22 aebmfw]{Xw ◆ 3 HIv tSm - _¿ 2012 tXm- ]v - Im- ]n sIm- ´m- c- Øns‚ D≈- d- I- fn - eq- sS.. (A-t∏m-kvtXme hgn-bn-eqsS Hcp Xo¿∞-bm-{X) tPm¿Pv Xpº-bn¬ C - kv - Xmw- _pƒ \- K- c- Øn¬ ÿn - Xn sN- øp- ∂ sIm- ´m- c- am- b tXm- ]v - Im- ]n - bm- bn - cp- ∂p R- ß- fp - sS s\- Iv - Ãv sU- Ãn - t\- j≥. G-I-tZ-iw \m-\q-tdm-fw h¿-jw (1465˛1856) Xp¿-°n-bn-se Hm-t´m-am≥ kp¬- Øm- ∑m- cp- sS {]- [m- \ hm- k- ÿ- e- am- bn - cp - ∂p Cu {]u- U Kw- `o- c- am- b sIm- ´m- cw. 1453¬ kp¬- Xm≥ sa- lv - a- Zv c- ≠m- a≥ B- Wv C- Xn - s‚ \n¿- am- Ww Xp- S- ßn - b- sX- ∂p ssK- Uv ssK- Uv Hm- °m≥ tIm- ´v - ep ]- d- ™p. Hm- t´m- am≥ `- c- W- Im- e- Øv , H- cp cm- P- Io- b h- k- Xn F- ∂- Xn - \v ]p - d- sa, kp¬- Øm- ∑m¿ \- S- Øn - b s]m- Xp N- S- ßp - I- fp - sS th- Zn Iq - Sn B- bn - cp - ∂p Cu sIm- ´m- cw. C- ∂n - Xv C- kv - Xmw- _p- fn - se {]- [m- \- s∏- ´ H- cp hn - t\m- Z k- ©m- c tI- {µ- am- Wv . C- kv - Xmw- _p- fn¬ h- ∂n - d- ßp- ∂ k- ©m- cn - I- fm- cpw X- s∂ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n Im- Wm- sX t]m- hn - √. Hm- s´m- a≥ N- cn - {Xw ]Tn - ®n- ´p- ≈- h¿- °- dn- bmw, S¿- °n- bn- se ]- Sp- Øp- b¿- Øn- bn- ´p- ≈ sIm- ´m- c- s°- - ´p- I- fn- epw A- h- cp- sS km- {am- Py- Øn - se- bpw G- ‰- hpw {]- [m- \- s∏- ´ sIm- ´m- c k- ap- ®- b- am- Wn- sX- ∂v . A- Xn- s‚ ]- Sn- hm- Xn¬- °¬ \n - ∂- t∏mƒ H- s´m- cp A- `n - am- \w tXm- ∂n. F- {X- tbm N- cn - {X- Km- Y- Iƒ t]- dn \- S- °p- ∂ A- ¥- co- £- Øn - s‚ k- ap- ®- b- Øn - s‚ ap- ∂n - em- Wv C- t∏mƒ \n¬- °p- ∂- Xv . 1985 ¬ bp - s\- kv - tIm tem- I ss]- Xr- I ÿ- e- ß- fp- sS ]- ´n - I- bn¬ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n sIm- ´m- cw tN¿- Øn - ´p - s≠- ∂p k- l- bm- {Xn - I≥ Nm- t°m- ®≥ ]- d- ™p. A- t±- lw A- Xn - s‚ Nn - e Nn - {X- ß- sf- Sp- °m≥ Bw- Knƒ am- ‰n ]- co- £n - ®p hn - j- an - °p- ∂- Xp I- ≠- t∏mƒ Nn - cn h- ∂p. - Hm-°m≥ F≥-{S≥-kv ^o H-s° sIm- Sp- Øv t\- c- sØ X- s∂ Sn - °- ‰v F- Sp- Øp h- ®n- cp- ∂- Xn- \m¬ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n- bn- se \o- ≠ Iyq- hn- \v H- Sp- hn¬ t]m- bn \n¬- t°- ≠n h- ∂n - √. A- ∂p Im- e- Øv I- c- bv - °- Sp - Ø {Iq - kv jn - ∏n¬ \n - ∂n - d- ßn - b k- ©m- cn - I- sf sIm- ≠v B `m- Kw ap- gp- h≥ \n - d- ™n - cp- ∂p. \m- ep {Kq- ∏p- I- fm- Wv A- hn - sS A- t∏mƒ D- ≠m- bn - cp- ∂- Xv . \m- ep {Kq - ∏p- Iƒ F- ∂p {]- tXy- Iw F- Sp- Øp ]- d- bm≥ Im- c- Ww A- h- sc sF- U‚n- ss^ sN- øm≥ F- fp- ∏- am¿- §w D- ≠m- bn - cp- ∂- Xm- Wv . H- cp {Kq- ∏n - ep- ≈- h¿- s°- √mw \o- e sXm- ∏n - , c- ≠m- a- tØ- Xv a- ™ sXm- ∏n - bpw, aq - ∂m- a- sØ {Kq - ∏n - \v sXm- ∏n C- √. ]- I- cw A- h- cp- sS ap- ∂n¬ B‚n- \ t]m- se s]m- °n ]n- Sn- ® H- cp sIm- Sn - bp - am- bn Sq¿ ssK- Uv . \m- em- a- sØ {Kq- ∏n- se F- √m- h- cp- sS- bpw I- gp- Øn¬ sI- ´n - s]m- °n - b sF- Un Im¿- Up- Iƒ. C- ß- s\ {Kq - ∏v Xn - cn - °m≥ tXm- ∂n - b- h- s‚ sF- Un - b Hm¿- Ø- t∏mƒ A- h- s\ \- an - °m≥ tXm- ∂n. B- fp am- dn t]m- Im- Xn - cn - °m≥ F- s¥- √mw sF- Un - b- I- fm- Wv Hm- tcm Sq¿ Hm- ∏- td- ‰¿- am- cpw ]- b- ‰p- ∂- Xv . C- °m- cy- Øn¬ ]n. - Sn Nm- t°m- bp- sS sI- b¿- th- kv {Sm- h¬- kv ]p- e¿- Øp- ∂ Hu- ∂- Xyw C- h- scm- s°- bpw I- ≠p ]Tn - t°- ≠- Xm- sW- ∂p tXm- ∂n. ku- Øv G- jy≥ hw- i- P- cm- bn - cp- ∂p A- h- cn¬ Iq - Sp- X- epw. ssN-\-°m-cm-tWm, Pm-∏-\o-kp-Im-cm- tWm A- tXm sIm- dn - b≥- km- tWm F- ∂p hy- ‡- am- bn a- \- n - em- °m≥ ]- ‰p- ∂n - √. ap - J- tØ- °v t\m- °n - b- t∏mƒ F- √m- h- cpw G- Xm- ≠v H- cp t]m- se. C- h- sc- sb- √mw ]- c- kv - ]- cw Xn - cn - ®- dn - bp - ∂ am- Pn - °v F- ¥m- sW- ∂p A- º- c- ∂p t]m- bn. sIm- dn - b- °m- cm- Wv Iq - Sp - X- ep - sa- ∂p tIm- Sv - ep ]- d- ™p. an - °- h- cpw G- Xm- ≠v A- º- Xn - \pw A- dp- ]- Xn - \pw C- S- bv - °v {]m- b- ap- ≈- h¿. Ip- ´n - I- sf- bpw H- ∏w Ip - ´n - b- h- cp - ≠v . A- h- cp - sS I- e- ]n - e i- –- ߃- °n - sS R- ߃ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n ]m- e- kn - s‚ tIm- ´- sIm- Ø- f- ß- fn - te- °v Im- se- Sp- Øp h- ®p. tXm- ]v - Im- ]n \n - d- ™p \n¬- °p - ∂ S¿- °o- jv F- gp - Øp - Im- c≥ Hm¿- l≥- ]m- ap- °n - s‚ "ssa s\- bnw Cu- kv sd- Uv ' F- ∂ t\m- h- en - s‚ X- ´- I- Øn - \v sXm- ´p ap- ∂n - em- Wn - t∏mƒ. - sIm- ´m- c- Øn - s‚ {]- [m- \ I- hm- S- Øn - te- °v \- S- °p - tºmƒ c- ≠p h- i- ß- fn - epw cm- P- Io- b {]u- Vn - tbm- sS X- e- bp - b¿- Øn \n¬- °p- ∂ sI- ´n - S- ߃ R- ß- sf kzm- K- Xw sN- bv - Xp. F- s¥m- cp h- en - ∏- am- W- Xn - \v . C- kv - Xmw- _p- fn - se B- Im- i- Øn - \p ap- I- fn - ep - sS I- S- en - S- \m- gn - bn - te- °v Ip - X- n - °p - ∂ Im- ‰n - s\ ]n - Sn - ®p \n¿- Øp - ∂ sIm- Ø- f- ߃. h- e- Xp- h- i- Øv ]- ≠p Im- e- Øv sIm- ´m- c- \n - hm- kn - I- fm- b A- øm- bn - c- Øn - e- [n - Iw t]¿- °v h- ®p hn - f- ºm- \p- ≈ A- Sp- °- f s\- Sp- \o- sf \o- ≠p \n - h¿- ∂p In - S- °p - ∂p. Ip - td- °q - Sn F- Øn - t\m- °n - bm¬ h- e- Xp Zq - sc- b- bm- bn t_m- kv - ^- d- kv \- Zn Im- Wmw. {]- [m- \- hm- Xn - en - eq - sS A- I- Øp I- b- dn C- S- tØ- °v t]m- bm¬ B- Zyw Im- Wp- ∂- Xv H- cp a- fi- ]- am- Wv . N- {I- h¿- Øn - bp- sS a- °- sf {]- hn - iy K- h¿- W¿- am¿- °v I- eym- Ww I- gn - ∏n - ®p sIm- Sp- °p- ∂ H- cp k- {º- Zm- b- am- Wv D- ≠m- bn - cp - ∂- sX- ∂p Hm- °m≥ ]- d- ™p. I- eym- Ww tam- ln - ®v F- Øp- ∂ K- h¿- W- am¿- °v N- {I- h¿- Øn - bp- sS \n - c- h- [n `m- cy- am- cn - se a- °- sf (A- Xv A- t\- I- ap - ≠v ) Im- Wn - ®p sIm- Sp - °p - ∂ ÿ- e- am- bn - cp- ∂p Cu a- fi- ]w. - h- e- tØ- °v Xn - cn - ™p \- S- ∂m¬ B- Zyw Im- Wp - ∂- Xv A- Ω- ®n - πm- hv t]m- e- sØ H- cp h≥- hr - £- am- Wv . am- cm- a¨ I¨- h≥- j- \v Bƒ- °m¿ F- Øp- ∂- Xp t]m- se tXm- ∂n - °p - ∂p, F- ∂m- Wv Nm- t°m- ®≥ \- S- s∂- Øp - ∂ P- \- ß- sf t\m- °n ]- d- ™- Xv . - C- hn - sS A- aq - ey- ß- fm- b ]- e h- kv - Xp- °- fpw ti- J- cn - ®p h- ®n - cn - °p- ∂- Xp I- ≠p. ]- e- Xpw A- ¤p - X- s∏- Sp - Øp - ∂- Xp X- s∂- bm- bn - cp- ∂p. tam- i- bp- sS h- Sn, A- {_- lm- an- s‚ X- e- ∏m- hv (H- am- \n- se kp¬- Øm≥ Ip- _q - kv [- cn - °p- ∂- Xp am- Xn - cn), kv - \m- ]- I tbm- l- ∂m- s‚ ssI- ∏- Øn - bp- sS Xn - cp- ti- jn - ∏v , 88 Im- c- ‰n - s‚ h- {Pw Xp- S- ßn A- aq - ey- ß- fn¬ A- aq - ey- am- b- Xm- bn - cp- ∂p ]- e- Xpw. A- Xn - s\m- s°- bpw h≥ kp- c- £- bm- Wv H- cp- °n - bn - cn - °p- ∂- Xv . ]- Sn - Iƒ I- b- dn - bn - d- ßn h- cp- tºmƒ ap- ∂n - em- bn I- a- \o- b- am- b Nn - {X- ∏- Wn - I- tfm- Sp Iq- Sn - b `n - Øn - bpw ap- Iƒ- `m- Kw ss_- km‚n - b≥ kv - ss‰- en¬ ssS- ep- Iƒ ]- Xn - ®- Xp- am- b h- en - sbm- cp lmƒ. A- hn - sS H- cp ssk- Un- em- bn s]m- °n- sI- ´n- b ]m- c- ∏- ‰v t]m- se- bp- ≈ ÿ- e- hpw sh- ≈w H- en - ®p t]m- Im- hp- ∂ h- en - b Hm- hpw. `n - Øn - bn¬ kp- jn- c- ß- fn- eq- sS sh- ´- hpw sh- fn - ®- hpw hm- bp- hpw I- b- dn - bn - d- ßp- ∂p. C- hn - sS- bm- W- {tX A- hn - sS- bp- ≈ F- √m ]p- cp - j- {]- P- I- fp - sS- bpw kp - ∂- Øv \- S- Øn - bn - cp- ∂- Xv . sXm- ´p ]n - d- In¬ sN- ¶p- Øm- b Im- Spw. t\m- s°- Øm Zq - c- sØ- √mw a- t\m- l- c- am- b Im- ´p {]- tZ- iw, Zq - sc a- e- \n - c- Iƒ. kp- ∂- Øv {]- {In - b \- S- °p- tºmƒ B¿- Ø- e- bv - °p - ∂ Zo - \- kz - c- ߃ ]p - d- tØ- °v tIƒ- °m- Xn- cn- °m- \m- Wv Cu H- gn- ™ tIm- Wn¬ C- tX¿- s∏- Sp- Øn- bn- cn- °p- ∂- sX- ∂v H- °m≥ ]- d- ™p. A- hn - sS \n - ∂- t∏mƒ a- e- a- S- °p - I- fn¬ \n - ∂p N- cn - {X- Øn - se Nn - e Zo- \- kz - c- ߃ {]- Xn - [z - \n - °p- ∂- Xp t]m- se tXm- ∂n. ss_-k-ss‚≥ km-{am-Py-Im-e- sØ ]- e N- cn - {Xm- h- in - „- ß- fpw X- e- sb- Sp- t∏m- sS C- ∂pw C- kv - Xmw- _p- fn¬ D- b¿- ∂p \n¬- °p - ∂p. A- sXm- s°- bpw A- X¿- ln - °p- ∂ Ku- c- h- tØm- sS Im- W- W- sa- ¶n¬ B- gv - N- Iƒ th- W- sa- ∂p tIm- Sv - ep ]- d- ™p. R- ߃- °m- sW- ¶n¬ A- ß- s\ \- S- °m≥ Xo- sc k- a- b- ap- ≠m- bn - cp- ∂n - √. H- cp Hm- ´- {]- Z- £n - W- Øn¬ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n I- ≠p Xo¿- Øp F- ∂p th- W- sa- ¶n¬ ]- d- bmw. a¿- am- d I- S¬, t_m- kv - ^- d- kv I- S- en - Sp- °v , Um¿- U- s\¬- kv I- S- en - Sp- °v F- ∂n - h- bv - °n - S- bn¬ \n¬- °p- ∂ C- kv - Xm- _p - fn - se X- e- sb- Sp - ∏p - ≈ cm- P- sIm- ´m-cw I-≠p Xo¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. C-\n 600¬- ∏- cw h¿- jw H- t´m- a≥ km- {am- Py- Øn - s‚ tI- {µ- am- bn - cp - ∂p S¿- °n - bn - se {]- [m- \- s∏- ´ \o- e a- kv - Pn - Zn - te- °v . a- [y- bq- tdm- ∏v ap- X¬ A- td- _y≥ D- ]- Zzo- ]p- h- sc hym- ]n - ®n - cp - ∂ H- t´m- a≥ km- {am- Py- Øn¬ G- ‰- hpw an - I- ® hm- kv - Xp - I- e- bp - sS D- Zm- Ø- am- b in¬- ∏- Nm- Xp- cyw Cu \o- e- a- kv - Pn - Zn¬ {]- I- S- am- sW- ∂p tIm- Sv - ep ]- d- ™p. C- \n bm- {X A- hn - tS- °m- Wv . tXm- ]v - Im- ]n - bp- sS D- ≈- d- I- fn - eq - sS G- sd t\- sc \- S- ∂n - ´pw Xo- sc £o- Ww tXm- ∂n - bn - √. Nm- t°m- ®- \pw \- √ D- ’m- l- Øn - em- bn - cp - ∂p. B- Zy- am- bn Im- Wp- ∂ Im- gv - N- Iƒ D- ’m- l- tØm- sS I- ≠p Xo¿- °p- ∂ H- cp bm- {Xn - I- s\ t]m- se A- t±- lw ]p- Xn - b Im- gv - N- I- fn - te- °p Ip - Xn - ®p I- b- dp - ∂p. A- sX, C- \n \o- e a- kv - Pn - Zn - te- °m- Wv . R- ߃- s°m- ∏w, C- kv - Xmw- _p - fpw k- ©- cn - °p - ∂- Xp t]m- se. - . h- c- ≠ H- cp Im- ‰v R- ß- sf Nq - gv - ∂p \n - ∂p. - bm{X-bpsS hnh-c-߃°v: Carewaystravels (201) 483-7151 Email: [email protected] (Xp - S- cpw) A- h- cp- sS I- e- ]n- e i- –- ߃- °n- sS R- ߃ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n ]m- e- kn- s‚ tIm- ´- sIm- Ø- f- ß- fn- te- °v Im- se- Sp- Øp h- ®p. tXm- ]v - Im- ]n \n- d- ™p \n¬- °p- ∂ S¿- °o- jv F- gp- Øp- Im- c≥ Hm¿- l≥- ]m- ap- °n- s‚ "ssa s\- bnw Cu- kv sd- Uv ' F- ∂ t\m- h- en- s‚ X- ´- I- Øn- \v sXm- ´p ap- ∂n- em- Wn- t∏mƒ.- sIm- ´m- c- Øn- s‚ {]- [m- \ I- hm- S- Øn- te- °v \- S- °p- tºmƒ c- ≠p h- i- ß- fn- epw cm- P- Io- b {]u- Vn- tbm- sS X- e- bp- b¿- Øn \n¬- °p- ∂ sI- ´n- S- ߃ R- ß- sf kzm- K- Xw sN- bv - Xp. AΩ®n ]v fmhv t]mesØ h≥ hr£- Øn\v ap∂n¬ sIb¿shbv kv {Smh¬kv DSa Nmt°m- ®≥ sIm´mc `nØn- bn¬ ]Xn- ®n- cn- °p∂ ss_- km‚n - b≥ ssS- ep- Iƒ tXm- ]v - Im- ]n- sIm´mcw 88 Imc- ‰ns‚ h{Pw Fa- dmƒUns‚ hmƒ