MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium Simulate MER Opportunity Rover Real Maneuver in Adams Solver 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium Presented By: Feng Zhou Co-Authors: Ray Arvidson, Brian Trease, Randel Lindemann, Paolo Bellutta, Scott Maxwell, Karl Iagnemma, Keith Bennett, Carmine Senatore October 19, 2012
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MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Simulate MER Opportunity Rover Real
Maneuver in Adams Solver 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Presented By: Feng Zhou
Co-Authors: Ray Arvidson, Brian Trease, Randel Lindemann, Paolo Bellutta, Scott
Maxwell, Karl Iagnemma, Keith Bennett, Carmine Senatore
October 19, 2012
MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Background: Spirit and Opportunity Rovers
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•Six wheel drive
with rigid wheels
•Outer four wheels
able to turn
•Rocker-bogie
suspension system
•Navigation and
hazard avoidance
Systems
MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Background: Spirit and Opportunity Rovers status
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Spirit Opportunity
•Right front wheel drive actuator
failed on sol 779 so subsequent drives
caused rotations about that wheel
•Embedded in sands of Troy after
breaking through soil crust
•Extrication stopped on Sol 2169 to
prepare for winter
•Last communication March 2010 and
mission over May 2011
•Right front wheel left rotated ~8 deg
inward when azimuthal actuator failed
•Shoulder IDD actuator failed so driving
uses “fishing stow” and have limited
Deployment work space
•Mini-TES no longer responding
•Already exceeds 35 kilometers of
driving
•Still working at Cape York on the rim
of Endeavour Crater
Note: Information from http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status.html
MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Terramechanics effort to MER rovers
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A lot of efforts have been put to free Spirit from embedding sand. One effort is to
form a multidisciplinary team from WUSTL, JPL, MIT to help MER rover planners
on:
Minimize risk of high sinkage and slippage during drives;
Better understand soil properties and rover terramechanics from drive data;
Diagnose rover mobility issues.
The team developed and utilized dynamic computer-based models for rover drives
over realistic terrains. The tool, named ARTEMIS (Adams-based Rover
Terramechanics and Mobility Interaction Simulator), is a dynamic modeling tool to
simulate the movement of a rigid wheeled rover over planetary surfaces:
•A dynamic rover model is created in Adams/View with 200-element, 428
degrees of freedom, associated with 85 individual parts or rigid bodies;
•It is based on the classical terramechanics expressions to model the wheel-
soil interaction.
•Surface modeling is based on digital elevation model derived from stereo
Navcam and Pancam images taken by Opportunity rover.
MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
ARTEMIS structure
5
Key component of ARTEMIS is
an external solver library which
contains:
• rover motion control;
• wheel-soil Terramechanics;
• terrain deformation.
MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Opportunity’s real drive
6
Opportunity has three standard drive commands:
• straight drive;
• arc-turn;
• turn-in-place.
Also Opportunity has two basic types of drives:
• Blind drive;
• Autonav with visodom;
MSC Software Confidential 2012 International Ground Vehicle Users Symposium
Visodom
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What: Visodom is the way the rover makes use of camera-based Visual Odometry
(visodom) to correct the errors in the initial wheel odometry based estimate that
occur when the wheels lose traction on large rocks and steep slopes. In other word,
rover odometry data needs to be corrected to remove the effect of rover slippage.
How: The rover visual odometry system computes rover pose (x,y,z, roll, pitch,
yaw) by tracking the motion of “interesting’’ terrain features between two pairs of
stereo images in both two-dimensional (2-D) pixel coordinates and three
dimensional (3-D) world coordinates. A maximum likelihood estimator applied to the
computed 3-D offsets produces the final motion estimate.
Why: Visodom not only improves rover safety but also increases science return.
Ref: Cheng, Y., Maimone, M., Matthies, L. (2006). Visual Odometry on the Mars Exploration Rovers. IEEE Robotics and Automation