Ray R. Weil University of Maryland
Jul 19, 2015
Talk to the
Farmer
• Trust but verify
Visually assess
Field variability
• Crop growth
• Soil colors
• Topography
Test Soil
• pH / EC
• Nutrients
• Physical tests
Test Plants
• Petiole/stem sap
• Foliar symptoms
• Cut open stem
• Dig up roots
In-field variability
Can we make the whole field as good as the “good spots?
What makes the “good spots” so good?
Maize field in Tigray
Soil Chemical Properties of surface soil (composite sample)
Chemical Properties of soil profile (mini-pits)
Physical soil properties
Biological soil properties
0 50 100 150
Sum (K + + NO 3-), mg/ kg soil
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
EC
of
1:1
so
il:w
ate
r su
sp
en
sio
n,
dS
/m
Ustult-falTropept- ter
SOIL
Range : 0.05 to 1.0 dS/m
EC relates to fertility
Often indicative of general fertility level in humid region soils.
1: 1 soil: water slurry Soil pHH2O
Soil electrical conductivity
Add calcium chloride to EC to > 2.5 Soil pHCaCl2
Delta pH (pH H2O - pHCaCl2
CaCl2 extractable nitrate-N (ion specific meter)
CaCl2 exchangeable K+ ions (ion specific meter)
CaCl2 extractable Sulfate-S (turbidity with BaCl2)
CaCl2 extractable phosphate-P (colorimeter)
Nitrate-N
Soil NO3-N in field using general purpose Horiba NO3 meter is comparable to standard lab NO3-N extraction only for samples with > 15 mg /L.
Out of the rain in my “no-star hotel”
$15 balance
good to 0.01g
$50 colorimeter
programmed for
PO4 to 0.01 ppm.
P reagent
packets $0.26
per sample
$0.18 glass
“cuvette” &
Rx vessel
Tropept- ter Ustult-fal
SOIL
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
pH
w-
or
pH
Ca
Cl2
pHCaCl2
pHw
Tropept- ter Ustult-fal
SOIL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
N0
3- -N
o
r K
+ ,
mg
/kg
so
ilK+NO3_N
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
K+ using muddy suspension, mg/L
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
K+ u
sin
g c
lea
r so
lutio
n,
mg
/L
Ustult-falTropept- ter
SOIL
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
NO3-N using muddy suspension, mg/L
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
NO
3-N
usin
g c
lea
r so
lutio
n,
mg
/L
Ustult-falTropept- ter
SOIL
Clear vs. muddy samples for K and NO3 meters
NO3 K
1: 10 soil: Mehlich3 extraction solution
Mehlich3 extractable K+
Mehlich3 extractable PO42-
Mehlich3 extractable SO4-S
Tests for P and S use light beam and so require filtering.
2.5 g dry soil in 20 mL 0.02 M KMnO4 (method of Weil, 2003)
Labile carbon (indicative of SOM, degradation)
Earthworms and channels
Termites, ants and nests
Dung beetles and other fauna
Plant roots, nodules, mycorrhizae
Fungal mycelium /fruiting bodies.
Bio-interpretation of nitrate and labile C tests
Flat-tip pH meter on moistened soil
Direct-reading EC probe inserted into moistened soil
• Presence of free carbonates (10% HCl drops)
• Reduced iron (α-α diperidil)
• Mn oxides (H2O2 drops)
• Physical observations (e.g. water, density, colors, nodules)
0.54 reading = 12 ppm S in vial
= 240 ppm S in sap
1.99 reading = 48 ppm S in vial
= 960 ppm S in sap