdxlvdx nk~dbked ~djdg

g{adl edpxlvdx 40 Zdvv Pkde x#f >00 Zdvv Pkde o{jd gkglalel v|pk hkaa

gcbch~|xvda fdb pca|h~|xvda" Ecgpcbkb lbvl fd~l xlxvkg PAVX lbl gkalp{vl

pk~dadvdb ? Gcf{a Xcad~ Hkaa! ^kj{advc~ # hcbv~caak~! Ndvvk~| # Del! Lbyk~vk~

FH ek DH! Nkndb # Acdf" Pdfd x{dv{ pk~{xdmddb |dbj vkadm

gkbjkgndbjedb nknk~dpd p~cf{ePAVX |dbj flj{bdedb {bv{e ~{gdm

vdbjjd fkbjdb xedad ekhla! hcbvcm pdekv p~cf{eb|d dfdadm Pkbk~dbjdb

Alxv~le ^{gdm -PA^," Fkbjdb pdekv p~cf{e PA^ vk~xkn{v fdpdv

flgdbiddvedb {bv{e pd~d pkbf{f{e fl Lbfcbkxld {bv{e xca{xl dedb

ekn{v{mdb alxv~le |dbj fl fdk~dmb|d x{alv flodbjed{ alxv~le PAB dvd{ fl

fdk~dm pkacxce fdb p~cf{e pdekv PA^ lbl fd~l zdev{ ek zdev{ o{jd
http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/


5/28

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fln{v{medb nknk~dpd ecbx{gkb pk~ecvddb fdb pk~{xdmddb fkbjdb gdex{f

gkbjecgnlbdxledb fkbjdb alxv~le PAB" ^dvd'~dvd p~cf{e pdekv PA^ lbl

flj{bdedb {bv{e adgp{'adgp{ pkbk~dbjdb fl ~{gdm! edbvc~! vkgpdv lndfdm!

vkgpdv {g{g fkbjdb xedad ekhla fdb gkbkbjdm fdb mdxlab|d fd~l

pkbjj{bddb vk~xkn{v edad{ flmlv{bj xkhd~d nkxd~ flxka{~{m Lbfcbkxld! gded

fkilxlv dedb alxv~le PAB dedb vk~dvdxl ed~kbd PA^ v{~{v gkgndbv{ fdadg

p~cj~dg pkbjmkgdvdb alxv~le"

Nd|dbjedb nlad vldp ~{gdm! edbvc~! vkgpdv lndfdm! vkgpdv {g{g fl

xka{~{m p{ad{ odzd nknk~dpd pk~dadvdb adgp{ pkbk~dbjdbb|d fljdbvl #

flecgnlbdxl fkbjdb xlxvkg PAVX! gded pkbjmkgdvdb fdadg alxv~le PAB

dedb vk~z{o{f xkhd~d b|dvd" Edac ~dj{ hcnd flmlv{bj xdod! glxda 8 adgp{ =

Zdvv -PAX#Hcca fd| aljmv! a{gkb hdmdb|d xdgd fkbjdb adgp{ plod~ 60

Zdvv, {bv{e vldp ~{gdm gkbjj{bdedb PAVX gded! -= Zdvv } 8 n{dm, }

>0o{vd#gdadg -Pk~el~ddb Pkgdedl PAB, 7 6=0"000"000 Zdvv#gdadg"

Xlxvkg Pkgndbjelv Alxv~le Vkbdjd X{~|d -PAVX, dedb aknlm flglbdvl ed~kbd

fdpdv flj{bdedb {bv{e ekpk~a{db dpd xdod fdb fl gdbd xdod ? ndbj{bdb

nkxd~! pdn~le! pk~{gdmdb!fdb adlbb|d" Xkadlb pk~xkflddbb|d vdbpd ndvdx!

vkbdjd x{~|d b|d~lx vdbpd fdgpde n{~{e vk~mdfdp albje{bjdb flndbflbjedb

ndmdb nded~ adlbb|d"Fl bkjd~d'bkjd~d lbf{xv~l gdo{ xkpk~vl Okpdbj! Dgk~led

Xk~ledv! fdb nknk~dpd bkjd~d fl K~cpd fkbjdb ndbv{db x{nxlfl fd~l

pkgk~lbvdm vkadm fla{bh{~edb p~cj~dg'p~cj~dg {bv{e gkgdx|d~dedvedb

alxv~le vkbdjd x{~|d lbl" Vlfde lv{ xdod fl bkjd~d'bkjd~d xkfdbj nk~ekgndbj

xkpk~vl Lbfld! Gcbjca p~cgcxl pkgdedldb x{gnk~ kbk~jl |dbj fdpdv
http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/index.phphttp://www.listriktenagasurya.com/index.phphttp://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/index.phphttp://www.listriktenagasurya.com/index.php


6/28

9

flpk~ndmd~{l lbl vk~{x flade{edb" [bv{e aknlm gkbjkvdm{l dpd lv{

pkgndbjelv alxv~le vkbdjd x{~|d dvd{ edgl xlbjedv fkbjdb PAVX gded fdadg

v{alxdb lbl dedb flokadxedb xkhd~d xlbjedv ecgpcbkb'ecgpcbkb |dbj

gkgnkbv{e PAVX! xlxvlg ekalxv~ledb vkbdjd x{~|d fdb v~kbf vkebcacjl |dbj

dfd"

PAVX fdpdv flgdbiddvedb {bv{e nk~ndjdl gdhdg xlxvkg hdv{fd|d

|dbj dbvd~d adlb ?

Xlxvkg alxv~le pkbk~dbjdb ~{gdm xkpk~vl ? xlxvkg xkbv~dalxdxl! x|xvkg

xkglxkbv~dal'xdxl! xlxvkg fkxkbv~dalxdxl fdb xlxvkg mln~lf"

Xlxvkg Pcgpd Dl~ xkpk~vl ? pcgpd dl~ glb{g! pcgpd l~ljdxl"

Xlxvkg Ekxkmdvdb xkpk~vl? pkb|lgpdb ydexlb! pkb|lgpdb

fd~dm! ecg{bledxl XXN fl p{xekxgdx! fdb pkbk~dbjdb

p{xekxgdx vk~pkbhla"

Xlxvkg Ecg{bledxl xkpk~vl ? vkakylxk ~kpkdvk~! ~dflc ~kpkdvk~!

ecg{bledxl xvdxl{b ek~kvd dpl"

Xlxvkg Pkgbdf{ V~dbxpc~vdxl xkpk~vl? ~dflc xlb|da ndbfd~d! pkb{bo{e

odadb! pk~xlgpdbjdb odadb ek~kvd dpl! pkbk~dbjdb vk~czcbjdb!

adgp{ x{d~ {bv{e bdyljdxl! adgp{'adgp{ ~dgn{"

Xlxvkg p~cvkexl ed~dv xkpk~vl? p~cvkexl edvcfle {bv{e okgndvdb! plpd!

p~cvkexl xv~{ev{~ ndod"

Adlb'adlb xkpk~vl? adgp{ pkbk~dbjdb odadb! xlxvkg pkbhdvdv jkgpd

adgp{ vdgdb! dl~ gdbh{~! edae{advc~! d~acol fdb gcnla x{~|d"
http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/http://www.listriktenagasurya.com/


7/28

:

NDN LLL

PKGNDMDXDB

8"4Xkod~dm Pmcvcycavdlh

Kike pmcvcycavdlh pk~vdgd edal flekbdal pdfd vdm{b 4=8< cakm

ilxledzdb Pk~dbhlx Dak}dbf~k'Kfgcbf Nkht{k~ka" Dedb vkvdpl! xka

x{~|d |dbj pk~vdgd fln{dv nd~{ pdfd vdm{b 4==8 cakm Hmd~akx I~lvvx!

|dbj gkalbje{pl xkglecbf{evc~ xkakbl{g fkbjdb xkn{dm adplxdb kgdx

|dbj xdbjdv vlplx {bv{e gkgnkbv{e xdgn{bjdb'xdgn{bjdb" Dadv

vk~xkn{v mdb|d gkglalel kilxlkbxl 4+" ^{xxkaa Cma gkgdvkbedb xka

x{~|d gcfk~b pdfd vdm{b 4!60>!99> ! .Aljmv xkbxlvlyk

fkylhk.," Gdxd kgdx vkebcacjl vkbdjd x{~|d vlnd pdfd vdm{b 4


8/28

=

8">Fkilblxl Gcf{a X{~|d -Pmcvcycavdlh,

Gcf{a x{~|d -icvcycavdlh, dfdadm xko{gadm xka x{~|d |dbj fl~dbjedl

xkhd~d xk~l fdb pd~daka! {bv{e gkblbjedvedb vkjdbjdb fdb d~{x |dbj

flmdxlaedb xkmlbjjd h{e{p {bv{e pkgdedldb xlxvkg hdv{ fd|d nkndb" [bv{e

gkbfdpdvedb eka{d~db kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj gdexlg{g gded pk~g{eddb

gcf{a x{~|d md~{x xkada{ gkbjd~dm ek gdvdmd~l"

Ecgpcbkb {vdgd xlxvkg x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh dfdadm gcf{a |dbj

gk~{pdedb {blv ~delvdb nknk~dpd xka x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh" [bv{e gkgn{dv

gcf{a pmcvcycavdlh xkhd~d pdn~ledxl nlxd gkbjj{bdedb vkebcacjl e~lxvda fdb

vmlb ilag" Gcf{a pmcvcycavdlh e~lxvda fdpdv fln{dv fkbjdb vkebcacjl |dbj

~kadvli xkfk~mdbd! xkfdbjedb {bv{e gkgn{dv xka pmcvcycavdlh flpk~a{edb

vkebcacjl vlbjjl" Gcf{a pmcvcycavdlh vk~x{x{b fd~l nknk~dpd xka pmcvcycavdlh

|dbj flm{n{bjedb xkhd~d xk~l fdb pd~daaka"

8"8Hd~d Pkgdbiddvdb Kbk~jl X{~|d

Xka x{~|d dfdadm x{dv{ ecgpcbkb kakev~cbled |dbj fdpdv gkbj{ndm

kbk~jl x{~|d gkbodfl kbk~jl alxv~le fdadg nkbv{e d~{x xkd~dm -FH, " Gcf{a

x{~|d -icvcycavdlh, dfdadm xko{gadm xka x{~|d |dbj fl~dbjedl xkhd~d xk~l fdb

pd~daka! {bv{e gkblbjedvedb vkjdbjdb fdb d~{x |dbj flmdxlaedb xkmlbjjd

h{e{p {bv{e pkgdedldb xlxvkg hdv{ fd|d nkndb"

[bv{e gkbfdpdvedb eka{d~db kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj gdexlg{g gded

pk~g{eddb gcf{a x{~|d md~{x xkada{ gkbjd~dm ek gdvdmd~l" Fl Lbfcbkxld!

kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj cpvlg{g dedb flfdpdv dpdnlad gcf{a x{~|d fld~dmedb


9/28

" Icvcb fdpdv vk~pdbv{aedb fd~l pk~g{eddb"

8" Icvcb vk~xkn{v fdpdv flxk~dp cakm xlalecb |dbj ekg{fldb?

d" Gkbjmdxlaedb pdbdx! dvd{

n" Gkbjmdxlaedb pdxdbjdb kakev~cb'a{ndbj! oled kbk~jl icvcb

aknlm nkxd~ fd~lpdfd bladl hkadm plvd xlalecb"


11/28

44

Ekvled xkn{dm icvcb flxk~dp! kbk~jlb|d flnk~ledb ek kakev~cb fl

adplxdb e~lxvda" Nldxdb|d kakev~cb lbl nk~dfd fl plvd ydakbxl! fdb vk~ledv k~dv

xkhd~d ecydakb dbvd~d dvcg'dvcg vkvdbjjdb|d xkmlbjjd vlfde fdpdv nk~jk~de

od{m fkbjdb aka{dxd" Kbk~jl |dbj flnk~ledb ekpdfdb|d cakm icvcb

gkbjkexlvdxlb|d ek plvd ecbf{exl! flgdbd ld dedb nkndx {bv{e nk~jk~de

fdadg xkglecbf{evc~ vk~xkn{v" Ledvdb ecydakb |dbj xknka{gb|d vk~odfl pdfd

kakev~cb vdfl gkbodfl eke{~dbjdb xdv{ kakev~cb5 mda lbl flxkn{v mcak

-a{ndbj," Eknk~dfddb ledvdb ecydakb |dbj mladbj gkbodfledb kakev~cb |dbj

vk~ledv pdfd dvcg vkvdbjjd nk~jk~de ek a{ndbj! gkbljjdaedb a{ndbj adlbb|d!

fdb fkbjdb odadb lbl xkn{dm a{ndbj fdpdv nk~jk~de gkada{l adplxdb e~lxvda"

Odfl! fdpdv fledvdedb ndmzd icvcb'icvcb |dbj flxk~dp fdadg xkglecbf{evc~

gkgn{dv pdxdbjdb'pdxdbjdb kakev~cb'a{ndbj |dbj fdpdv nk~jk~de"

Xkn{dm icvcb mdb|d pk~a{ gkglalel kbk~jl aknlm nkxd~ fd~l hkadm plvd

x{pd|d nlxd gkbjkexlvdxl xkn{dm kakev~cb fd~l plvd ydakbxl ek plvd ecbf{exl"

Gkxelp{b fkgleldb! xpkev~{g i~ke{kbxl x{~|d gkbfkedvl xpkev~{g ~dfldxl

nkbfd mlvdg -nadhe ncf|, pdfd r9000 E! fdb cakm ed~kbd lv{ ndb|de ~dfldxl

x{~|d |dbj gkbhdpdl N{gl vk~fl~l dvdx icvcb fkbjdb kbk~jl aknlm nkxd~ fd~l

hkadm plvd xlalecb" Icvcb fkbjdb kbk~jl |dbj h{e{p nkxd~ lbl dedb flxk~dp

cakm xka x{~|d! vkvdpl pk~nkfddb kbk~jl dbvd~d icvcb'icvcb lbl fkbjdb hkadm

plvd xlalecb fl{ndm gkbodfl edac~ -gkada{l jkvd~db adplxdb e~lxvda |dbj

flxkn{v icbcb, n{edb fdadg nkbv{e kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj fdpdv flj{bdedb

xkadbo{vb|d"


12/28

4>

8"; Xekgd Xdgn{bjdb P'B

Xka x{~|d |dbj pdalbj ndb|de flekbda flnkbv{e xkndjdl fdk~dm a{dx

xdgn{bjdb P'B |dbj fln{dv fd~l xlalecb" Xkndjdl pkb|kfk~mdbddb!

xkxkc~dbj fdpdv flnd|dbjedb gkbkgpka xkadplx xlalecb vlpk'b fkbjdb

xkadplx xlalecb vlpk'p" Pdfd p~devkeb|d! xdgn{bjdb P'B vlfde fln{dv xkpk~vl

lbl! vkvdpl fkbjdb hd~d pkbfli{xldb pkbjcvc~ vlpk'b ek xdv{ xlxl fd~l zdik~

vlpk'p -dvd{ xkndaleb|d,"

Oled xkndjldb xlalecb vlpk'p flakvdeedb nk~fkedvdb fkbjdb xkndjldb

xlalecb vlpk'b! gded dedb vk~odfl fli{xl kakev~cb fd~l fdk~dm |dbj gkglalel

ecbxkbv~dxl kakev~cb vlbjjl -xlxl xdgn{bjdb vlpk'b, ek fdk~dm fkbjdb

ecbxkbv~dxl kakev~cb ~kbfdm -xlxl xdgn{bjdb vlpk'p," Ekvled kakev~cb

nk~fli{xl gkakzdvl xdgn{bjdb p'b! gk~ked nk~jdn{bj fkbjdb a{ndbj fl xlxl

vlpk'p" Fli{xl pkgndzd vlfde vk~odfl vdbpd ndvdx ed~kbd gkfdb alxv~le |dbj

fln{dv cakm ekvlfdexklgndbjdb g{dvdb pdfd ekf{d xlxl xdgn{bjdb |dbj

fln{dv cakm p~cxkx fli{xl lbl" Gkfdb alxv~le |dbj vk~nkbv{e xkpdbodbj

xdgn{bjdb p'b gkgn{dv xkn{dm flcfd |dbj gkbjdal~edb d~{x fdadg xdv{

d~dm xkpdbodbj xdgn{bjdb" Kakev~cb nlxd nk~jk~de fd~l xlxl vlpk'b ek xlxl

vlpk'p! xkfdbjedb a{ndbj fdpdv akzdv fd~l xlxl vlpk'p ek xlxl vlpk'b" Fdk~dm

flgdbd kake~cb vkadm nk~fli{xl xkpdbodbj xdgn{bjdb lbl flxkn{v xkndjdl

fdk~dm fkpakxl ed~kbd ld vlfde adjl gkbjdbf{bj pkgndzd g{dvdb nkndx"

Mda lbl o{jd flekbda xkndjdl .xpdhk hmd~jk ~kjlcb."


13/28

48

Jdgnd~ Xpdhk Hmd~jk ~kjlcb

8"9 Pkgdedldb Kbk~jl X{~|d

Fl Lbfcbkxld xlxvkg pmcvcycavdlh vkadm flgdbiddvedb dbvd~d adlb

{bv{e pkbk~dbjdb -~{gdm vdbjjd! odadb,! pcgpd dl~! hdv{ fd|d ndjl

pk~dbjedv vkakecg{bledxl! VY {g{g! pkbflbjlb -dbvd~d adlb {bv{e cndv'

cndvdb,! ~dgn{'~dgn{ ad{v! pkbk~dbjdb {bv{e gkbdbjedp ledb fdb dpaledxl

adlbb|d"

Xdadm xdv{ hd~d pkb|kflddb kbk~jl alxv~le davk~bdvli |dbj xldp {bv{e

flvk~dpedb xkhd~d gdxda pdfd xddv lbl dfdadm gkbjj{bdedb x{dv{ xlxvkg

vkebcacjl |dbj flpk~ekbdaedb xkndjdl Xlxvkg Kbk~jl X{~|d Pmcvcycavdlh

-XKXI, dvd{ xkhd~d {g{g flekbda xkndjdl Pkgndbjelv Alxv~le Vkbdjd X{~|d

Pmcvcycavdlh -PAVX Pmcvcycavdlh," Xkn{vdb XKXI gk~{pdedb lxvladm |dbj

vkadm flnde{edb cakm pkgk~lbvdm |dbj flj{bdedb {bv{e gkbjlfkbvliledxledb

x{dv{ xlxvkg pkgndbjelv kbk~jl |dbj gkgdbiddvedb kbk~jl gdvdmd~l fdb
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg


14/28

46

gkbjj{bdedb vkebcacjl pmcvcycavdlh" Flndbflbjedb kbk~jl alxv~le

ecbykbxlcbda pdfd {g{gb|d! XKXI vk~ekxdb ~{glv! gdmda fdb x{alv

flcpk~dxledb" Bdg{b fd~l pkbjdadgdb aknlm fd~l 4; vdm{b cpk~dxlcbda fl

nknk~dpd edzdxdb fl Lbfcbkxld! XKXI gk~{pdedb x{dv{ xlxvkg |dbj g{fdm

flfdadg pkbjcpk~dxldbb|d! mdbfda! xk~vd gkgk~a{edb nld|d pkgkalmd~ddb

fdb cpk~dxl |dbj ~kbfdm gkbodfledb XKXI gdgp{ nk~xdlbj fkbjdb

vkebcacjl ecbykbxlcbda pdfd xkndjldb nkxd~ ecbflxl zlad|dm Lbfcbkxld |dbj

vk~fl~l dvdx p{ad{ ' p{ad{ ekhla |dbj x{alv flodbjed{ fdb vk~jcacbj xkndjdl

edzdxdb vk~pkbhla"

Xkadlb lv{ XKXI gk~{pdedb x{dv{ vkebcacjl |dbj nk~xlm fdb vlfde

gkbhkgd~l albje{bjdb" Nknk~dpd ecbflxl |dbj xkx{dl {bv{e pkbjj{bddb

XKXI dbvd~d adlb pdfd pkg{elgdb fkxd vk~pkbhla! acedxl v~dbxglj~dxl!

pk~ekn{bdb! bkad|db fdb adlb xkndjdlb|d! ndle {bv{e pkbk~dbjdb ~{gdm

gd{p{b {bv{e idxlalvdx {g{g" Dedb vkvdpl xkx{dl fkbjdb pk~ekgndbjdb

odgdb! pdfd xddv lbl fl bkjd~d'bkjd~d gdo{ pkbk~dpdb XKXI vkadm ndb|de

flj{bdedb {bv{e x{padl kbk~jl alxv~le fl jkf{bj'jkf{bj fdb pk~{gdmdb fl

ecvd'ecvd nkxd~"

Gkbjlbjdv pk~db fdb i{bjxlb|d! vkebcacjl pmcvcycavdlh gkgp{b|dl

xlidv |dbj xdbjdv iakexlnka fdadg vkeble ~dbhdbj ndbj{b fdb

pkgdbiddvdbb|d" Dpaledxl gcf{a lbl fdpdv flvk~dpedb {bv{e pkgdxdbjdb

lbflylf{da gd{p{b ekacgpce xkmlbjjd fdpdv flade{edb fkbjdb xzdfd|d

pk~c~dbjdb! gdx|d~dedv! pk~{xdmddb dvd{ flecc~flbl~ cakm PAB" Fdadg mda

pkbfdbddb5 p~c|ke pmcvcycavdlh gkbodfl xdbjdv g{bjelb {bv{e gkbodfl


15/28

4;

xd~dbd ndbv{db#ek~odxdgd a{d~ bkjk~l! pd~vlxlpdxl pk~{xdmddb gd{p{b

jcacbjdb -hcgg{blv| fkykacpgkbv, {bv{e gkbf{e{bj p~cj~dg alxv~le

pkfkxddb dvd{ pkb|kflddb odxd kbk~jl xkpk~vl?

Alxv~le {bv{e pkbk~dbjdb ~{gdm vdbjjd

Odxd kbk~jl {bv{e idxlalvdx {g{g? Pcgpd#pkbok~blmdb dl~!

^{gdm pk~lndfdvdb! Vkakpcb {g{g dvd{ pkfkxddb! vkakylxl

{g{g! Pkbk~dbjdb odadb fdb adlbb|d

Pkgdxce kbk~jl ndjl idxlalvdx p~cf{exl

Lbvkj~dxl pmcvcycavdlh pdfd ndbj{bdb {bv{e alxv~le pkfkxddb

8": Dpaledxl XKXI [bv{e Alxv~le Pkfkxddb

Xdadm xdv{ pkgdbiddvdb pmcvcycavdlh |dbj fdpdv adbjx{bj

flpk~j{bdedb dfdadm {bv{e pkb|kflddb alxv~le pkfkxddb vk~{vdgd pdfd

edzdxdb vk~pkbhla |dbj x{alv flodbjed{" Pkbk~dpdb XKXI fdpdv flade{edb

fkbjdb pkgdxdbjdb xlxvlg fkxkbv~dalxdxl gkbjj{bdedb od~lbjdb alxv~le

aceda" Nknk~dpd idevc~ pkbvlbj |dbj gkgpkbjd~{ml pkglalmdb xlxvlg fldvdx

dfdadm vcpcj~dil edzdxdb! flxv~ln{xl acedxl pk~{gdmdb! ed~devk~lxvle nkndb

xk~vd xlxvlg pkgnld|ddb |dbj flvk~dpedb"

Nk~fdxd~edb mdxla xv{fl Fl~kevc~dv Okbfk~da Alxv~le fdb

Pkbjkgndbjdb Kbk~jl -FOAPK,! ecbx{gxl alxv~le ~dvd'~dvd pk~'~{gdmvdbjjd

pkgdedl alxv~le fl pkfkxddb -4


16/28

49

Zp fdpdv gkgnk~ledb eka{d~db alxv~le ~dvd'~dvd xknkxd~ >00 Zm#md~l" Gded!

XKXI fkbjdb edpdxlvdx ;0 Zp flpk~el~dedb h{e{p {bv{e gkgkb{ml

ecbx{gxl alxv~le pdfd ~{gdm vdbjjd fl pkfkxddb"

Vlbjedv kecbcglx XKXI xlxvkg od~lbjdb pdfd {g{gb|d fdpdv

flpk~ndlel fkbjdb pkbk~dpdb xlxvkg mln~lfd -m|n~lf x|xvkg,! |dlv{

gkbjecgnlbdxledb XKXI fkbjdb xlxvkg pkgndbjelv alxv~le fkbjdb x{gnk~

kbk~jl vk~nd~{edb adlb |dbj fdpdv flekgndbjedb fledzdxdb vk~xkn{v -xkpk~vl

? kbk~jl dbjlb! gle~cmlf~c! fdb nlcgdxxd, dvd{ pkgndbjelv alxv~le

ecbykbxlcbda jkbxkv flkxka {bv{e xdalbj gkbf{e{bj" Xlxvkg lbl flbladl

pdalbj hchce {bv{e fdk~dm p~d'kakev~liledxl -p~k'kakhv~lilkf," [bv{e

ekpk~a{db lbl! lbxvdadxl Pmcvcycavdlh'b|d fdpdv fln{dv pk~gdbkb xkmlbjjd

gkbodfl xlxvkg lbvk~ecbkexl dvd{ fln{dv xkhd~d gcnlak {bv{e flplbfdmedb ek

edzdxdb adlb |dbj dedb flekgndbjedb"

Nkndb bc~gda! vk~{vdgd pdfd xldbj md~l fdpdv flpdxce fd~l gcf{a

pmcvcycavdlh! xkfdbjedb nkndb p{bhde dedb flvdbjj{adbjl cakm jkbxkv

flkxka" Fkbjdb fkgleldb pkgdedldb xlxvkg flxka fdpdv nkbd~'nkbd~

flcpvlgdaedb xkmlbjjd ekxka{~{mdb xlxvkg fdpdv nkek~od kilxlkb fdb

kecbcglx" Pdfd zlad|dm |dbj gkgp{b|dl pcvkbxl vkbdjd dbjlb! pk~dbdb

jkbxkv flkxka fdpdv fljdbvledb cakm pkgndbjelv alxv~le vkbdjd dbjlb dvd{

x{gnk~ kbk~jl vk~nd~{edb adlbb|d"


17/28

4:

8"= P~cxpke Pkbjj{bddb Xka X{~|d Flndbflbjedb fkbjdb Kbk~jl

Adlb

Kbk~jl nd~{ fdb vk~nd~{edb g{adl gkbfdpdv pk~mdvldb xkode

vk~odflb|d e~lxlx kbk~jl f{bld |dlv{ pdfd vdm{b :0'db fdb xdadm xdv{ kbk~jl

lv{ dfdadm kbk~jl x{~|d" Kbk~jl lv{ fdpdv nk~{ndm gkbodfl d~{x alxv~le |dbj

xkd~dm |dlv{ fkbjdb gkbjj{bdedb xlalecb |dbj vlplx" Xkn{dm e~lxvda xlalbf~lx

Xl flpk~cakm fkbjdb hd~d gkgdbdxedb Xl lv{ fkbjdb vkedbdb |dbj fldv{~

xkmlbjjd Xl lv{ nk~{ndm gkbodfl pkbjmdbvd~" Nlad e~lxvda xlalbf~lx lv{

flpcvcbj xkvknda 0!8 gg! dedb vk~nkbv{eadm xka'xka xlalecb |dbj vlplx dvd{

|dbj flxkn{v o{jd fkbjdb xka x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh" Xka'xka xlalecb lv{ flpdxdbj

fkbjdb pcxlxl xkodod~#xk~l fdadg xkn{dm pdbka |dbj vk~n{dv fd~l da{g{bl{g

dvd{ ndod dbvl ed~dv fdb flalbf{bjl cakm edhd dvd{ padxvle" Ekg{fldb pdfd

vldp'vldp xdgn{bjdb xka lv{ flnk~l xdgn{bjdb alxv~le" Nlad xka'xka lv{ vk~ekbd

xlbd~ gdvdmd~l gded pdfd xdgn{bjdb lv{ dedb gkbjdal~ d~{x alxv~le"

Nkxd~b|d d~{x#vkbdjd alxv~le lv{ vk~jdbv{bj pdfd o{gadm kbk~jl hdmd|d |dbj

gkbhdpdl xlalecb lv{ fdb a{dx pk~g{eddb xka lv{"

Pdfd dxdxb|d xka x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh gk~{pdedb x{dv{ flcfd

xkglecbf{evc~ |dbj nk~ek~od fdadg p~cxkx vde xklgndbj fdb nk~fdxd~edb

kike pmcvcycavdlh" Fdadg p~cxkx lv{ xka x{~|d gkbjmdxlaedb vkjdbjdb 0!;'4

ycav vk~jdbv{bj lbvkbxlvdx hdmd|d fdb dv xkglecbf{evc~ |dbj flpdedl"

Xkgkbvd~d lv{ lbvkbxlvdx kbk~jl |dbj vk~edbf{bj fdadg xlbd~ gdvdmd~l |dbj

xdgpdl ek pk~g{eddb n{gl nkxd~b|d xkelvd~ 4000 Zdvv" Vdpl ed~kbd fd|d

j{bd ecbyk~xl kbk~jl ~dfldxl gkbodfl kbk~jl alxv~le nk~fdxd~edb kike


18/28

4=

pmcvcycavdlh nd~{ gkbhdpdl >;+ gded p~cf{exl alxv~le gdexlgda |dbj

flmdxlaedb xka x{~|d nd~{ gkbhdpdl >;0 Zdvv pk~ g> " Fd~l xlbl vk~almdv

ndmzd PAVX lv{ gkgn{v{medb admdb |dbj a{dx" Mda lv{ gk~{pdedb xdadm

xdv{ pkb|kndn md~jd PAVX gkbodfl gdmda" Flvdgndm adjl md~jd xka x{~|d

pmcvcycavdlh nk~nkbv{e e~lxvda gdmda! mda lbl ed~kbd p~cxkx pkgn{dvdbb|d

|dbj ~{glv" Bdg{b! ecbflxl jkcj~dilx Lbfcbkxld |dbj ndb|de gkglalel

fdk~dm vk~pkbhla x{alv fln{n{bjedb fkbjdb od~lbjdb alxv~le PAB" Ekg{fldb

xkndjdl bkjd~d v~cplx Lbfcbkxld gkgp{b|dl pcvkbxl kbk~jl x{~|d |dbj

vlbjjl" Mda lbl vk~almdv fd~l ~dfldxl md~ldb |dlv{ xknkxd~ 6!; eZm#g>#md~l"

Nk~d~vl p~cxpke pkbjj{bddb pmcvcycavdlh fl gdxd gkbfdvdbj h{e{p hk~dm"

[bv{e lv{adm pk~a{ fl{xdmdedb gkbkedb md~jd pmcvcycavdlh glxdab|d fkbjdb

hd~d xkndjdl nk~le{v" Pk~vdgd gkbjj{bdedb ndmdb xkglecbf{evc~ adlb

xkpk~vl Edfgl{g X{aidv fdb Jdal{g D~xkble |dbj aknlm ecgpkvlvli" Ekf{d

gkblbjedvedb kilxlkbxl xka x{~|d fd~l 40+ gkbodfl 4;+"

Kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj nk~dxda fd~l kbk~jl x{~|d pk~vdgd edal flj{bdedb

{bv{e pkbk~dbjdb ~{gdm vdbjjd fkbjdb xlxvkg fkxkbv~dalxdxl |dbj flekbda

fkbjdb Xcad~ Mcgk X|xvkg -XMX,! ekg{fldb {bv{e VY {g{g! ecg{bledxl

fdb pcgpd dl~" Xkgkbvd~d lv{ kyda{dxl p~cj~dg XMX fl Lbfcbkxld pdfd

p~c|ke Fkxd X{edvdbl! Ndgp~kx! fdb alxv~le gdx{e fkxd gkb{bo{eedb vdbfd'

vdbfd |dbj gkbjjkgnl~dedb fkbjdb eknk~mdxladb pkbk~dpdb xkhd~d

ecgk~xlda" Nk~fdxd~edb pkbkalvldb |dbj flade{edb xdgpdl vdm{b 4


19/28

4!6+" Ekg{fldb fd~l edoldb dzda NPPV flpk~cakm p~c|kexl

ekn{v{mdb xlxvkg PAVX flpk~el~dedb dedb gkbhdpdl ;0 GZp" Xkgkbvd~d

lv{ gkb{~{v pk~el~ddb |dbj adlb pkgdedldb pmcvcycavdlh fl Lbfcbkxld ;'40

vdm{b gkbfdvdbj dedb gkbhdpdl 400 GZ vk~{vdgd {bv{e pkbk~dbjdb fl

pkfkxddb" Xkfdbjedb pk~glbvddb icvcycvdle flpk~el~dedb x{fdm gkbhdpdl

;> GZp"

Ecgpcbkb {vdgd xlxvkg x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh dfdadm gcf{a |dbj

gk~{pdedb {blv ~delvdb nknk~dpd xka x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh" [bv{e gkgn{dv

gcf{a pmcvcycavdlh xkhd~d pdn~ledxl nlxd gkbjj{bdedb vkebcacjl e~lxvda fdb

vmlb ilag" Gcf{a pmcvcycavdlh e~lxvda fdpdv fln{dv fkbjdb vkebcacjl |dbj

~kadvli xkfk~mdbd! xkfdbjedb {bv{e gkgn{dv xka pmcvcycavdlh flpk~a{edb

vkebcacjl vlbjjl" Gcf{a pmcvcycavdlh vk~x{x{b fd~l nknk~dpd xka pmcvcycavdlh

|dbj flm{n{bjedb xkhd~d xk~l fdb pd~daka" Nld|d |dbj fleka{d~edb {bv{e

gkgn{dv gcf{a xka x{~|d |dlv{ xknkxd~ 90+ fd~l nld|d vcvda" Odfl! oled

gcf{a xka x{~|d lv{ nlxd flp~cf{exl fl fdadg bkjk~l nk~d~vl dedb nlxd

gkbjmkgdv nld|d pkgndbj{bdb PAVX" [bv{e lv{adm! gcf{a pkgn{dvdb xka

x{~|d fl Lbfcbkxld vdmdp pk~vdgd dfdadm gkgn{dv nlbjedl -i~dgk,!

ekg{fldb gkgn{dv adglbdxl fkbjdb xka'xka |dbj gdxlm fllgpc~" Oled

pk~glbvddb pdxd~ ndb|de gded pkgn{dvdb xka flade{edb fl fdadg bkjk~l"

Mda lbl ed~kbd vkebcacjl pkgn{dvdb xka x{~|d fkbjdb ndmdb xlalecb xlbjak

fdb pca| h~lxvda xkhd~d vkc~lvlx x{fdm fle{dxdl" Fdadg nlfdbj pmcvcycavdlh

|dbj flj{bdedb pdfd PAVX! Lbfcbkxld vk~b|dvd vkadm gkakzdvl vdmdpdb


20/28

>0

pkbkalvldb fdb pkbjkgndbjdb fdb xked~dbj gkb{o{ vdmdpdb pkadexdbddb

fdb lbxvdadxl {bv{e kakev~liledxl {bv{e pkfkxddb" Vkebcacjl lbl h{e{p

hdbjjlm fdb ek{bv{bjdbb|d dfdadm md~jdb|d g{~dm! nk~xlm! g{fdm

flpdxdbj fdb flcpk~dxledb fdb g{fdm fl~dzdv" Xkfdbjedb ekbfdad {vdgd

|dbj flmdfdpl fdadg pkbjkgndbjdb kbk~jl x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh dfdadm

lbykxvdxl dzda |dbj nkxd~ fdb md~jd pk~ eZm alxv~le |dbj flndbjelvedb

~kadvli vlbjjl! ed~kbd gkgk~a{edb x{nxlxvkg |dbj vk~fl~l dvdx ndvk~dl! {blv

pkbjdv{~ fdb lbyk~vk~ xkx{dl fkbjdb ekn{v{mdbb|d"

Jdgnd~ Pmcvcycavdlh

Fdadg pkbk~dpdbb|d pmcvcycavdlh fdpdv fljdn{bjedb fkbjdb

pkgndbjelv adlb xkpk~vl pkgndbjelv vkbdjd flkxka -PAVF, fdb pkgndbjelv

alxv~le vkbdjd gle~c mlf~c -PAVG," Pkbjjdn{bjdb lbl flbdgdedb xlxvkg

mln~lfd |dbj v{o{dbb|d {bv{e gkbfdpdvedb fd|d j{bd |dbj cpvlgda" Pdfd

xlxvkg lbl PAVX gk~{pdedb ecgpcbkb {vdgd! xkfdbj pkgndbjelv alxv~le

adlbb|d flj{bdedb {bv{e gkbjecgpkbxdxl ekakgdmdb xlxvkg PAVX fdb


21/28

>4

gkbjdbvlxlpdxl ekvlfdepdxvldb h{dhd fdb xlbd~ gdvdmd~l" Pdfd xlxvkg PAVX'

PAVF! PAVF'b|d dedb flj{bdedb xkndjdl .ndbe {p. {bv{e gkbjdvdxl

nkndb gdexlgda" Pkbjedoldb fdb pkbk~dpdb xlxvkg lbl x{fdm flade{edb fl

Nlgd -BVN, fkbjdb edpdxlvdx PAVX 48!; eZp fdb PAVF 60 eZp"

Pkbjjdn{bjdb dbvd~d PAVX fkbjdb PAVG gkgp{b|dl p~cxpke

|dbj hk~dm" Mda lbl ed~kbd x{gnk~ dl~ |dbj fln{v{medb PAVG ~kadvli xkflelv

fdb lv{ ndb|de vk~fdpd fl fkxd'fkxd" [bv{e lv{adm pkgk~lbvdm Lbfcbkxld

fkbjdb pkgk~lbvdm Okpdbj vkadm gk~kdalxdxl pkbk~dpdb xlxvkg gcfka mlf~c

lbl fl fkxd Vd~dvde -Acgnce Vkbjdm, fkbjdb edpdxlvdx PAVX 6= eZp fdb

PAVG xknkxd~ 9!8 eZ"

Pdfd xlxvkg mln~lfd dbvd~d pmcvcycavdlh fkbjdb I{ka Hkaa -xka ndmdb

nded~,! xkalxlm dbvd~d ekn{v{mdb alxv~le pdfd nkndb fdb alxv~le |dbj

flmdxlaedb cakm pmcvcycavdlh dedb flpkb{ml cakm i{ka hkaa" Hcbv~caak~

nk~i{bjxl {bv{e gkbjdv{~ i{ka hkaa djd~ alxv~le |dbj eka{d~ xkx{dl fkbjdb

ekpk~a{db" D~{x FH |dbj flmdxlaedb i{ka hkaa fdb d~{x pmcvcycavdlh

fljdn{bjedb pdfd vkjdbjdb FH |dbj xdgd ekg{fldb flvk~{xedb ek pczk~

hcbflvlcblbj x{nx|xvkg -PHX, |dbj nk~i{bjxl {bv{e gkbj{ndm d~{x FH

gkbodfl d~{x DH" Ek{bv{bjdb xlxvkg lbl dfdadm kilxlkbxlb|d vlbjjl xkmlbjjd

fdpdv gkbjmkgdv ndmdb nded~! fdb ekmladbjdb fd|d alxv~le fdpdv flpk~ekhla

fkbjdb gkbkgpdvedb i{ka hkaa fkedv p{xdv nkndb"


22/28

>>

8"< Ecbxkp Ek~od Xlxvkg PAVX

Pkgndbjelv alxv~le vkbdjd x{~|d lv{ ecbxkpb|d xkfk~mdbd" \dlv{

gkbj{ndm hdmd|d gdvdmd~l gkbodfl kbk~jl alxv~le" Hdmd|d gdvdmd~l

gk~{pdedb xdadm xdv{ nkbv{e kbk~jl fd~l x{gnk~ fd|d dadg" X{gnk~ fd|d

dadg gdvdmd~l lbl x{fdm ndb|de flj{bdedb {bv{e gkgdxce fd|d alxv~le fl

xdvkalv ecg{bledxl gkada{l xka x{~|d" Xka x{~|d lbl fdpdv gkbjmdxlaedb

kbk~jl alxv~le fdadg o{gadm |dbj vlfde vk~ndvdx adbjx{bj fldgnla fd~l

gdvdmd~l!vdbpd dfd ndjldb |dbj nk~p{vd~ fdb vlfde gkgk~a{edb ndmdb

nded~" Xkmlbjjd xlxvkg xka x{~|d xk~lbj fledvdedb nk~xlm fdb ~dgdm

albje{bjdb" Ndbflbjedb fkbjdb xkn{dm jkbk~dvc~ alxv~le! dfd ndjldb |dbj

nk~p{vd~ fdb gkgk~a{edb ndmdb nded~ {bv{e fdpdv gkbjmdxlaedb alxv~le"

X{d~db|d nlxlbj" Xkadlb lv{ jdx n{dbj |dbj flmdxlaedb fdpdv gkblgn{aedb

kike jdx ~{gdm edhd -j~kkb mc{xk jdx, |dbj pkbjd~{mb|d fdpdv gk~{xde

kecxlxvkg padbkv n{gl elvd"

Xlxvkg xka x{~|d |dbj flj{bdedb fl pk~g{eddb n{gl vk~fl~l fd~l pdbka

xka x{~|d! ~dbjedldb ecbv~cak~ pkbjlxldb -hmd~jk hcbv~caak~,! fdb del -ndvk~k,

4> ycav |dbj gdlbvkbdbhk i~kk" Pdbka xka x{~|d gk~{pdedb gcf{a |dbj

vk~fl~l nknk~dpd xka x{~|d |dbj fljdn{bj fdadg m{n{bjedb xk~l fdb pd~daka

vk~jdbv{bj {e{~db fdb edpdxlvdx |dbj flpk~a{edb" \dbj xk~lbj flj{bdedb

dfdadm gcf{a xka x{~|d >0 zdvv dvd{ 80 zdvv" Gcf{a xka x{~|d lv{

gkbjmdxlaedb kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj p~cpc~xlcbda fkbjdb a{dx pk~g{eddb

pdbka |dbj vk~ekbd xlbd~ gdvdmd~l"


23/28

>8

^dbjedldb ecbv~cak~ pkbjlxldb del fdadg xlxvkg xka x{~|d lv{

gk~{pdedb ~dbjedldb kakev~cble |dbj gkbjdv{~ p~cxkx pkbjlxldb delb|d"

Ecbv~cak~ lbl fdpdv gkbjdv{~ vkjdbjdb del fdadg xkadbj vkjdbjdb 4> ycav

pa{x glb{x 40 pk~xkb" Nlad vkjdbjdb v{~{b xdgpdl 40!= ycav! gded ecbv~cak~

dedb gkbjlxl del fkbjdb pdbka x{~|d xkndjdl x{gnk~ fd|db|d" Vkbv{ xdod

p~cxkx pkbjlxldb lv{ dedb vk~odfl nlad nk~adbjx{bj pdfd xddv dfd hdmd|d

gdvdmd~l" Oled pkb{~{bdb vkjdbjdb lv{ vk~odfl pdfd gdadg md~l! gded

ecbv~cak~ dedb gkg{v{x pkgdxcedb kbk~jl alxv~le" Xkvkadm p~cxkx pkbjlxldb

lv{ nk~adbjx{bj xkadgd nknk~dpd odg! vkjdbjdb del lv{ dedb bdle" Nlad

vkjdbjdb del lv{ gkbhdpdl 48!> ycav! gded ecbv~cak~ dedb

gkbjmkbvledb p~cxkx pkbjlxldb del lv{"

^dbjedldb ecbv~cak~ pkbjlxldb lv{ xknkbd~b|d g{fdm {bv{e fl~delv

xkbfl~l" Vdpl! nldxdb|d ~dbjedldb ecbv~cak~ lbl x{fdm vk~xkfld fdadg

ekdfddb odfl fl pdxd~db" Gkgdbj md~jd ecbv~cak~ lv{ h{e{p gdmda edad{

flnkal xkndjdl {blv vk~xkbfl~l" Ekndb|dedb xlxvkg xka x{~|d lv{ mdb|d flo{da

fdadg nkbv{e pdekv akbjedp |dbj xldp pdedl" Odfl! xlxvkg xka x{~|d fdadg

nkbv{e pdekv akbjedp lv{ okadx aknlm g{~dm flndbflbjedb fkbjdb nlad

gk~delv xkbfl~l"

Nldxdb|d pdbka x{~|d lv{ akvdeedb fkbjdb pcxlxl xvdvlx gkbjmdfdp

gdvdmd~l" Pdfdmda n{gl lv{ nk~jk~de gkbjkalalbjl gdvdmd~l" C~nlv |dbj

flvkgp{m n{gl nk~nkbv{e kalp fkbjdb gdvdmd~l nk~dfd fl xdadm xdv{ vlvle

ice{xb|d" Ed~kbd gdvdmd~l nk~jk~de gkgnkbv{e x{f{v xkada{ nk~{ndm! gded

fkbjdb pcxlxl pdbka x{~|d lv{ |dbj xvdvlx lv{ vlfde dedb flpk~cakm kbk~jl


24/28

>6

alxv~le |dbj cpvlgda" Djd~ fdpdv vk~xk~dp xkhd~d gdexlg{g! gded xlbd~

gdvdmd~l lv{ md~{x fl{xdmdedb xkada{ odv{m vkjde a{~{x pdfd pk~g{eddb pdbka

x{~|d" Odfl! {bv{e gkbfdpdvedb kbk~jl alxv~le |dbj cpvlgda! xlxvkg xka x{~|d

lv{ gdxlm md~{x flakbjedpl p{ad fkbjdb ~dbjedldb ecbv~cak~ cpvlcbda {bv{e

gkbjdv{~ d~dm pk~g{eddb pdbka x{~|d djd~ xkada{ gkbjmdfdp gdvdmd~l

xkfkgleldb ~{pd xkmlbjjd xlbd~ gdmdvd~l odv{m mdgpl~ vkjde a{~{x pdfd

pdbka x{~|db|d" Ecbv~cak~ xkpk~vl lbl fdpdv flndbj{b! glxdab|d! fkbjdb

gkbjj{bdedb gle~cecbv~cak~ =084" Ecbv~cak~ lbl vlfde xkfk~mdbd! ed~kbd

vk~fl~l fd~l ndjldb pk~dbjedv ek~dx fdb ndjldb pk~dbjedv a{bde" Nldxdb|d!

pdekv xlxvkg xka x{~|d |dbj akbjedp nka{g vk~gdx{e ecbv~cak~ {bv{e

gkbjjk~deedb pdbka x{~|d xkhd~d cvcgdvlx x{pd|d xlbd~ gdvdmd~l odv{m

vkjde a{~{x" Ed~kbd lv{! ecbv~cak~ gdhdg lbl h{e{p gdmda"

PAVX fkbjdb xlxvkg xkbv~dalxdxl d~vlb|d pkgndbjelv vkbdjd alxv~le

flade{edb xkhd~d vk~p{xdv fdb x{padl fd|d ek ecbx{gkb flade{edb gkada{l

od~lbjdb flxv~ln{xl" Xlxvkg lbl hchce fdb kecbcglx pdfd fdk~dm fkbjdb

ek~dpdvdb pkbf{f{e |dbj vlbjjl" Hcbvcmb|d PAVX fl Fkxd Ekbvdbj J{b{bj

Elf{a gkgp{b|dl edpdxlvdx fd|d 4< eZp! edpdxlvdx ndvk~dl >00 ycav fdb

nkndb nk~{pd pkbk~dbjdb |dbj vk~pdxdbj pdfd =; ~{gdm" Xkgkbvd~d lv{

PAVX fkbjdb xlxvkg lbflylf{ fd|d vk~pdxdbjb|d ~kadvli ekhla |dlv{ xkelvd~

6=';; Zp" O{gadm fd|d xknkxd~ ;0 Zp pk~ ~{gdm vdbjjd flmd~dpedb fdpdv

gkgkb{ml ekn{v{mdb pkbk~dbjdb! lbic~gdxl -VY fdb ^dflc, fdb

ecg{bledxl -^dflc ecg{bledxl," Fdb xdgpdl vdm{b


25/28

>;

fdb pkbjkacaddbb|d |dbj gkalp{vl pkgkalmd~ddb fdb pkgnd|d~db

fladexdbdedb cakm E[F"

Gkalmdv v~kbf md~jd xka x{~|d |dbj xkgdelb gkb{~{b fdb fdadg

~dbjed gkgpk~ekbdaedb xlxvkg pkgndbjelv |dbj ~dgdm albje{bjdb!

pkgdbiddvdb PAVX fkbjdb xlxvkg lbflylf{ xkgdelb flvlbjedvedb" Pdfd

vdmdp pk~vdgd fl~kbhdbdedb dedb flpdxdbj 89"000 {blv XMX xkadgd vljd

vdm{b fkbjdb p~lc~lvdx 40 p~cplbxl fl edzdxdb vlg{~ Lbfcbkxld" Pdalbj vlfde

dfd ; ek{bv{bjdb pkgndbjelv fkbjdb x{~|d pmcvcycavdlh" Pk~vdgd kbk~jl

|dbj flj{bdedb dfdadm kbk~jl |dbj vk~xkfld xkhd~d h{gd'h{gd" Ekf{d

pk~dzdvdbb|d g{fdm fdb xkfk~mdbd" Ekvljd vlfde vk~fdpdv pk~dadvdb |dbj

nk~jk~de! xkmlbjjd vlfde pk~a{ pkbjjdbvldb x{e{ hdfdbj fdb pkb|kvkadb

pdfd pka{gdxdb" Ekkgpdv pk~dadvdb nkek~od vdbpd x{d~d fdb vlfde

nk~fdgpde bkjdvli vk~mdfdp albje{bjdb" Ekalgd fdpdv nkek~od xkhd~d

cvcgdvlx"

Pkgndbjelv alxv~le |dbj gkgdbiddvedb kbk~jl x{~|d dvd{ aknlm

{g{g flekbda fkbjdb Pkgndbjelv Alxv~le Vkbdjd X{~|d -PAVX,

gkgp{b|dl nknk~dpd ek{bv{bjdb |dlv{?

4" X{gnk~ kbk~jl |dbj flj{bdedb xdbjdv gkalgpdm fdb h{gd 'h{gd

>" Xlxvkg |dbj flekgndbjedb nk~xlidv gcf{ad~ xkmlbjjd fdpdv fkbjdb

g{fdm fllbxvdadxl fdb flpk~nkxd~ edpdxlvdxb|d"

8" Pk~dzdvdbb|d g{fdm

6" Vlfde gkblgn{aedb pca{xl


26/28

>9

;" Fl~dbhdbj nkek~od xkhd~d cvcgdvlx xkmlbjjd fdpdv flvk~dpedb

flvkgpdv vk~pkbhla"

9" ^kadvli dgdb

:" Ekdbfdadbb|d xkgdelb ndle

=" Dfdb|d dxpke gdx|d~dedv pkgdedl |dbj gkbjkbfdaledb xlxvkg lv{

xkbfl~l


27/28

>:

NDN LY

EKXLGP[ADB FDB XD^DB

Fd~l pkbokadxdb fl dvdx fdpdv flxlgp{aedb ndmzd Kbk~jl X{~|d

-Pmcvcycavdlh, fdpdv flgdbiddvedb xkndjdl pkgndbjelv alxv~le vkbdjd x{~|d

-PAVX," Kbk~jl lbl o{jd gk~{pdedb kbk~jl davk~bdvli" Gcf{a X{~|d lbl fdpdv

flj{bdedb xkndjdl hdfdbjdb |dbj gkgdfdl ekvled kbk~jl adlbb|d g{adl

nk~e{~dbj ndmedb mdnlx"

Xkadlb lv{! kbk~jl lbl gkgalel ndb|de ek{bv{bjdb flndbflbjedb

fkbjdb kbk~jl adlb" Kbk~jl lbl xdbjdv ~dgdm albje{bjdb fdb vlfde

gkgk~a{edb pk~dzdvdb em{x{x xkhd~d pk~lcfle" Kbk~jl lbl mdb|d

gkgk~a{edb hdmd|d gdvdmd~l |dbj o{gadmb|d vde vkndvdx! vk~xkfld flgdbd'

gdbd! fdb vlfde gkgk~a{edb ndmdb nded~ adlb xkpk~vl nkbxlb! jdx! dvd{ |dbj

adlbb|d" Bdg{b! kbk~jl lbl gkglalel xdv{ ekakgdmdb |dlv{ mdb|d nlxd

flj{bdedb fdadg odbjed zdev{ xkvkbjdm md~l dvd{ xkadgd xlbd~ gdvdmd~l

gdxlm vk~pdbhd~"

Cakm ed~kbd lv{! pkb|kflddb x{gnk~ kbk~jl davk~bdvli xkpk~vl kbk~jl

x{~|d gkada{l pkgdbiddvdb xka pmcvcycavdlh gk~{pdedb xkn{dm p~cxpke

|dbj gkbodboledb {bv{e flekgndbjedb aknlm adbo{v! gkbjlbjdv pkgdedldb

p~lgk~ glb|de n{gl fdb jdx dadg gdxlm gk~{pdedb x{gnk~ kbk~jl {vdgd"

Xkadlb ~dgdm albje{bjdb! x{gnk~ kbk~jl fd~l gdvdmd~l vlfde gkgk~a{edb

pk~dzdvdb em{x{x xkhd~d pk~lcfle! |dbj xkadbo{vb|d dedb gkbj{~dbjl nld|d

p~cf{exl"


28/28

>=

FDIVD^ P[XVDED

Mcaadfd|" Dp~la" >00;" Xcad~ Kbk~jl" Glh~cxciv Kbhd~vd >009" ^kfgcbf"

ZD Glh~cxciv Hc~pc~dvlcb"

Zlelpkfld"c~j" Xcaad~ Hkaa" mvvp?##kb"zlelpkfld"c~j#zlel#Xcad~Shkaa " Fldexkx

vdbjjda >0 Bcykgnk~ >04>"

Alxv~levkbdjdx{~|d"hcg" PAVX -Pkgndbjelv Alxv~le Vkbdjd Alxv~le,"

mvvp?##kb"zlelpkfld"c~j#zlel#Xcad~Shkaa " Fldexkx vdbjjda >> Bcykgnk~ >04>"

G{a|dfl" ^dmgdf" 4

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