GASPAR H. KORNDÖRFER, Prof. Titular UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL UBERLANDIA Silicon importance on Aliviating Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Sugarcane Campinas, 29/10/13 - 14:00-14:40h
Jun 05, 2015
GASPAR H. KORNDÖRFER, Prof. Titular UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL UBERLANDIA
Silicon importance on Aliviating Biotic and Abiotic Stress on
Sugarcane
Campinas, 29/10/13 - 14:00-14:40h
FACULTY MEMBERS UFU Master and PhD Studentds
Post Doc Students
Dr. Datnoff (USA)
Dr. E. Epstein (USA)
MAIN SILICON FORMS IN THE SOIL
Liquid phase
Monosilicic Acid
Polisilicic Acid
Complex w/ Organic mateial
Solid phase
Amorphous forms Crystalline forms
Non Biogenic Forms
Biogenic Forms
Minerals (Clay)
Minerals (Sand)
- Fitolites - Microorganism residues rich in Si
- Amorphus Silica
- Mica - Montmorilonite - Caulonite - Ilite
- Feldspat - Quartz
Source: Korndörfer, et al 2000
Available Si in the soil
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0-15% 16-35% 35-60% >60%
Si,
mg
dm-3
No. Amostras Solo:0 - 15% = 3216 - 35% = 8436 - 60% = 28
> 60% = 24
Clay content
Source: Korndörfer, et al 2002
SILICATES EFFECTS IN
THE SOIL Ø ↑ pH (replace lime);
Ø ↑ Ca, Mg and Si availability;
Ø ↑ P availability (< "P fixation" in the soil);
Ø ↓ reduce Fe, Mn e Al toxicity;
Ø have residual effect like the use of lime;
Ø ↑ base saturation.
379
192148
2373
51 45
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
kg/ha
Si K N P Ca Mg S
Nutrients Uptake Cane 12 months – Samuels (1969)
Silicon uptake recovered from the fertilizer by two sugarcane cultivars
56%
23%
SOUZA & KORNDÖRFER. Silicon uptake from metallurgy slag applied on sugarcane crop
RICE (Everglades Agriculture Area - USA)
Source: KORNDÖRFER; SNYDER; ULLOA; POWELL and DATNOFF. 2001. Calibration of soil and plant silicon analysis for rice production. Journal of Plant Nutrition.. 24(7):1071-1084.
LOCAL (28)
Si Soil
mg dm-3
Si Leaves
g kg-1
Yield Increase kg ha-1
R.Y.
% C.F.- 715 85.0 39.0 --- 98 Brida 19.0 16.0 1.002 74 New Farm - 12 14.0 17.0 960 81 Baker 9.0 29.0 683 86 Shawano 6.0 27.0 850 84 31ABE 8.0 22.6 1.163 76 18CDE 9.0 23.0 1.137 73 C.F.48-EF-9N 5.3 21.8 679 91 S.F. 2-E-7 Md 24.2 1.062 79 S.F. 2-E-8 4.5 22.0 867 83 48CG32W 7.6 23.3 1.038 76 AVERAGE
INCREASE YIELD
1.007 kg ha-1
Si accumulation in the rice leaf tissue
Source: Mauad, et al 2001
Transversal cut leaf tissue
Epidermis expansion Epidermis expansion
Rice leaf surface
Source: Korndörfer, & Lepsch, 1999
Si accumulation
X-Ray microanalysis
SEM – Scanner Electronic Microscopy
Fig. 1. Cross section of monocot leaf (Bidwell, RGS, 1974); Fig. 2. Development of fungal hyphae in the leaf tissue without accumulation of silica; Fig. 3. Silica layer beneath the cuticle hindering the development of hyphae.
HPLC da SF5 obtained in fraction 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 40 45 50 55 0 40 45 50 55
0 40 45 50 55 0 40 45 50 55
Minutos Minutos
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
AU
(212
nm
) A
U (2
12 n
m)
Momilactona A
Momilactona B
Si- Si-
Si+ Si+
46 min
47 min
plantas não inoculadas
plantas não inoculadas
plantas inoculadas
plantas inoculadas
Source: RODRIGUES et al. (2004). Ph.D., University of Florida, USA
THE ROLE OF SILICON ON PLANT PROTECTION
ü HYPOTHESIS I – Mechanical Barrier - Accumulation of polymerized Si cell wall (Japan)
ü HYPOTHESIS II – Chemical Barrier - Si induces the formation of PHENOL (phytoalexins)
ü JOINT ACTION – Mechanical & Chemical Barrier
Effect of Si fertilizer on brown rust disease incidence (Puccinia melanocephala) on
sugarcane (cult. IAC86-2480)
Silicate rates, kg/ha
Rus
t in
cide
nce
leve
l
Source: L.A.ZANÃO JÚNIOR. 2007. RESISTÊNCIA DO ARROZ À MANCHA-PARDA MEDIADA POR SILÍCIO E MANGANÊS. Tese Mestrado. UFV
Si leaf check Si soil
2,6 0,6 0,9 Si Foliar Content (%)
EFFECT OF SILICON 0N Bipolaris oryzae DISEASE (RICE)
Reduction 40%
AACPD
Source: Rezende & Rodrigues, 2008. UFV
Silicon x Water stress (upland rice)
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600
Doses Si (kg.ha-1)
Pro
d. g
rão
s
(g v
aso
-1)
T. 60% C.C. T. 70% C.C. T. 80% C.C.
y=76,1514+0,0336X -‐0,0000499X 2
r2=0,84*
y=48,1725+0,0177X +0,0000462X 2
r2=0,92* y=25,7156+0,03069X r2=0,99**
Source: A. NOLLA; R. J. FARIA; G. H. KORNDORFER; R. B. SILVA. 2012. Effect of silion on drought tolerance of upland rice. Journal of Food. Agriculture & Environment. Vol. 10 (1): 269 – 272
Si rates, kg/ha
Gra
in Y
ield
, g/
pot
Source: 2005 - Hattori et al. Phys.Plantarum
Effect of Si application on sorghum growth under water stress conditions. Plants with 47 days of age (22 days of the start of
drought stress)
0
15
30
45
60
75
+água +Si +água -Si -água +Si -água -Si
Tratamentos
g p
l-1 b
aa
c
Source: Hattori et al., 2005
Si fertilizer effect and sorghum dry matter yield grown under water stress
+ water +Si → 0,08 g of water/g of soil + 2 mM Si
+ water -Si → 0,08 g of water/g of soil
- water +Si → 0,03 g of water/g of soil + 2 mM Si - water -Si → 0,03 g of water/g of soil
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Effect of silicon fertilizer (average of 2 Si sources - Holcim and Agrosilício) on the number of plant cane
stalk borer damage – Guaíra Sugar-mill – Var. SP80-3280
Source: Leonardo (2007) – M.Sc. Dissertation/UFU
Silicate rates, kg/ha
% o
f S
talk
bor
er d
amag
e
TREATMENTS Site 1 Site 2
Cane Yield -------------t ha-1--------------
Check Plot 88,93 b 102,86 a Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 - 1 application) 111,94 b 100,66 a Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 - 2 applications) 182,67 a 103,84 a Potassium Silicate (8,2 L ha-1 – 3 applications) 193,55 a 100,00 a Calcium and Magnesium silicate (1.000 kg ha-1) 199,65 a 105,74 a Thiamethoxam 250 WG (0,8 kg ha-1) 191,07 a 107,73 a M. anisopliae Pó (2,0 kg ha-1 - 2 application) 193,46 a 110,27 a M. anisopliae Arroz (2,0 kg ha-1 – 2 application) 195,23 a 100,08 a D.M.S. 67,33 NS
C.V. (%) 19 8
Tukey a 5 % de probability
Source: Wangen & Korndörfer (2007) – Master Degree Dissertation/UFU
Treatments for Spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata)
control and Sugarcane Yield
Treatments Si
Leaf Nymph
Mortality Nymph
Duration phase
% % Dias
Si + 2,6 a 59,5 a 49,6 a
Si - 1,0 b 41,0 b 48,5 a
Si fertilizer application and Si content in the sugarcane leaf tissue and Spittlebug nymph
mortality
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09
Tratamentos Si Leaf
Nymph Mortality
Nymph Duration Phase
% % Dias
SP81-3250 1,56 a 35 a 48 a
SP80-1816 1,60 b 49 b 49 a
SP79-1011 2,31 c 66 c 51 a
Sugarcane cultivars and Si content in the leaf tissue and
Spittlebug nymph mortality and phase duration
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09
Treat ments
Si Leaf
LONGEVITY Oviposition
Male Female
% Days nº eggs
Si + 2,6 a 12 a 13 a 362 a
Si - 1,0 b 14 b 15 b 380 a
SILICON TREATMENT AND SPITTLEBUG LONGEVITY AND OVIPOSITION (ADULTS PHASE)
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09
Treat ments
Si Leaf
Longevity Ovo Posição Male Female
% Days nº of eggs
SP81-3250 1,56 a 15 a 18 a 495 a
SP80-1816 1,60 b 13 a 15 a 369 b
SP79-1011 2,31 c 11 b 11 b 242 c
Si in the leaf of different sugarcane cultivars and the effect on the
longevity and oviposition of spittlebug (ADULT PHASE)
Source: KORNDORFER & VENDRAMIM. 2009. Effect of silicon on the development of the spitllebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) on sugarcane. VIII ISSCT Agronomy Workshop.
Uberlandia, 24-29/05/09
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Korndörfer, A.P. 2010. Tese Doutorado, Esalq/USP
Observations - Si + Si no de adults/plant
1h 1,41 a 1,38 a 2h 1,76 a 1,64 a 3h 1,76 a 1,64 a 4h 1,91 a 1,71 a 5h 2,00 a 1,84 a 6h 2,01 a 1,84 a 7h 2,09 b 1,82 a 8h 2,07 a 1,84 a 9h 2,11 b 1,78 a
10h 2,30 b 1,78 a 11h 2,36 b 1,68 a 24h 2,41 b 1,59 a
Number of adults (spittlebug) inside the cage and on the leaves (sugarcane) with and
without Si fertilizer treatment
683 kg/ha of sugar or 11,4 bags/ha (60 kg bag)
Silicon Juice Sucrose
Juice Brix % Juice Purity
% Fiber
------------------------- % -------------------------
- Si 18,70 b 21,27 a 87,90 a 10,83 a
+ Si 19,21 a 21,78 b 88,16 a 11,56 b
Korndörfer (2010) - Tese Doutorado, Esalq/USP
Silicon effect on sugarcane sucrose content and fiber (average of 17
different cultivars) – Guaíra Sugar-mill
Plant Cane Yield (average of 4 experiment – Sugar-mill: São Luiz, São Martinho,
Catanduva e Santa Adélia)
y = -0,3125x2 + 1,725x + 151,95R2 = 0,99**
y = -0,25x2 + 2,6x + 151,7R² = 0,94**
147149151153155157159161
0 2 4 6
Can
e Yi
eld,
t/h
a
Silicate Rates, t/haKorndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU
160
164
168
172
176
180
0 2 3 4 6
Stal
k Yi
eld,
t/ha
Application rate, t/ha
Carbonato de Ca
Silicato de CaCaSiO3
CaCO3
Effect of Ca Silicate and Lime Application - Plant Cane Stalk Yield
Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU
100
104
108
112
116
120
0 2 3 4 6Ca
ne
Yie
ld,
t/h
a
Silicate rates, t/ha
Carbonato CaSilicato de Ca
Residual Effect of Ca Silicate and Lime Application - 1st Ratoon Cane Stalk Yield
CaSiO3
CaCO3
Korndorfer, et al. 2003. Copersucar X UFU
Silicon effect on plant cane stalk yield (average from 2 silicates sources, Holcim and Agrosilício) – Cult.
SP80-3250, Red Latosol – 25% clay
Source: ARAÚJO (2010). Master Degree Dissertation, ICIAG/UFU
Diference = 13,4 t/ha
Silicate rates, kg/ha
Can
e Y
ield
, kg/
ha
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Y = 0.103X + 3.397 R2 = 0.56*Y = 0.256X - 0.83 R2 = 0.77*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 55 110 165
Si-a
cetic
aci
d (m
g kg
-1)
Si (kg ha-1)
IAC 87-3396SP 89-1115
RQ
A
Plant Cane
Y = -0.001X2+0.206X+5.325 R²=0.77*
Y = 0.047X + 4.68 R2 = 0.68*
05
10152025303540
0 55 110 165
Si -
acet
ic a
cid
(mg
kg-1
)
Si kg ha-1
IAC 87 3396
SP 89 1115
C
First ratoon RQ
Available silicon (0.5 mol L-1 acetic acid) in soil samples collected at 0-25 cm after plant cane and first ratoon
harvest (RQ soil)
Linear increase
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA
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Y = 0.004X + 3.91 R² 0.90*
3.83.94.04.14.24.34.44.54.64.7
0 55 110 165
Si (g
kg-1
)
Si (kg ha-1)
A
Plant Cane RQ
Y = 0.0073X+ 6.802 R2 = 0.97*
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
0 55 110 165
Si (g
kg-1
)
Si (kg ha-1)
C
First Ratoon RQ
Effect of Si fertilizer on Si content in the sugarcane leaves – Site I, RQ Soil
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA
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Silicon fertilization rates and stalk borer incidence on Site II
Y = - 0 . 026 X + 25 . 23 R ² = 0 . 71 *
15
20
25
30
0 55 110 165
Sta
lk B
orer
Inci
denc
e, %
Si (kg ha-1)
First Ratoon
B
Y = - 0 . 024 X + 6 . 645 R 2 = 0 . 60 * Y = - 0 . 074 X + 30 . 42 R 2 = 0 . 80 *
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 55 110 165
Sta
lk B
orer
Inci
denc
e, %
Si (kg ha-1)
IAC 87 - 3396 SP 89 - 1115
A
Plant Cane
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA
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Y = 0.047X + 97.57 R² = 0.84*
979899
100101102103104105106
0 55 110 165
Yie
ld (t
ha-1
)
Si (kg ha-1)
Plant Cane RQ
A
Y = 0.094X + 86.926 R2 = 0.60*
70
80
90
100
110
0 55 110 165
Yie
ld (t
ha-1
)
Si (kg ha-1)
C
First Ratoon RQ
Effect of Si fertilizer applied in the furrow on Plant Cane and 1º Ratoon Sugarcane Yield
(Site I, RQ Soil)
Plant Cane Increase Yield (7.0 t/ha)
First Ratoon Increase Yield (15.0 t/ha)
CAMARGO & KORNDÖRFER. 2013. Silicon fertilization: soil availability, plant uptake, crop yield and
stalk borer damage. ISSCT. Panamá City, USA
Correlation between Si content in the soil and cane yield (Colombo Sugar-mill) considering only the CLAY group of soils texture and different Si extractors: (A) acetic acid, (B) Resin, (C) Water, (D) Buffer pH 7,0, (E) Standart CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G) modified CaCl2 and (H) Chloridric Acid.
Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu
Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu
Correlation between Si content in the soil and cane yield (Colombo Sugar-mill) considering only the LIME group of soils texture and different Si extractors: (A) acetic acid, (B) Resin, (C) Water, (D) Buffer pH 7,0, (E) Standart CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G) modified CaCl2 and (H) Chloridric Acid.
Crusciol, et al, 2009 - Tese Mestrado UNESP/Botucatu
Correlation between Si content in the soil and cane yield (Colombo Sugar-mill) considering only the SANDY group of soils texture and different Si extractors: (A) acetic acid, (B) Resin, (C) Water, (D) Buffer pH 7,0, (E) Standart CaCl2, (F) KCl, (G) modified CaCl2 and (H) Chloridric Acid.
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Sugarcane yield increase using Si as fertilizer is not fully understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed. Some of them indicate that responses may be associated with induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as:
- disease and insect resistance; - reducing lodging; - improving leaf and stalk erectness; - freeze resistance; - and improvements in plant water economy.
In conclusion:
A moderate consumption of beer can contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis because Si promotes bone health by promoting the formation of collagen. Si also reduce cardiovascular risk and, furthermore, have antioxidant activity that may improve nutritional values;
- Daily Si rate recommended to enhance bone health = 30mg of Si - Average Si content in 280mL glass of beer = 6mg of Si
Si in the beer may enhance bone health !!!
Source: I Simp. Beer and Health, London-2003. (Hosp.St.Thomas e Univ. King’s College de Londres)
Grupo de Pesquisa “Silício na Agricultura”: www.dpv24.iciag.ufu.br