1 1 Sistem Sistem Informasi Informasi Manajemen Manajemen (SIM) (SIM) Adang Adang Suhendra Suhendra 2 2 Sistem Sistem Informasi Informasi Merupakan Merupakan dasar dasar dari dari proses proses dan dan model model bisnis bisnis Distribusi Distribusi pengetahuan pengetahuan : : suatu suatu sistem sistem komunikasi komunikasi antar antar personal. personal. Input Data Proses Output (Informasi) 3 3 Teknologi Teknologi Informasi Informasi (TI) (TI) dan dan Sistem Sistem Informasi Informasi (SI) (SI) Teknologi Teknologi Informasi Informasi – – Bentuk Bentuk teknologi teknologi untuk untuk menangani menangani informasi informasi . . Sistem Sistem Informasi Informasi – – Integrasi Integrasi komponen komponen pemrosesan pemrosesan , , penyimpanan penyimpanan dan dan diseminasi diseminasi informasi informasi dalam dalam suatu suatu organisasi organisasi – – Studi Studi interdisiplin interdisiplin suatu suatu sistem sistem untuk untuk menyediakan menyediakan informasi informasi pada pada suatu suatu organisasi organisasi . . 4 4 Data Data dan dan Informasi Informasi Data Data – – Aliran Aliran fakta fakta dasar dasar Informasi Informasi – – Interpretasi Interpretasi Data yang Data yang disajikan disajikan dengan dengan cara cara yang yang berarti berarti Informatika Informatika – – Studi Studi tentang tentang informasi informasi , , sistem sistem informasi informasi dan dan teknologi teknologi informasi informasi
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Sistem Informasi Manajemen (SIM)€¦ · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Sistem Informasi Manajemen (SIM).ppt Author: adang Created Date: 4/17/2007 11:23:36 AM
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KlasifikasiKlasifikasi SI sec. SI sec. VertikalVertikal (Bottom(Bottom--up):up):–– SistemSistem PemrosesanPemrosesan TransaksiTransaksi (SPT)(SPT)–– SistemSistem PengetahuanPengetahuan dalamdalam PekerjaanPekerjaan
AktifitasAktifitas padapada area area fungsifungsi utamautamabisnisbisnis yang yang digunakandigunakan untukuntukmencapaimencapai tujuantujuan bisnisbisnis. .
PenilaianPenilaian implementasiimplementasi SISI–– Model Financial Model Financial dandan nonnon--financialfinancial–– KeuntunganKeuntungan yang Tangible yang Tangible dandan
analisisanalisis ““apaapa yang yang terjaditerjadi jikajika””–– BiasanyaBiasanya berdiriberdiri sendirisendiri–– InIn--house house atauatau departmentaldepartmental–– LebihLebih kuatkuat padapada teoriteori ataupunataupun modelmodel
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TipeTipe SPKSPK
DataData--drivendriven–– AnalisisAnalisis data data dalamdalam jumlahjumlah besarbesar–– Data Data diperolehdiperoleh daridari SistemSistem PemerosesanPemerosesan
TransaksiTransaksi dalamdalam suatusuatu gudanggudang data data (data warehouses)(data warehouses)
terhadapterhadap rencanarencana penjualanpenjualan setiapsetiapkuartalkuartal dandan daerahdaerah pemasaranpemasaran padapada two two tahuntahun lalulalu ? ?
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KomponenKomponen SPKSPK
DataTransaksi
Data Eksternal
Basis Data SPK
Sistem Aplikasi SPK:Model
Tool OLAPTool Data Mining
User Interface
User
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OLAPOLAP
AnalisisAnalisis Dynamic multiDynamic multi--dimensional dimensional terhadapterhadap data enterprisedata enterpriseInformasiInformasi adhocadhoc (just(just--inin--time)time)InformasiInformasi dengandengan VariasiVariasi yang yang luasluasTransformasiTransformasi daridari data data dasardasar::–– RefleksikanRefleksikan dimensidimensi ‘‘nyatanyata’ ’ institusiinstitusi
Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (GIS)(GIS)–– MenampilkanMenampilkan informasiinformasi geografikgeografik–– DemografiDemografi, , pendudukpenduduk, , kejahatankejahatan, ,
potensipotensi wilayahwilayah
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ContohContoh
Warehouse Data Pelanggan•Legacy data•Website transactions•Call centre data•External data
1. Siapa pelangganterbanyak?
2. Apakah merekatinggal dekatdengan perusahaan?
3. Bagaimanamelakukansegmentasipelanggan?
4. Bagaimanamemper?
Pertanyaan Analisis1. Menggunakan
analisis statistik utk25% pelanggantetap.
2. Mendapatkankorelasi antaratempat tinggal dantingkat penjualan.
3. Verifikasi segmenpelanggan baru
4. Query database pada informasi per segmen pelanggan
KelompokKelompok personal personal pengambilpengambilkeputusankeputusan secarasecara bersamaanbersamaan–– KerjasamaKerjasama untukuntuk suatusuatu masalahmasalah
AplikasiAplikasi BisnisBisnis dapatdapat mengekstrakmengekstrakData Data melaluimelalui beragamberagam bahasabahasapemrogramanpemrograman. .
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STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
BahasaBahasa untukuntuk memanipulasimemanipulasi data data untukuntuk relational Databaserelational DatabaseTerdiriTerdiri daridari 2 2 jenisjenis: : –– Data Definition Language (create Data Definition Language (create
VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL MODELMODELUSEFUL FOR MANYUSEFUL FOR MANY--TOTO--MANY MANY RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS
NETWORKA
NETWORKB
NETWORKC
NETWORK1
NETWORK2
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OTHER SYSTEMSOTHER SYSTEMS
LEGACY SYSTEM:LEGACY SYSTEM: older systemolder systemOBJECT OBJECT -- ORIENTED DBMS:ORIENTED DBMS: stores stores data & procedures as objectsdata & procedures as objectsOBJECT OBJECT -- RELATIONAL DBMS:RELATIONAL DBMS: hybridhybrid
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ELEMENTS OF DATABASE ELEMENTS OF DATABASE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
DATA
ADMINISTRATIONDATABASE
TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
USERS
DATA PLANNING & MODELING
METHODOLOGY
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DISTRIBUTEDDISTRIBUTED DATABASESDATABASES
PARTITIONED:PARTITIONED: remote CPUs remote CPUs (connected to host) have files (connected to host) have files unique to that site, e.g., records unique to that site, e.g., records on local customerson local customers
DUPLICATE:DUPLICATE: each remote CPU has each remote CPU has copies of common files, e.g., copies of common files, e.g., layouts for standard reports and layouts for standard reports and formsforms
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DATABASE IMPLEMENTATIONDATABASE IMPLEMENTATION
1.1. ORGANIZATIONAL OBSTACLES:ORGANIZATIONAL OBSTACLES:Challenges existing power Challenges existing power structure, requires organizational structure, requires organizational restructurerestructure
MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA ANALYSIS:ANALYSIS: 3D (or higher) groupings 3D (or higher) groupings to store complex datato store complex data
HYPERMEDIA:HYPERMEDIA: Nodes contain text, Nodes contain text, graphics, sound, video, graphics, sound, video, programs. programs. organizes data as nodes.organizes data as nodes.
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Multidimensional Data ModelDATABASE TRENDS
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DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDSDATA WAREHOUSE:DATA WAREHOUSE: Organization’s Organization’s electronic library stores electronic library stores consolidated current & historic consolidated current & historic data for management reporting & data for management reporting & analysisanalysisONON--LINE ANALYTICAL LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP):PROCESSING (OLAP): Tools for Tools for multimulti-- dimensional data analysisdimensional data analysis
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COMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSECOMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE
INFORMATIONDIRECTORY
INTERNALDATASOURCES
EXTERNALDATASOURCES
OPERATIONAL,HISTORICAL DATA DATA WAREHOUSE
EXTRACT,TRANSFORM
DATAACCESS &ANALYSIS
QUERIES &REPORTS
OLAP
DATA MINING
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DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS
DATA MART:DATA MART: Small data Small data warehouse for special function, warehouse for special function, e.g., Focused marketing based on e.g., Focused marketing based on customer infocustomer info
DATAMINING:DATAMINING: Tools for finding Tools for finding hidden patterns, relationships, for hidden patterns, relationships, for predicting trendspredicting trends
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DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS
LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB:LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB:WEB USER CONNECTS TO VENDOR WEB USER CONNECTS TO VENDOR DATABASEDATABASESPECIAL SOFTWARE CONVERTS SPECIAL SOFTWARE CONVERTS HTML TO SQLHTML TO SQLSQL FINDS DATA, SERVER SQL FINDS DATA, SERVER CONVERTS RESULT TO HTMLCONVERTS RESULT TO HTML
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MANAGING MANAGING KNOWLEDGE: KNOWLEDGE:
KNOWLEDGE WORK KNOWLEDGE WORK AND ARTIFICIAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:SYSTEMATICALLY & ACTIVELY SYSTEMATICALLY & ACTIVELY MANAGING AND LEVERAGING MANAGING AND LEVERAGING STORES OF KNOWLEDGE IN AN STORES OF KNOWLEDGE IN AN ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: Organizational learning mechanismsOrganizational learning mechanismsProcesses to create, gather, store, Processes to create, gather, store,
maintain, disseminate knowledgemaintain, disseminate knowledgeCHIEF KNOWLEDGE OFFICER (CKO)CHIEF KNOWLEDGE OFFICER (CKO)DIGITAL FIRM:DIGITAL FIRM: Substantial use of Substantial use of
info technology enhances ability to info technology enhances ability to sense, respond to environmentsense, respond to environment
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:Office Automation Systems Office Automation Systems (OAS)(OAS)Knowledge Work Systems Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)(KWS)Group Collaboration Systems Group Collaboration Systems (GCS)(GCS)Artificial Intelligence Applications Artificial Intelligence Applications (AI)(AI)
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INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMSWORK SYSTEMS
INFORMATION WORK:INFORMATION WORK: Work consists primarily of Work consists primarily of creating, processing informationcreating, processing information
DATA WORKERS:DATA WORKERS: People who process & disseminate People who process & disseminate organization’s paperworkorganization’s paperwork
KNOWLEDGE WORKERS:KNOWLEDGE WORKERS: PeoplePeople who design who design products or services or create new knowledge for products or services or create new knowledge for organizationorganization
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT & KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COORDINATE WORK OF LOCAL COORDINATE WORK OF LOCAL PROFESSIONALS AND INFORMATION PROFESSIONALS AND INFORMATION WORKERSWORKERSCOORDINATE WORK ACROSS COORDINATE WORK ACROSS LEVELS AND FUNCTIONSLEVELS AND FUNCTIONSCOUPLE ORGANIZATION TO COUPLE ORGANIZATION TO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTEXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY: Word processing, Word processing, desktop publishing, document desktop publishing, document imaging, Web publishing, work flow imaging, Web publishing, work flow managersmanagers
DESKTOP DATABASESDESKTOP DATABASESSPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETSUSERUSER--FRIENDLY INTERFACES TO FRIENDLY INTERFACES TO MAINFRAME DATABASESMAINFRAME DATABASES
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DOCUMENT IMAGING SYSTEMS:DOCUMENT IMAGING SYSTEMS: Systems Systems convert documents, images into digital form convert documents, images into digital form (e.g.: optical character recognition; microfiche)(e.g.: optical character recognition; microfiche)JUKEBOX:JUKEBOX: Storage & retrieving device for CDStorage & retrieving device for CD--ROMs & other optical disksROMs & other optical disksINDEX SERVER:INDEX SERVER: Imaging system to store / Imaging system to store / retrieve documentretrieve document
CREATE KNOWLEDGECREATE KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS:KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS:
INFORMATION SYSTEMS THAT INFORMATION SYSTEMS THAT AID KNOWLEDGE WORKERS TO AID KNOWLEDGE WORKERS TO CREATE AND INTEGRATECREATE AND INTEGRATE NEW NEW KNOWLEDGE IN KNOWLEDGE IN AN AN ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
KEEP ORGANIZATION UPKEEP ORGANIZATION UP--TOTO--DATE DATE IN KNOWLEDGE:IN KNOWLEDGE: Technology; Technology; science; thought; the artsscience; thought; the artsINTERNAL CONSULTANTS ININTERNAL CONSULTANTS IN
CAD/CAM:CAD/CAM: Computer Aided Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing: Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing: Provides precise control over industrial Provides precise control over industrial
design, manufacturingdesign, manufacturing
VIRTUAL REALITY:VIRTUAL REALITY: Interactive softwareInteractive softwarecreates photorealistic simulations of real creates photorealistic simulations of real world objects (Virtual Reality Modeling world objects (Virtual Reality Modeling Language: Language: VRML VRML --http://www.web3d.org/x3d.html)http://www.web3d.org/x3d.html)
GROUPWARE:GROUPWARE: Allows interactive Allows interactive collaboration, approval of documentscollaboration, approval of documentsINTRANETS:INTRANETS: Good for relatively stable Good for relatively stable information in central repositoryinformation in central repositoryTEAMWARE:TEAMWARE: Group collaborative Group collaborative software to customize team efforts (software to customize team efforts (egegSharepointSharepoint))
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CAPABILITIES OF CAPABILITIES OF GROUPWAREGROUPWARE
AI:AI: COMPUTERCOMPUTER--BASED SYSTEMS WITH BASED SYSTEMS WITH ABILITIES TO LEARN LANGUAGE, ABILITIES TO LEARN LANGUAGE, ACCOMPLISH TASKS, USE PERCEPTUAL ACCOMPLISH TASKS, USE PERCEPTUAL APPARATUS, EMULATE HUMAN APPARATUS, EMULATE HUMAN EXPERTISE & DECISION MAKING EXPERTISE & DECISION MAKING ((LaudonLaudon & & LaudonLaudon))
OR:OR:THE STUDY OF COMOUTATIONS THAT THE STUDY OF COMOUTATIONS THAT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PERCEIVE, MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PERCEIVE, REASON AND ACT (Winston, Patrick, REASON AND ACT (Winston, Patrick, Artificial Intelligence 3Artificial Intelligence 3rdrd Ed)Ed)
PRESERVE EXPERTISEPRESERVE EXPERTISECREATE KNOWLEDGE BASECREATE KNOWLEDGE BASEMECHANISM NOT SUBJECT TO MECHANISM NOT SUBJECT TO FEELINGS, FATIGUE, WORRY, FEELINGS, FATIGUE, WORRY, CRISISCRISISELIMINATE ROUTINE / ELIMINATE ROUTINE / UNSATISFYING JOBSUNSATISFYING JOBSENHANCE KNOWLEDGE BASEENHANCE KNOWLEDGE BASE
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EXPERT EXPERT SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE -- INTENSIVE INTENSIVE CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE
IN LIMITED DOMAINS OF IN LIMITED DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
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EXPERT SYSTEMSEXPERT SYSTEMS
KNOWLEDGE BASE:KNOWLEDGE BASE: Model of Human Model of Human KnowledgeKnowledgeRULE RULE -- BASED EXPERT SYSTEM :BASED EXPERT SYSTEM : AI AI system based on IF system based on IF -- THEN statements THEN statements (Bifurcation); Rule Base: Collection of (Bifurcation); Rule Base: Collection of IF IF -- THEN knowledgeTHEN knowledgeKNOWLEDGE FRAMES:KNOWLEDGE FRAMES: Knowledge Knowledge organizes in chunks based on shared organizes in chunks based on shared relationshipsrelationships
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EXPERT SYSTEMSEXPERT SYSTEMS
AI SHELL:AI SHELL: Programming environment of Programming environment of expert systemexpert systemINFERENCE ENGINE:INFERENCE ENGINE: Search through Search through rule baserule base–– FORWARD CHAINING:FORWARD CHAINING: Uses input; Uses input;
searches rules for answersearches rules for answer–– BACKWARD CHAINING:BACKWARD CHAINING: Begins with Begins with
hypothesis, seeks information until hypothesis, seeks information until hypothesis accepted or rejectedhypothesis accepted or rejected
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EXPERT SYSTEMSEXPERT SYSTEMSEXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:
MYCIN: MYCIN: Meningitis diagnosis Meningitis diagnosis systemsystemXCON: XCON: Computer hardware Computer hardware cofigurationcofigurationBLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD:BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD:Automated medical underwriting Automated medical underwriting systemsystemCOUNTRYWIDE FUNDING CORP.:COUNTRYWIDE FUNDING CORP.:Loan underwriting expert systemLoan underwriting expert systemUNITED NATIONS:UNITED NATIONS: Employee Employee
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EXPERT SYSTEMS EXPERT SYSTEMS LIMITATIONS:LIMITATIONS:
Often reduced to problems of Often reduced to problems of classificationclassificationCan be large, lengthy, expensiveCan be large, lengthy, expensiveMaintaining knowledge base criticalMaintaining knowledge base criticalMany managers unwilling to trust Many managers unwilling to trust such systemssuch systems‘Idiot savants’‘Idiot savants’
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CASE CASE -- BASED BASED REASON (CBR)REASON (CBR)
AI USES DATABASE OF CASES:AI USES DATABASE OF CASES:USER DESCRIBES PROBLEMUSER DESCRIBES PROBLEMSYSTEM SEARCHES DATABASE SYSTEM SEARCHES DATABASE FOR SIMILAR CASESFOR SIMILAR CASESSYSTEM ASKS MORE QUESTIONSSYSTEM ASKS MORE QUESTIONSFINDS CLOSEST FITFINDS CLOSEST FITMODIFIED AS REQUIREDMODIFIED AS REQUIRED
NEURAL NETWORKS:NEURAL NETWORKS: Software Software attempts to emulate brain attempts to emulate brain processesprocessesFUZZY LOGIC:FUZZY LOGIC: Tolerates ambiguity Tolerates ambiguity using nonspecific MEMBERSHIP using nonspecific MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSGENETIC ALGORITHMS:GENETIC ALGORITHMS: Use Use models of organisms to promote models of organisms to promote evolution of solutionevolution of solutionHYBRID AI SYSTEMS:HYBRID AI SYSTEMS:CombinationsCombinations
OTHER APPROACHESOTHER APPROACHES
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INTELLIGENT INTELLIGENT AGENTAGENT
PROGRAM WITH BUILTPROGRAM WITH BUILT--IN, LEARNED IN, LEARNED KNOWLEDGE BASE TO DO KNOWLEDGE BASE TO DO SPECIFIC, REPETITIVE, SPECIFIC, REPETITIVE, PREDICTABLE TASKS FOR:PREDICTABLE TASKS FOR:INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUALBUSINESS PROCESSBUSINESS PROCESSSOFTWARE APPLICATIONSOFTWARE APPLICATION