Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Lecture 7

Sir Syed Ahmed KhanSir Syed Ahmed Khan


Born at Dehli in October 1817Born at Dehli in October 1817 Died 27th March, 1898, at Aligarh, India Died 27th March, 1898, at Aligarh, India Family highly regarded by the dying Family highly regarded by the dying

Mughal dynasty Mughal dynasty maternal grand father had twice served maternal grand father had twice served

as prime minister of the Mughal emperor as prime minister of the Mughal emperor Syed’s brother established one of the first Syed’s brother established one of the first

printing press at Delhi printing press at Delhi


started one of the earlier newspapers in Urdu started one of the earlier newspapers in Urdu father left the family in financial difficulties father left the family in financial difficulties Starting as a clerk with the East India Company Starting as a clerk with the East India Company

in 1938 in 1938 qualified three years later as a sub-judge and qualified three years later as a sub-judge and

served in the judicial department served in the judicial department as an author (in Urdu) started at the age of 23 as an author (in Urdu) started at the age of 23

with religious tracts with religious tracts


Athar AssandidAthar Assandid ("Monuments of the ("Monuments of the Great"), Great"),

The Causes of the Indian Revolt The Causes of the Indian Revolt a sympathetic interpretation of the Bible a sympathetic interpretation of the Bible Tahzib ul Akhlaq (Magzine) 24, Tahzib ul Akhlaq (Magzine) 24,

December 1870December 1870 Aligarah MovementAligarah Movement

Tahzib ul Akhlaq Tahzib ul Akhlaq PropagationPropagation

Rational Approach to IslamRational Approach to Islam Readjustment of Islamic Traditions & Readjustment of Islamic Traditions &

CustomsCustoms Active Interest in the history & Literature Active Interest in the history & Literature

of Islamof Islam New Islamic approach to life adjustable New Islamic approach to life adjustable

to modern changesto modern changes

Aligrah MovementAligrah Movement

Aligarah MovementAligarah Movementobjectives objectives

1. To create an atmosphere of mutual 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government understanding between the British government and the Muslims. and the Muslims.

2. To persuade Muslims to learn English 2. To persuade Muslims to learn English education. education.

3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics 3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation. of agitation.

4. To produce an intellectual class from 4. To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community. amongst the Muslim community.

Brief chronology of Sir Brief chronology of Sir Syed’s efforts Syed’s efforts

1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad. 1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad. 1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur. 1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur. 1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. 1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh.

This society was involved in the translation of This society was involved in the translation of English works into the native language. English works into the native language.

1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted 1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient and modern information on history; ancient and modern science of agriculture, natural and physical science of agriculture, natural and physical sciences and advanced mathematics. sciences and advanced mathematics.

Brief chronology of Sir Brief chronology of Sir Syed’s effortsSyed’s efforts

1870: Committee Striving for the Educational 1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims. Progress of Muslims.

1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. 1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English public O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English public schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1913. and university in 1913.

1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This 1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This conference met every year to take stock of the conference met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics. It later became the political abstain from politics. It later became the political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the forerunner of the Muslim League. forerunner of the Muslim League.

Hindi Urdu controversyHindi Urdu controversy

Partition of BengalPartition of Bengal


Western Bengal, with a population of 54 Western Bengal, with a population of 54 million (42 million Hindus and 9 million million (42 million Hindus and 9 million Muslims) Muslims)

and Eastern Bengal and Assam with a and Eastern Bengal and Assam with a population of 31 million (12 million population of 31 million (12 million Hindus and 18 million Muslims) Hindus and 18 million Muslims)

in 1905 the English decided to redraw its in 1905 the English decided to redraw its boundaries and divided it into two parts. boundaries and divided it into two parts.


Viceroy Lord Curzan sent the proposal to Viceroy Lord Curzan sent the proposal to London in February 1905 London in February 1905

Secretary of State for India St. John Secretary of State for India St. John Brodrich sanctioned it in June Brodrich sanctioned it in June

The province of Bengal and Assam came The province of Bengal and Assam came into being on October 16, 1905. into being on October 16, 1905.


The Muslims of India welcomed the The Muslims of India welcomed the partition of Bengal partition of Bengal

Hindu community strongly opposed it Hindu community strongly opposed it Hindu launched a mass movement, Hindu launched a mass movement,

declaring October 16 as a day of declaring October 16 as a day of mourning in Calcutta mourning in Calcutta


boycott of American goods boycott of American goods Hindus started the Swadeshi Movement Hindus started the Swadeshi Movement

against the British against the British Hindus raised the Band-i-Mataram as the Hindus raised the Band-i-Mataram as the

national cry national cry worship of Shivaji as a national hero worship of Shivaji as a national hero political sabotage and communal riots political sabotage and communal riots The provinces were reunited in 1911 The provinces were reunited in 1911

Shimla DeputationShimla Deputation

Shimla DeputationShimla Deputation

Hindu Attitude Convinced Muslims That they Hindu Attitude Convinced Muslims That they should not expect Justice & Fair Play from should not expect Justice & Fair Play from HindusHindus

Decided to Safe Guard their InterestsDecided to Safe Guard their Interests Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and other Promement Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and other Promement

leader plan to send their voice to the leader plan to send their voice to the GovernmentGovernment

Sent a deligation to Lord Minto on October 1, Sent a deligation to Lord Minto on October 1, 1906 under headship of Sir Agha Khan1906 under headship of Sir Agha Khan

Shimla Deputation Shimla Deputation DemandsDemands

Separate ElectorateSeparate Electorate Muslims must be given weightage in all Muslims must be given weightage in all

the elected bodiesthe elected bodies Muslims representation would be more Muslims representation would be more

than the percentage of Population in than the percentage of Population in minority provincesminority provinces

Muslim would obtain less seats in Muslim would obtain less seats in majority provinces in response.majority provinces in response.

Shimla Deputation Shimla Deputation DemandsDemands

Full representation in Services & Full representation in Services & CouncilsCouncils

Representation in University Senate & Representation in University Senate & SyndicatesSyndicates

Aid for the Establishment of Muslim Aid for the Establishment of Muslim UniveristyUniveristy

Establishment of Muslim Establishment of Muslim League 1906League 1906

Causes for the establishment of All India Causes for the establishment of All India Muslim LeagueMuslim League Hindu hold on Congress affairHindu hold on Congress affair Agitation against partition of BengalAgitation against partition of Bengal the Hindu religious revivalism's the Hindu religious revivalism's Hindu hostility towards the Muslims Hindu hostility towards the Muslims

Objectives of Muslim Objectives of Muslim LeagueLeague

1)1) Remove misconceptions about British Remove misconceptions about British GovernmentGovernment

2)2) To Protect & advance the political rights To Protect & advance the political rights & interests of Muslims of India& interests of Muslims of India

3)3) To prevent the rise among Muslims of To prevent the rise among Muslims of any feeling of hostility towards other any feeling of hostility towards other communities without prejudice to othercommunities without prejudice to other

Minto-Morley ReformsMinto-Morley Reforms19091909


1. The number of the members of the 1. The number of the members of the Legislative Council at the Center was Legislative Council at the Center was increased from 16 to 60. increased from 16 to 60.

2. The number of the members of the 2. The number of the members of the Provincial Legislatives was also Provincial Legislatives was also increased. It was fixed as 50 in the increased. It was fixed as 50 in the provinces of Bengal, Madras and provinces of Bengal, Madras and Bombay, and for the rest of the provinces Bombay, and for the rest of the provinces it was 30 it was 30


3. The member of the Legislative Councils, both at 3. The member of the Legislative Councils, both at the Center and in the provinces, were to be of four the Center and in the provinces, were to be of four categories i.e. ex-officio members (Governor categories i.e. ex-officio members (Governor General and the members of their Executive General and the members of their Executive Councils), nominated official members (those Councils), nominated official members (those nominated by the Governor General and were nominated by the Governor General and were government officials), nominated non-official government officials), nominated non-official members (nominated by the Governor General but members (nominated by the Governor General but were not government officials) and elected were not government officials) and elected members (elected by different categories of Indian members (elected by different categories of Indian people). people).

4. Right of separate electorate was given to the 4. Right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims. Muslims.


5. At the Center, official members were to form 5. At the Center, official members were to form the majority but in provinces non-official the majority but in provinces non-official members would be in majority. members would be in majority.

6. The members of the Legislative Councils 6. The members of the Legislative Councils were permitted to discuss the budgets, suggest were permitted to discuss the budgets, suggest the amendments and even to vote on them; the amendments and even to vote on them; excluding those items that were included as excluding those items that were included as non-vote items. They were also entitled to ask non-vote items. They were also entitled to ask supplementary questions during the legislative supplementary questions during the legislative proceedings. proceedings.


7. The Secretary of State for India was 7. The Secretary of State for India was empowered to increase the number of the empowered to increase the number of the Executive Councils of Madras and Bombay Executive Councils of Madras and Bombay from two to four. from two to four.

8. Two Indians were nominated to the 8. Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs. Affairs.

9. The Governor General was empowered to 9. The Governor General was empowered to nominate one Indian member to his nominate one Indian member to his Executive Council. Executive Council.

Lucknow Pact 1916Lucknow Pact 1916

Efforts for Hindu Muslim Efforts for Hindu Muslim UnityUnity

Few people on both side serious about Few people on both side serious about Hindu Muslim Unity.Hindu Muslim Unity.

Both Muslim League & Congress met Both Muslim League & Congress met their annual sessions at Bombay in 1915.their annual sessions at Bombay in 1915.

Next meeting of Muslim league & Next meeting of Muslim league & Congress held at Calcutta in 1916Congress held at Calcutta in 1916


1. There shall be self-government in 1. There shall be self-government in India. India.

2. Muslims should be given one-third 2. Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. representation in the central government.

3. There should be separate electorates 3. There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community for all the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates. demanded for joint electorates.


4. System of weightage should be adopted. 4. System of weightage should be adopted. 5. The number of the members of Central 5. The number of the members of Central

Legislative Council should be increased to 150. Legislative Council should be increased to 150. 6. At the provincial level, four-fifth of the 6. At the provincial level, four-fifth of the

members of the Legislative Councils should be members of the Legislative Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated. elected and one-fifth should be nominated.


one-fifth should be nominated. one-fifth should be nominated. 7. The strength of Provincial legislative should 7. The strength of Provincial legislative should

not be less than 125 in the major provinces not be less than 125 in the major provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces. and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces.

8. All members, except those nominated, were 8. All members, except those nominated, were to be elected directly on the basis of adult to be elected directly on the basis of adult franchise. franchise.

9. No bill concerning a community should be 9. No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of the members of that community in the the members of that community in the Legislative Council. Legislative Council.


10. Term of the Legislative Council 10. Term of the Legislative Council should be five years. should be five years.

11. Members of Legislative Council 11. Members of Legislative Council should themselves elect their president. should themselves elect their president.

12. Half of the members of Imperial 12. Half of the members of Imperial Legislative Council should be Indians. Legislative Council should be Indians.

13. Indian Council must be abolished. 13. Indian Council must be abolished.


14. The salaries of the Secretary of State 14. The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by the for Indian Affairs should be paid by the British Government and not from Indian British Government and not from Indian funds. funds.

15. Out of two Under Secretaries, one 15. Out of two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian. should be Indian.

16. The Executive should be separated 16. The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary. from the Judiciary.

Montague-Chelmsford Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 1919Reforms 1919


1. The Council of the Secretary of State was to 1. The Council of the Secretary of State was to comprise of eight to twelve people. Three of comprise of eight to twelve people. Three of them should be Indian, and at least half of them should be Indian, and at least half of them should have spent at least ten years in them should have spent at least ten years in India. India.

2. The Secretary of State was supposed to 2. The Secretary of State was supposed to follow the advice of his council. follow the advice of his council.

3. Part of the expenses of the office of the 3. Part of the expenses of the office of the Secretary of State was to be met by the British Secretary of State was to be met by the British Government. Government.


4. The Secretary of State was not allowed to 4. The Secretary of State was not allowed to interfere in administrative matters of the interfere in administrative matters of the provinces concerning the 'Transferred Subjects' provinces concerning the 'Transferred Subjects' and also in the matters on which Governor and also in the matters on which Governor General and his Legislative were in agreement. General and his Legislative were in agreement.

5. The Governor General had the power to 5. The Governor General had the power to nominate as many members to his Executive nominate as many members to his Executive Council as he wanted. Council as he wanted.

6. Members appointed to the Executive Council 6. Members appointed to the Executive Council were to have served in India for at least 10 years. were to have served in India for at least 10 years.


7. The Central Legislature was to consist of two 7. The Central Legislature was to consist of two houses i.e. the Council of the State (Upper houses i.e. the Council of the State (Upper House) and the Legislative Assembly (Lower House) and the Legislative Assembly (Lower House). House).

8. Council of the State was to consist of 60 8. Council of the State was to consist of 60 members out of which 33 were to be elected members out of which 33 were to be elected and 27 nominated by the Governor General. and 27 nominated by the Governor General.

9. The Legislative Assembly was to consist of 9. The Legislative Assembly was to consist of 144 members out of which 103 were to be 144 members out of which 103 were to be elected and 41 to be nominated by the elected and 41 to be nominated by the Governor General. Governor General.


10. The franchise was limited. 10. The franchise was limited. 11. The tenure of the Upper House was five 11. The tenure of the Upper House was five

and of the Lower House was three years. and of the Lower House was three years. 12. Both the houses had equal legislative 12. Both the houses had equal legislative

powers. In case of a tie, the Governor General powers. In case of a tie, the Governor General was to call a joint meeting where the matter was to call a joint meeting where the matter was to be decided by majority vote. was to be decided by majority vote.


13. The Executive Council was not responsible 13. The Executive Council was not responsible to the Legislature and the Governor General to the Legislature and the Governor General had the right to refuse its advice. had the right to refuse its advice.

14. Provincial Legislatures were supposed to 14. Provincial Legislatures were supposed to be unicameral. be unicameral.

15. Seventy percent members of the Provincial 15. Seventy percent members of the Provincial Legislative Councils were to be elected and Legislative Councils were to be elected and thirty percent were to be nominated. thirty percent were to be nominated.


16. The Governors were given 16. The Governors were given 'Instrument of Instructions' which guided 'Instrument of Instructions' which guided them in carrying out their administrative them in carrying out their administrative affairs. affairs.

17. The System of Diarchy was 17. The System of Diarchy was introduced in the provinces. introduced in the provinces.


18. Besides Muslims, other minorities including 18. Besides Muslims, other minorities including Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Christians and Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Christians and Europeans were also given the right of Europeans were also given the right of separate electorate. separate electorate.

19. New reforms were to be introduced after 19. New reforms were to be introduced after ten years. ten years.

The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were not The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were not accepted by most quarters in India as they fell accepted by most quarters in India as they fell far short of the Indian natives' expectations. far short of the Indian natives' expectations.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Lecture 7

Documents

hindu muslim

muslim league

legislative

legislative

governor general

legislative

separate electorate

lower house