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SIGNS IN MEDICINE (A)- Aarons sign seen in appendicitis. On firm
pressure over the McBurneys point the patient withappendicitis will
feel distress in the epigastrium or precordial region.- Abadiesign
- This is the test of Muscle sense .Compress or squeeze big muscle
bellies (calf,` triceps orbiceps)and note whether the patient
complains of pain (Abadiesign ).This is the test of pressure sense
too.- Adlers sign- Is seen in Ectopic pregnancy .The abdominal
tenderness is fixed ,even when the patient isturned from side to
side.- Albright sign-Metacarpels are shortened in
pseudohypoparathyroidism , nevoid basal cell carcinoma,turner and
Larsen .In the presence of short fourth metacarpal ,there will be a
dimple at themetacarpophalangeal joint.- Alfred Demusset sign-
Bobbing of the head with each heart beat. The rapid blood flow in
the carotidswill push the head with each beat, thus leading to
movement of head up and down with each heart beat.- Allis sign- is
seen in developmental dysplasia.- Arm drop sign- sign suggestive of
complete tear of the rotator cuff.- Antenna sign- seen in Keratosis
pilaris- Anterior drawer sign-(Bon bruise sign) for anterior
cruciate ligament tear. It is used to diagnoserupture of the
cruciate ligaments .The knee should be flexed at a right angle and
the upper part of the tibiais pulled forward and pushed backward.
Increased anterior and posterior movements will indicate therupture
of cruciate ligaments.- Asboe Hansen sign- (Bulla spread sign) seen
in Pemphigus- Auenbruggers sign-In pericardial effusion ,an
epigastric prominence is seen.- Auspitzs sign-When the scales of
Psoriasis are removed ,pin point bleeding spots will be seen .(B)-
Babinskis sign- By stroking the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the
foot. There is contraction of tibialisanterior, hamstrings, and
tensor fascia lata.- Baccellis sign-Good conduction of whisper in
non purulent pleural effusion.- Balls sign- is seen in fetal death
.There will be hyperflexion of the spine.- Ballance sign-The
dullness can be elicited on both sides in rupture of spleen .On the
right side therewill be shift of the dullness ,but it is constant
on the left side.- Ballentyne-Runge sign - Decrease in the
abdominal circumference late in pregnancy due to
placentalinsufficiency- Banana sign the frontal lobes will be
concave .This is due to neural tube defects- Barbers chair sign in
multiple sclerosis. An electric shock like sensation which radiates
in to thearms., down the back to the legs, when the patient flexes
the head..- .Barlows sign- Von Rosens sign In congenital
instability of the hip joint the hips are held flexed and abducted
, A click can be heard when the femoral head leaves the acetabulum-
Bastedos sign seen in chronic appendicitis. On inflation of the
colon with air ,pain and tenderness willbe present in the right
iliac fossa.- Battles sign-blood pigment stain behind the ear over
the mastoid due to basal skull fracture (Sphenoidbone )- Beak sign
- in patients with Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. ,abrupt cut of
the barium column in thepylorus.- Beak sign in renal
arteriogram-Renal cyst.- Becker's sign - Pulsations seen in the
retinal artery.- Beevors sign-in patients with paralysis of lower
part of rectus abdominis the umbilicus will move
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upwards when the rising test is performed. The umbilicus will
move downwards in paralysis of upperpart of rectus abdominis -
Beheaded scottish terrior sign- Spondylolisthesis.(In oblique
view)- Belly dancers sign- It is seen in unilateral diaphragmatic
paralysis .During inspiration the umbilicusshifts upward and toward
the side of the paralysed diaphragm- Bendas sign- This is of
importance in tuberculous meningitis. Here the child has spasm of
thetrapezius muscle with the result that the shoulder on affected
side is raised up and at times also broughtforward. The sign is
elicited by turning the head and chin to one side and if there is
upward and forwardlifting of the shoulder the sign is positive. It
may be positive on one or both sides.- Bergara Warten Berg
sign-Loss of vibration on elevation of the closed upper eyelid. It
is the earliestsign of facial nerve paralysis.-Bergman sign
(Chalice sign)-is a finding in renal imaging studies where there is
dilatation ofureter distal to a neoplasm. Such dilatation will be
absent in calculus or thrombus.- Bing sign Pricking the dorsum of
foot by a pin produces extensor response.-Blue berry muffin sign-
is seen in dermal metastases of Neuroblastoma .There will be raised
purple skinlesions.- Blue dot sign-is seen in torsion of appendix
testis .The appendix that has undergone torsion may bevisible
through the scrotal skin.- Blumbergs sign Rebound tenderness. It is
seen in acute appendicitis.- Boas sign- is helpful in
differentiating acute cholecystitis from other conditions. In acute
cholecystitisthere is a referred pain to the right scapula. There
is an area of hyperaesthesia between the ninth and theeleventh ribs
posteriorly on the right side..- Bows sign-Seen in septicemia in
infants. The right side of the mediastinal shadow resembles a bow.-
Bow string sign-is used in lumbar disc herniation. It is a
variation of straight leg raising test. When theleg is raised pain
will occur. At the point of pain, the knee will be flexed which
will reduce the pain.- Branhams sign- (see Nicoladonis sign) is
seen in aretrio venous fistula .The swelling due toarteriovenous
fistula disappears on applying pressure on the artery proximal to
the fistula, thrill and bruitwill decrease and the pulse rate fall
.the pulse pressure will return to normal.- Brim sign- is seen in
Pagets disease.- Braxton Hicks sign-Intermittent uterine
contractions can be detected by palpation after 16 weeks
ofgestation in pregnancy.- Brudzinskis sign is seen in meningitis
Flexion of one lower limb causes flexion of opposite limb
immediately. It is the leg sign. Flexion of neck produces flexion
of hips and knees. This is the neck sign.(Brudzinskis neck
Sign-Both the lower limbs should be in extended position, with full
flexion of theneck, the child flexes both his lower limbs, at the
hips as well as knees. This is a common sign ofmeningitis in
infancy. There may be minimum flexion of the lower limbs when the
child has paraplegiaor quadriplegia; there is unilateral flexion of
the unaffected limb. This not only helps in the diagnosis
ofmeningitis but also in the diagnosis of hemi paresis.Brudzinskis
leg sign- Here one of the lower limbs is flexed to 45 at the hip
and 90-120 at knee. Whiletrying to extend the lower limbs there is
flexion of the opposite limb at the hip and knee. This is apositive
Brudzinskis leg sign. In children who are constantly moving the
lower limbs, particularly in thefirst 2-3 years of life, the test
should be carried out 3 to 4 times before it is concluded as
positive. If achild has weakness or paralysis of the opposite limb
there may be minimum flexion at the hip and knee.)- Bruns sign-
Excruciating headache , vertiginous episodes , coma and death due
to sudden movementof the head ,if the cysts are present in the
fourth ventricle .- Bryants sign-in shoulder dislocation .Abnormal
position of axillary folds.- Bulge sign- Small effusion in the knee
joint. Apply gentle pressure first on the medial side of the
jointwhen the patient is lying with the quadriceps relaxed. Watch
for the bulge on the lateral side.-Button hole sign- is seen in
Neurofibromatosis
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(C)- Capeners sign- is seen in slipped epiphysis .Normally, the
posterior acetabular margin will cut acrossthe medial corner of the
metaphysis. In this condition the entire metaphysis will remain
lateral to theposterior acetabular margin.- Cardarellis sign-
transverse pulsation in the laryngotracheal tube in aneurysms and
dilatation of theaortic arch.- Carmans Meniscus sign- A
radiological finding seen in malignant gastric ulcer. Meniscus
shapedgastric ulcer with the concavity pointed towards the gastric
lumen- Carpet tacks sign- is seen in Discoid Lupus Erythematosis
(DLE)- Carvallos sign- In cases with ASD, the tricuspid murmur is
maximal at the lower sternal edge andincreases in intensity during
inspiration- Cerebriform tongue sign-is seen in Pemphigus vegetans-
Chaddocks sign seen in pyramidal tract lesion. Extensor response is
seen after striking the skinaround the lateral malleolus in a
circular fashion.- Champagne flute sign-due to portal air in NNEC.-
Chandeliers sign-is seen in Gonorrhoea in women-
Circumflex`sign-the metaphysis have some flaring and may appear
V-shaped in achondroplasia.- Chvosteks sign -The facial nerve is
tapped at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. This leads to
brieftwitching of the facial muscles, ala of the nose and the
blinking of the eyelids. .Elevation of the corner ofmouth may b e
seen.- Coffee bean sign- Strangulation of incompletely obstructed
loop of small bowel.- Coin test-is found in tense Pneumothorax.
Place a metallic coin on the upper part of the affected chest,and
percuss over the coin with another coin. Listen at the same time
from the back with the diaphragm ofa stethoscope. A high pitched
tympanitic bell-like metallic sound can be heard in the presence
ofPneumothorax.- Colemans sign- Hematoma over the floor of the
mouth in fracture of body of mandible.- Combys sign-is seen in
measles. In early stages thin whitish patches are seen on the gums
and buccalmucous membranes.- Commandos sign-in spastic cerebral
palsy the child drags the feet like a rudder.- Coopers sign- In
acute appendicitis, the tenderness is elicited in the left lateral
position.- Corners sign- seen in scurvy. A groove will be present
just above the zone of provisional calcification.- Corrigan's sign
- Dancing carotids in aortic regurgitation..- Counting sign-in
diaphragmatic paralysis ,the patient cannot count more than 10 in
one breath.- Coupdongue sign- Tinea versicolor.- Courvoisier sign-
Gall bladder will be palpable in patients with carcinoma head of
the pancreas.- Crack pot sign- see Macewen sign- Crescent sign-In
hydronephrosis, crescents of contrast medium seen with in the
enlarged renalparenchyma. This is due to the contrast medium
circulating in the collecting ducts compressed by thedilated
calyces.- Crowes sign In neurofibromatosis , axillary freckling and
speckled hyperpigmentation over the upperchest ,groin and perineal
region will be present .- Cruveilhier s sign-is seen in portal
hypertension. Caput medusa due to portocaval anastomosis.- Cullen
sign-A bluish discoloration seen around the umbilicus in patients
with acute hemorrhagicpancreatitis.- Curtsy sign is seen in Sham or
Urge syndrome- Czernys sign-The abdomen normally bulges at the
beginning of inspiration. But in patients withchorea, there is
paradoxical retraction..
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(D)- Dagger sign-is due to ossification of supraspinous and
interspinous ligaments in Ankylosing spondylitis. On frontal
radiograph a single radio dense line will be seen.- Dance sign- in
intussusception. The right lower quadrant may feel empty to
palpation inintussusception.- Darier sign- Urticaria pigmentosa.
The lesions tend to become red, itchy and urticarial if they
arerubbed.- Dalrymple sign-(Lid retraction) Staring appearance due
to abnormal widening of palpebral fissures inhyperthyroidism-
Dawbarns sign- seen in subacromial bursitis .The pain in this
condition will disappear on abduction ofthe arm.- Dawsons
sign-Palmar erythema in cirrhosis of liver- De Dance sign-The Signe
de Dance A feeling of emptiness in the right iliac fossa in
acuteintussusception.- D Espines sign-A large mediastinal node or a
mass in Bronchogenic carcinoma may transmit thetracheal sound .This
can result in bronchial breath sound, whispering pectoriloquy and
rarely egophony inthe inter scapular region.(Below D4)- Delbets
sign-in aneurysm of limbs main artery .- Demusset sign-See Alfred
Demusset sign- Deuels halo sign- This is x-ray finding in
intrauterine death. The usual zone of reduced density visiblearound
the head of relatively mature fetus before delivery appears to be
separated from the cranium .Thedensity of this zone will be similar
to that of the soft tissues. This can be demonstrated
radiologicallywithin 3 days after the death of fetus.- Dimple sign-
Cart-Wheel pattern of fibroblast seen in Dermatofibrosarcoma
protuberans.- Dimple sign(Fitzpatrick sign) in Dermatofibrosarcoma
protuberans.- Docks sign- Rib notching in corctation of aorta.-
Dogs ear sign-in ascites .Radiodensity superior and lateral to the
bladder- Double bubble sign-is seen in the following conditions
Duodenal atresia,Annular pancreas,Duodenal stenosis
- Double duct sign in ERCP- Carcinoma pancreas- Drawer sign- see
Anterior drawer sign-(Bon bruise sign) - Dresslers sign-Dull note
in the lower part of sternum in pericardial effusion.- Drooping
lily sign- is seen in renal pelvis with duplicated collecting
system.- Dubois sign- Short little finger in congenital syphilis.-
Dugas sign-is seen in fresh shoulder dislocation . The patient will
not be able to put the hand to theopposite shoulder with the elbow
close to the body .- Duroziezs sign- diastolic murmur heard on the
femoral artery on distal compression.(E)- Emptying sign in straw
berry angioma- Erbs sign-seen in latent tetany. Muscular
contractions can be produced by application of
subthresholdelectrical stimulation.- Eye-of-the tiger appearance-
is a MRI finding in Hallevorden-Spatz disease- Ewarts sign- (Pins
sign) Is seen in compression collapse of the basal segments due to
large pericardial effusion.. There will be dullness on percussion,
increased vocal resonance, tubular breath sounds.,increased vocal
resonance. and bronchial breathing are seen in cardiac tamponade
due to pericardialeffusion.- Ewing sign- pericardial sign
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(F)- Fagets sign- is seen in yellow fever. Relative bradycardia
is present from the second day of the illness.- Falling fragment
sign-Solitary bone cyst.- Fat pad sign-is seen in pericardial
effusion .In normal persons the parietal pericardium is separated
fromthe epicardial fat by about 1-2 mm. This is increased in
pericardial effusion.- Felson s silhouette sign- any intrathoracic
mass touching the heart ,aorta or diaphragm will obliteratethat
border on the chest X ray.- Fistula sign- Pressure changes can be
transmitted to the membranous labyrinth if there is a fistula inthe
bony labyrinth. Pressing the tragus will induce jerk nystagmus.-
Fitzpatrick sign-in dermatofibroma .There will be dimpling when the
mass is squeezed on both sides.- Flag sign- Flag sign may be seen
in Kwashiorkor. The hair will be alternately normal and
depigmented.The hair in cases of severe malnutrition will be
hypopigmented. As the nutrition improves thepigmentation of the
hair will be normal. Hence the hair will be alternately normally
pigmented andhypopigmented, giving the appearance of a flag- Flank
stripe sign- or McCort sign-in ascites. Increased distance (>2
cm) between the properitoneal fatstripe and the right colon.-
Floating membrane sign- Hydatid cyst- Floating teeth sign- in
eosinophilic Granuloma.- Flying W sign- the posterior mitral
leaflet movement resembles the letter W. In partial systolic
closureof the pulmonary valves there will be flying W sign .-
Football sign-In NNEC, the free air over the liver with outlining
of the falciform ligament indicatesperforation and needs surgical
treatment.(Pneumoperitoneum)- Forscheimer sign- Enanthem in
rubella.- Foresters sign-In hypotonic or Atonic cerebral palsy,
when the child is lifted by holding at the axilla,there will be
flexion at the hips.- Fredericks sign-Increased jugular venous
pulse with sharp diastolic collapse. rapid Ydescent inpericardial
effusion.- Froments sign-in ulnar nerve paresis , Ask the patient
to grasp a book firmly between the thumb andthe other fingers .In
normal persons the thumb will be straight while holding the book .
In patients withulnar nerve palsy the terminal phalanx of the thumb
will be flexed.- Frostbergs inverted 3 sign-Carcinoma head of
pancreas.(G )- Galeazzi sign- is a check for apparent thigh length
on both sides. There will be lowering of the knee onthe affected
side when the child lies prone with hip flexed and knee flexed..-
Gerhardt's sign - Pulsations over the spleen in aortic
regurgitation.- Goodells sign Softening of cervix and vagina is a
sign of pregnancy.- Gonda sign Extensor response is elicited after
forceful stretching or snapping of distal phalanx ofeither of the
2nd or 4th toe.- Gowers sign- is seen in Duchenne muscular
dystrophy ,.It will be evident by 3 years of age and will befully
expressed by 5-6 years of age. Climbing upon his own body while
getting up from sitting posture.- Grassets sign in hemiplegia .When
a patient with hemiplegia walk on heels, there will be
abnormalmovements of the hands on the same side of hemiparesis. The
arms will come slightly in front, withelbow bent and not taking
part in co movements. There will be inability to keep the fingers
stretched andtogether.- Grey Turners sign-A bluish discoloration
seen in the flanks in patients with acute hemorrhagicpancreatitis.-
Griesingers sign- is seen in lateral sinus thrombosis. The thrombus
may extend and result in induratedtender area over the upper part
of the internal jugular vein and mastoid region.- Groove sign-
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) The enlarged lymph nodes are seen
both above and
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below the inguinal ligament.(H)-Halo sign.- Severe
erythroblastosis with hydrops fetalis is demonstrable by extensive
edema, whichelevates fat layers beneath the skin to produce a halo
sign. The so-called Buddha position is alsoindicative of hydrops
fetalis- Halo sign in breast tumour - a narrow radiolucent ring
surrounding a benign breat lesion.- Hammans crunch sign -crackling
,bubbling, crunching and churning sounds heard over theprecordium
in pneumomediastinum..It is better heard during the systole in left
lateral position inexpiration.- Head drop sign - The patient is
asked to lie down. The shoulders are raised off the bed. Usually
thehead also will raise but in this case the head lag will occur.
Children with poliomyelitis are unable to liftthe head or bring it
along the trunk, and this is known as head lag.- Head light sign-
perinasal and periorbital pallor in atopic dermatitis- Heel pad
sign- Acromegaly- Hellmen sign-in ascites. Radiolucent shadow
between the lateral walls; of liver and the abdominal wall.- Hegar
s sign-Softening of the isthmus or the lower segment of the uterus
This can be seen at 6 -12weeks of gestation.- Hertoghes sign- Loss
of lateral third of eyebrow in atopic dermatitis- Hicks sign-is
seen in pregnancy. There is light, painless irregular uterine
contractions which increase infrequency and intensity as the
pregnancy advances.- Higoumenakis sign-Enlargement of the medial
end of the clavicle which is a late feature of syphilis.- Hill's
sign-is seen in Aortic Regurgitation .The systolic pressure in the
lower limb is more than that ofthe upper limb .Normally this
pressure difference will be less than 20 mm of Hg. The severity of
the aorticregurgitation can be assessed by measuring this
difference. - Mild Aortic Regurgitation - 20-40 mm of Hg. -
Moderate Aortic Regurgitation - 40 -60 mm of Hg. - Severe Aortic
Regurgitation - >60 mm of Hg.- Hip sign - The lower limbs of a
preterm baby can be abducted for more than 160 degrees- Hoffmans
sign is significant of pyramidal lesion. The terminal phalanx of
middle finger to be graspedby the examiner. The hand to be
pronated. Sharp flickering movement of terminal phalanx will
produce adduction and flexion of the thumb and flexion of the other
fingers.- Homans sign-is positive in venous thrombosis. Tenderness
can be elicited indirectly by forcible
dorsiflexion of the foot with the knee extended.- Hook sign-In
acute fulminating tenosynovitis there will be flexion of finger
with pain on extension.- Hoovers sign is seen in pleural effusion
.There will be decreased chest movements on the affectedside in
pleural effusion.- Hoovers sign(for unilateral weakness or
paralysis of one leg )- is done to differentiate between paralysis
and Pseudoparalysis of one leg .The examiners hand is placed under
the heel of the paralysedleg .Now ask the patient to raise the
normal leg against resistance .In normal individuals the examiner
canfeel the pressure by the normal leg ..This will be absent if the
leg is weak or paralysed.- Hutchinsons sign- In Herpes Zoster
ophthalmicus, when the tip of the nose is involved ,the eye
alsowill, be involved. This is because both the area are supplied
by nasociliary nerve.- Hyppocratic sign- Succussion splash present
in pyopneumothorax.( I )- Inverted mustache sign- seen in x -ray
chest in congestive cardiac failure.(J)- Jacquemiers
sign-(Chadwicks sign) bluish discoloration of the vagina will be
seen by about 4-8weeks of pregnancy.- Jellinek sign- Hyperpigmented
lid in hyperthyroidism
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- Joffroys sign-Absence of wrinkling on the forehead on looking
upwards in thyrotoxocisis.(K)- Kanavels sign- In infection of ulnar
bursa ,there will be tenderness over the part of the ulnar
bursalying in between the transverse palmar creases.- Kehrs
sign-pain referred to the left shoulder in rupture of spleen .The
pain is due to the contact ofblood in the under surface of
diaphragm .The pain is mediated through the afferent fibres of the
Phrenicnerve.- Kernigs sign-The patient lies supine .The hip is
flexed and the knee is extended passively. In patientswith
meningitis there will be pain and spasm of hamstrings.It is
positive in meningeal irritation and sub arachnoid haemorrhage. It
is relatively less important ininfancy and early childhood as it
may be negative in spite of meningeal involvement. However, it is
avery useful sign in older children.- Kestenbaums sign- is seen in
optic atrophy. The number of capillaries that cross the disc margin
isreduced from a normal of 10 to 7 or less.- Kiloh-Nevin sign-Ask
the patient to form a O with the tip of the finger and the index
finger In patientswith anterior interosseous syndrome, fine pinch
posture is abnormal.- Kiss the-knee sign- Ask the child to sit and
kiss the knee. In the presence of Nuchal rigidity, the childcannot
kiss the knee without bending the knee.- Kochers sign-Frightened,
staring look in Thyrotoxicosis.- Knuckle sign- is seen in vessel
occlusion due to thrombosis .there is an abrupt tapering of the
vesseldistal to the occlusion.- Kritchleys sign (Cortical thumb) in
pyramidal tract lesion.- Kussmauls sign- Inspiratory prominence of
jugular veins in pericardial effusion, constrictivepericarditis,
restrictive cardiomyopathy..(L)- Ladins sign-is seen in pregnancy.
There is softening of the medial anterior surface of the body of
uterusjust above the body and cervix.- Lambda sign- Small ascending
aorta seen in hypoplastic left heart syndrome- Laminar dot sign-
-seen in advanced glaucoma.- Landolfi's sign - constriction and
dilatation of pupils with the heart beats and not related to light
reflex.- Lassigue sign-A positive leg rising test .It is present in
sciatica, prolapsed intervertebral disc. With thepatient lying
supine, ask him to elevate the extended leg .A normal person can
extend up to 90 degrees.The test is positive if the movement is
restricted.- Lemon sign- See banana sign the frontal lobes will be
concave .This is due to neural tube defects.- Leris sign- is seen
in hemiplegia. There will be absence of normal flexion of the elbow
on passiveflexion of the hand at wrist on the affected side.-
Leser-Trelat sign- is seen in internal malignancy. There will be
sudden appearance of large number ofkeratosis.- Lhermittes sign-
electric shock like sensation radiates down the trunk ,when the
trunk is flexed .itindicates cervical cord lesion ,cervical
spondylotic myelopathy, sub acute combined degeneration of thecord,
radiation myelopathy- Light house sign - alternate flushing, and
blanching of the forehead in Aortic Regurgitation- Light house sign
in acute Suppurative otitis media.. a pulsating discharge will
reflect the lightintermittently.- Littens sign- in diaphragmatic
palsy .There is absence of indrawing of subcostal margin
duringinspiration.- Ludloffs sign is seen in avulsion fracture of
the lesser trochanter. There will be inability to flex thestretched
leg, when the patient is seated.(M)
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- Macewens sign (Crack pot resonance) - a cracked-pot sound on
percussion of the skull, may bepresent with hydrocephalus,
increased intracranial pressure and sutural separation. It is due
to separationof sutures in a child having increased intracranial
tension. It is also simulated in many normal infants. Toelicit this
sign the childs head should be lifted up from the bed and supported
by putting the examinershand under the neck In children who can sit
up this can be done in the sitting position. A sharp tap withthe
middle finger is given on the parietal region on each side.-
Macewens sign (in pericardial effusion )- Macewens sign (alcohol
poisoning ) pupillary sign.- Marcus Gunn pupil sign- is seen in the
patients with asymmetric, prechiasmatic, afferent
conductiondefect.- Marions sign-seen in benign prostatic
enlargement.- Mathes sign-In patients with perinephric abscess, the
kidney does not descend down in erect posture.In normal persons the
kidney will descend in erect posture . - Maxwell-Lyons sign-is seen
in vernal conjunctivitis. A fibrinous pseudomembrane may be seen.-
Mc Burneys sign-In acute appendicitis; pain can be elicited at the
Mcburneys point by pressing with afinger- McEwan sign- In coma the
pupil is constricted and dilates on painful stimuli.- McMurrays
sign-In meniscus injury a painful click can be demonstrated if the
flexed tibia is rotatedupon the femur.- Melting sign- In pulmonary
embolism with infarction .The consolidation regresses from
periphery tothe centre.- Mercedes Benz sign (Seagull sign) When gas
is present in the gall stones, a characteristic dark shapewill be
seen in the X ray- Milians ear sign- Erysipelas can spread in to
the pinna (cellulitis cannot spread as there is no areolartissue )-
Milk maid sign-Ask the patient to hold the examiner's hand,(index
and middle fingers can be placedtogether).Feel for the uniformity
in the force of contraction by the patient. Ask the patient to hold
thefingers of opposite hand and compare with the other side. In the
affected side there will be alternatingforces (contractions and
relaxations),as like milking of a cow.- Meniscus sign- seen in
X-ray , when a mobile mass is present in the pulmonary cavity due
toaspergillus fungal ball- Moebius sign Lack of convergence of the
eye ball in thyrotoxocisis.- Moniz sign Extensor response is seen
after forceful passive plantar flexion of ankle- Moses sign-In
venous thrombosis, pain can be elicited by squeezing the calf
muscles.- Moulage sign-is seen in Malabsorption syndrome .It is due
to flocculation and segmentation of bariumand mucosal thickening.-
Moynihams sign- is acute cholecystitis.- Muller's sign - Pulsations
seen in the uvula, in aortic regurgitation.- Munsons sign- is seen
in keratoconus. There will be bulging of the lower eye lid when the
patient looksdown.- Murphys Sign: Ask the patient to breathe in
deeply and palpate for gall bladder. At the height ofinspiration
the breath is arrested with a gasp as the mass is felt. This is the
sign of acute cholecystitis.(N)- Naffzigers sign-Stand behind the
patient and look vertically downwards in the plane of super
ciliaryridges .The eye balls can be seen protruding out of this
plane if proptosis is present.- Napkin ring sign-Annular carcinoma
of colon.- Nashes sign- Increased pulmonary blood flow in moderate
and severe VSD.- Naunyns sign-See Murphys sign- Nicoladonis sign-
see -Branhams sign- Nicolskys sign-Separation of the epidermis on
giving pressure over the skin. Pemphigus vulgaris, TEN
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Toxic Epidermal necrolysis, porphyria, Stevenson Johnsons
syndrome, Staphylococcal scaldedsyndrome.(O)- Oil drop sign- In
psoriasis .there is discolouration of nail bed.- Ollendorf sign- is
seen in secondary syphilis. The papule is tender .- Ollivers
sign-Upward and down ward movement of the trachea can be seen in
patients with COPD.The chin should be raised and upward pressure
should be applied over the trachea. A downward tractioncan be felt
on the trachea. This is known as tracheal tug.- Oppenheims sign
Heavy pressure is applied by the thumb and index finger from above
downwardsover the anterior surface of tibia (to its medial side).
The extensor response usually occurs towards theend of the
stimulation.- Ortolanis sign-Ortalanis sign of jerk is the earliest
sign of congenital dislocation of hip. By holding thelimbs with the
hip and knees flexed ,abduct the hip joint.Placea finger over the
greater trochanter.A clickcan be felt as the femoral head slips in
to the acetabulum.- Osianders sign will be seen in pregnancy due to
-increased vaginal pulsations- Oslers sign- Alkaptonuria(P )- Panda
sign- bilateral periorbital haematoma in a patient with a fracture
of the anterior cranial fossa.- Pardees sign- It is an
electrocardiogram finding in myocardial infarction. A few hours
after theinfarction there will be a Q wave and S-T segment is
elevated.- Pastias sign-is seen in scarlet fever .Residual
petechial lesions in the antecubital fossa.- Peroneal sign-Seen in
latent tetany. Tapping the peroneal nerve at the neck of the fibula
will produce dorsiflexion and abduction of the foot.(eversion of
foot )- Patellar apprehension sign-apply lateral pressure to the
patella with the knee extended to 30 degrees.and the quadriceps
relaxed .The patient fears that the patella may be dislocated and
extends the knee thereby relocating the patella to the normal
position.- Patellar tap sign- is seen in knee joint effusion. The
effusion delays the patellar tapping against thefemur. ,when it is
pressed firmly and quickly.- Pedestal sign- is seen in cementless
total hip arthroplasty, when there is prosthetic loosening of
thefemoral stem- Pelkens sign- is seen in scurvy. Thickened zone of
provisional calcification protruding beyond theborder of the
shaft.- Pen Britton sign-In retrosternal thyroid, on lifting the
upper limbs ,the face is suffused, due to thepressure by the
thyroid on the SVC- Penetrating sign-A radiological finding in
benign gastric ulcer. The ulcer crater should project from
thecontrast filled lumen and erode in to the stomach wall rather
than in to the mass in the stomach wall.- Phalens sign-In carpel
tunnel syndrome ,the signs and symptoms will increase on flexion of
the wrist.On straightening these will improve. This is also known
as Wrist flexion test..- Phelps sign is seen in Glomus jugulare.-
Pipe stem sign- is seen in Ulcerative colitis.- Pillow sign- hairs
on the pillow on getting up in nethertons syndrome.- Platysma sign
of Babinski- Loss of contraction on eversion of lower eyelid or
retraction of angles ofmouth..- Prayer sign-Is seen in diabetes. It
is due to limited joint mobility (Cheiroarthropathy) There is
inabilityto extend, the interphalangeal joint to 180 degree or
limited joint mobility of interphalangeal joints of atleast one
finger bilaterally.- Prehns sign- is seen in epididymo -orchitis
.On elevation of the testis the pain increases in torsion andin
epididymo-orchitis the pain decreases.- Pronator sign-Ask the child
to hold the hands above the head with the palm facing each other
for sometime. The patient will not be able to hold it in same
position. The hand on the affected side will be
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pronated and the palm will face outwards- Pseudo-babinski's sign
The plantar extensor response may be seen in the absence of
pyramidal tract lesions in thefollowing conditions 1) Voluntary
withdrawal 2) In plantar hyperaesthesia 3) Strong or painful
stimulus, 4) In extrapyramidal lesions- Pseudo Darrier sign-
Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma- Puddles sign -To diagnose
minimal ascites. The patient is put in knee chest position .Percuss
theabdomen towards the umbilicus to elicit the dullness.(Q )-
Quinke's sign (In aortic regurgitation) There will be alternate
flushing and blanching in the nail bed. (R)- Raccoon eye sign-is
seen in fracture of the base of the skull. Bilateral ecchymosis and
swelling of theupper eye lids will be present..- Red dot
sign-Abdominal wall is discolored with focal or diffuse erythema
reflects underlying peritonitis. This sign is seen in neonatal
necrotizing enterocolitis.- Reissers sign-iliac apophysis fuses
with the iliac bone at maturity .This indicates a completion
ofgrowth. There will be no worsening of Scoliosis.- Reversed 3 sign
in barium x ray- Coarctation of aorta.- Rib notching sign is seen
in coarctation of aorta.- Rigler sign- The bowel wall will be
outlined by air inside and outside, in Pneumoperitoneum.- Rim
sign-In severe hydronephrosis some times only a thin rim of the
contrast will be seen outlining thekidney. This is due to the
contrast medium circulating in the capillaries compressed by the
dilated calyces.- Roberts sign- appearance of gas shadow in the
heart and great vessels by 12 hours of fetal death
- Romanas sign- in Chagas disease ,.there will be unilateral
painless oedema of the periorbital tissues .itis due to infection
through the conjunctiva.- Rombergs sign-It is a test to find out
the loss of position sense. It is special test to find out the
Co-ordination of the lower limbs. The patient is asked to stand
with his feet close together with both his eyesopened and closed.
If Rombergs sign is present as soon as the patient closes his eye,
he begins to sway ormay even fall, It signifies sensory ataxia.-
Rope sign- due to constriction of hypopharynx in poliomyelitis.
There is acute angulation between thechin and larynx due to
weakness of the Hyoid muscles.- Rosenbachs sign - Pulsations of the
liver in aortic regurgitation.- Rossolimos Sign- Plantar surface of
the Great toe is tapped with a hammer or flick the distal
phalangesof the toes into extension and then allow them to fall
back to their normal position. In pyramidal tractlesions, there
will be plantar flexion of all the other toes including the Great
toe. (This is equivalent ofHoffmans sign of the upper limbs)-
Rotchs sign- Flat note in the cardio hepatic angle on the right
side in pericardial effusion .- Rovsings sign-In appendicitis, when
the abdomen is pressed on the left iliac region ,there will be
painin the right side. This is due to the stretching of the
inflamed peritoneum on the right side.(S)- Sail sign- The sail
shaped shadow of the thymus in the upper mediastinal shadow.-
Sandwich sign- Mesenteric adenopathy.- Schamroths sign .This is
seen in clubbing .Normally when the thumbs are placed in
closeapproximation to each other so that the nails are facing each
other a quadrangular space can be seen inbetween the thumbs. In
clubbing (Grade II or more) of the fingers this space will be
obliterated. This iscalled Shamroth sign.
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- Scarf sign- The elbow crosses the midline when the arm is
crossed across the chest .Keep the head inthe midline pull the hand
across the chest .The elbow will cross the midline in preterm
babies..- Schwartz sign- is seen in Otosclerosis. A pink tinge may
be seen due to otospongiotic mass(Flamingos tint)- Scimitar sign-
Crescentic shadow (Curved Turkish sword shaped shadow) of vascular
density along theright border of the cardiac silhouette. This is
due to anomalous pulmonary vein draining in to the inferiorvena
cava.- Scottish dog sign- is seen in spondylolysis. The defect is
in the pars interarticularis.. It appears like ascottish dog
wearing a collar .- Sea gull sign- See Mercedes Benz sign- Sectoral
sign- is seen in Avascular necrosis of femoral head. The internal
rotation of the hip will be fullwith hip extended ,but will be
grossly restricted with the hip flexed.- Seidels sign- Sickle
shaped extension of the blind spot above or below ,or both ,with
the concavity ofthe sickle directed towards the fixation point.
This sign is seen in field defects ,in simple glaucoma- Setting sun
eye sign - Usually seen in hydrocephalus . - Normally the sclera
above the upper limbuswill not be visible. In hydrocephalus , eyes
deviate downward because of the impingement of the
dilatedsuprarenal recess on the tectum. .In normal new born babies
this may be visible transiently. In kernicterusand hydrocephalus it
will be persistent- Shawl sign- In dermatomyosistis .there will be
erythema over the upper back and shoulders.- Shoulder sign-The
hypertrophied pyloric muscle will cause an indentation of the
barium filled antrumin patients with Hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis.- Shrug sign is seen in patello-femoral
osteoarthritis.There will be pain ,when the patella is
compressedmanually against the femur during quadriceps
contraction.- Sore thumb sign-Acute Epiglottitis .- Signet ring
sign-seen in the x-ray of a patient with scurvy.- Silk sign- on
physical examination , thickening of the spermatic cord in children
with inguinal hernia..It is elicited by palpating the spermatic cor
d at the pubic tubercle.- Soft neurological signs is a particular
form of deviant performance on a motor or sensory test in
aneurological examination that is abnormal for a particular age.
These are present in normal children atsome stage of their
development like .repetitive and successive finger movements, foot
taps, hopping,tandem walking.- Spaldings sign- This is a
radiological feature of intrauterine death overlapping of the skull
bones at thesutural lines and shrinkage of the skull contents in
fetal death.- Spatula sign- In tetanus, spasm of the child will be
aggravated, when the childs mouth is pressed with aspatula.-
Spooning sign is seen in chorea. Ask the patient to stretch the
arms forward and hold them parallel tothe floor with the palms
facing each other. The affected arm will be flexed at the wrist and
extended at themetacarpophalangeal joints.This resembles a dinner
fork.( Dinner fork deformity)- Steeple sign in croup.- Steinberg
sign- ( Thumb sign) -In Marfans syndrome ,Protrusion of the thumb
beyond the ulnarborder of the hand ,when flexed across the palm..-
Step sign seen in - Spondylolisthesis, - Acromio clavicular
dislocation.- String of beads sign-in dilated small bowel filled
with fluid, small bubbles of gas may be trappedbetween the valvular
conniventes- Square root sign- on right ventricular pressure
tracing in constrictive pericarditis.- Stellwag sign-(Staring look
) Infrequent blinking in Thyrotoxicosis.- String sign-is seen in
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. In barium meal study the elongated
pyloric canal
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will be seen as a single line of barium. Some times it will be
seen as a double line.- String sign of Kantor- in barium meal
study.-Crohns disease is due to the marked narrowing of theaffected
bowel.- Sulcus sign a radiological sign in inferior dislocation of
shoulder ,where the head of the humerus liesbelow the glenoid.- Sun
setting sign-See setting sun eye sign.- Suzman's sign-In
Coarctation of aorta collaterals are formed in the back and will
cause pulsations overthe back.. The pulsations are prominent over
the scapula and is best visualized with the patient
bendingforwards.(T )- Target sign Thick pylorus in the
ultrasonogram in pyloric stenosis- Tear drop sign- in orbits- Blow
out fracture- Tear drop sign- in ankle-Ankle effusion- Tent sign-
In ovarian cyst ,the vaginal fornix on that side will be deep like
a tent.- Terry Thomas sign- Scapholunate dislocation- Thinkers
sign- due to the abnormal posture of the patient in COPD.- Thumb
sign-See Steinberg sign. It is seen in Marfans syndrome.-
Thurston-Holland sign -Intra articular fracture ,the line going
through the plate and through the partof the metaphysis.- Tinels
sign-When a regenerating nerve is tapped at the level of
regeneration there will be a tinglingsensation- Tragers sign This
is a sign of fetal death in utero. The fetal attitude in a X-ray
will be with marked curvature orcollapse of spine. Loss of fetal
attitude or posture is a result of decreased muscle tone .- Trail
sign- Undue prominence of clavicular head of sternomastoid muscle
on one side is indicative of tracheal displacement to that side .-
Tram track sign-Double track of barium will be seen outlining the
Hypertrophic mucosa in the
elongated pyloric canal in Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.- Tram
track sign-is also seen in Sturge Weber syndrome.- Tram track
sign-is also seen in membranous glomerulonephritis.- Traube's sign
- Pistol shot sound in the femoral artery in aortic regurgitation-
Trendelenburg sign-in congenital dislocation of hip. Ask the
patient to stand on one leg and note theposition of the pelvis. If
the test is negative the pelvis will be raised on the unsupported
side .If the test ispositive the pelvis will drop on the
unsupported side.- Trethowans sign- is positive in slipped femoral
epiphysis. Normally the line drawn along the superiorsurface of the
neck passes bisecting the head of femur. In this condition this
line` passes superior to thehead.- Triple bubble sign- Jejunal
atresia.- Tripod sign is seen in poliomyelitis. The child sits with
the knees flexed and both the hands placedbehind him supporting on
the back as if in the tripod position. On stretching the legs the
meninges arestretched which aggravates the pain. By assuming the
tripod position the stretching of the meninges isavoided thereby
the pain is reduced.- Troisiers sign enlarged left supraclavicular
node (Virchows node)due the gastric malignancy.- Trolley track sign
-Signs in Ankylosing spondylitis Three vertical linerar lines with
increased densitywill be seen.- Trousseaus sign-Phlebo thrombosis
of superficial veins.- Trousseau's sign-Ischemia of the upper limb
is caused by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff above thearterial
pressure for not more than 2-3 minutes .. This will precipitate the
carpopedal spasm.-Trumbling bullet sign is seen in post-traumatic
bone cyst.- Trumpet sign- is seen in intervertebral disc
herniation. Enlargement of the nerve root seconday to
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edema.- Throgmortons sign-Extension of the suspensory ligament
of the penis prior to micturition in newborninfants.( V )- Vacuum
cleft sign- is seen in vertebra plana.- Vallecular sign-Retention
of barium in hypopharynx in patients with carcinoma of larynx.-
Vascular sign of Narath- is seen in anterior dislocation of the hip
joint. The femorals are easily felt inScarpas triangle.- Verumonten
sign- is seen in complete rupture of urethra. The prostate will be
floating in per rectalexamination.- Von Graefes sign- in
Thyrotoxicosis. Lag of the upper lid on downward gaze.- Von Rosens
sign (Barlows sign ) In congenital instability of the hip joint the
hips are held flexedand abducted , A click can be heard when the
femoral head leaves the acetabulum .- Victor Horsleys sign-The
temperature will be 1-2 degree more on the paralysed side.( W )-
Water Lily sign- Hydatid cyst.- Watenberg 's sign.-The fingers of
the hand to be examined should be flexed and interlocked to
theexaminers flexed fingers. A pull in the opposite direction
should be applied , so that the fingers of eachother pull against
other's resistance. Normally the thumb extends. In the presence of
cortical lesions thethumb adducts and flexes.- Wimbergers signX-ray
knee bilateral erosion in upper medial end of tibia. It will be
seen incongenital syphilis ,scurvy .- Winter bottom sign- is seen
in Trypanosoma brucei infection African trypanosomiasis
(Sleepingsickness).The regional nodes enlarge in the posterior
cervical triangle..- Wredens sign- is seen in a stillborn baby.
Gelatinous material more or less completely fills the
externalauditory meatus.- Wrist sign-It is seen in Marfans
syndrome. Ask the patient to grasp the wrist with the thumb and
thelittle finger. There will be overlapping of the fingers.- W
sitting- is seen in persistent anteversion of the femoral neck
.Children sit between their feet withthe hips fully internally
rotated. OTHER SIGNS-
- 3 sign on paramediastinal shadow in x ray-i n Coarctation of
aorta.- Sign of ridge-seen in dehydration- Thumb sign- Acute
Epiglottitis- V sign of Naclerio- Pneumomediastinum + Pneumothorax
(Boorhaeves syndrome)- Deep lateral femoral notch sign- Tibia vara
due to retarded growth of medial half of the proximal
tibial epiphysis (Blounts disease)- Vital signs- pulse,
respiration, temperature.
RADIOLOGICAL SIGNSCoffee bean sign (Birds beak deformity or ace
of spade deformity is seen in sigmoid volvulus.Double stomach
appearance Atresia and stenosis of duodenum.Double bubble sign-
Duodenal atresia.Meniscus sign in chest X ray- aspergillus fungal
ball.Mercedes Benz sign (Sea gull sign) radiolucent gall stone with
gas in itTriple bubble sign- Jejunal atresiaFloating membrane
sign-Hydatid cyst
SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS CLINICAL CONDITIONS-
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(A)1) Signs in Ankylosing spondylitis Dagger sign Trolley track
sign Bamboo spine appearance Squaring of vertebra Anderson fracture
(disco vertebral fracture) 2) AORTIC REGURGITATION -PERIPHERAL
SIGNS
The volume output from the left ventricle is high and also there
is a diastolic run off. This causesa rapid filling of the
peripheral blood vessels and rapid emptying of these vessels. This
is the cause forthe peripheral signs of the aortic
regurgitation.
a) Demusset signb) Light house sign - alternate flushing, and
blanching of the forehead.c) Becker's sign - Pulsations seen in the
retinal artery.d) Landolfi's sign - constriction and dilatation of
pupils with the heart beats and not related to
light reflex.e) Muller's sign - Pulsations seen in the uvula.f)
Corrigan's sign - Dancing carotids.g) Locomotor brachi -The
pulsations in the brachial artery is seen prominently in the
medial
aspect of the arm, with the arm in a semi flexed position.h)
Water hammer pulse-(Collapsing pulse)i) Quinke's sign -There will
be alternate flushing and blanching in the nail bed. j) Hill's
sign-k) Rosen Bachs sign - Pulsations of the liver.l) Gerhardt's
sign - Pulsations over the spleen.m) Traube's sign - Pistol shot
sound in the femoral artery.n) Duroziez murmur - a diastolic murmur
is heard over the femoral artery with the diaphragm of
the stethoscope when the femoral artery is compressed
distally.(4 Ds Duroziez's murmur. Diastolic murmur, Diaphragm,
Distal compression.)
3) Signs in appendicitis a) Aarons sign b) Bastedos sign c)
Rovsing s sign d) Dieulafoys triad
- e) Blumbergs sign f) Coopers sign- In acute appendicitis , the
tenderness is elicited in the left lateral position. 4) SIGNS OF
ASCITES Flank stripe sign- or McCort sign- Increased distance
(>2 cm )between the properitoneal fatstripe and the right colon.
Hellmen sign- Radiolucent shadow between the lateral wall of liver
and the abdominal wall. Dogs ear sign-Radiodensity superior and
lateral to the bladder5) Signs in ASOM- - Light house sign - Nipple
sign6) Signs in ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT -
- Jug-handle appearance in ASD , (dilated right atrium,
ventricle, and pulmonary arteries withless prominent aortic
knuckle)
- Hilar dance On fluoroscopy there is conspicuous pulsation of
the pulmonary arteries.(C )
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1) SIGNS IN CARDIAC FAILURE- Features of left ventricular
failure Cardinal signs of left ventricular failure are a) Gallop
rhythm-S3 will be heard along with S1 and S2 .This is called triple
rhythm. This will beassociated with tachycardia in gallop rhythm.
b) Pulsus alternans c) Fine crepitations at the base of the lungs.
Features of right ventricular failure Cardinal signs of right
ventricular failure are a) Elevated jugular venous pulsations b)
Hepatomegaly-soft, tender, may be pulsatile c) Oedema of dependant
parts.-Pedal oedema in patients who are standing and sacral oedema
inrecumbent patients.2) CARDIOMYOPATHYSigns of restrictive
cardiomyopathy are Edema, Ascites, Enlarged pulsatile liver
Increased JVP Kussumauls sign Third and fourth heart sounds.
Hepatojugular reflex will be present.3) CEREBELLAR SIGNS
a) Ataxia (In co-ordination of movements)Truncal ataxia
-difficulty in sitting, standing etc(occurs in vermis lesion)
b) Titubation c) Dyssynergia- Past pointing d) Intention tremor
e) Dysmetria f) Dysdiadochokinesia g) Rebound phenomenon h) Ataxic
gait i) Speech Dysarthria. j) Nystagmus k) Pendular knee jerk
l) Hypotonia Tandem walking-(Heel-toe )The patient is asked to
walk in a straight line with the heel of the footplaced near the
tip of the toes of the other leg .This will be abnormal in patients
with cerebellar lesionsand posterior column lesions. Romberg test.
The patient is asked to stand straight with both the feet close to
each other .Firstthe patient is asked to stand with the eyes open
and then with the eyes closed. In cases with posteriorcolumn
lesions where the position sensation is lost, the patient will fall
on the side of the lesion when theeyes are closed. This is because
the patient adapts to the loss of position sensation by the
visualassessment of the positions. When the eyes are closed or in
the dark this adaptation will be lost and thepatient tends to fall
down4) SIGNS IN ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS Cystic duct sign Rim sign5)
SIGNS IN CHOREA-Chorea-are semi-purposive ,brief ,jerky,
irregular
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a) Hypotonia. b) Jack in box tongue- Involuntary protrusion and
retraction of the tongue. c) Pronator sign d) Milk maid
sign-(Milking sign) e) Hung up reflex- With the patient sitting on
the bed with the legs hanging freely the knee jerk iselicited. The
extension at the knee joint will be maintained for some time before
the leg comes down. Thisis called hung up reflex and occurs in the
affected side. f) Spooning sign- g) Emotional lability h) Czernys
sign6) SIGNS IN CIRRHOSIS LIVER
- Dawsons sign - Terry nails (leuconychia ) white nails seen in
thumb and index fingers .
- Dupuytrens contracture- Clubbing- Spider angiomata
7) SIGNS IN COARCTATION OF AORTA- - Docks sign - Suzmans sign8)
SIGNS OF VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS. - Maxwell-Lyons sign-
- White ropy discharge- Cobble stone appearance- Trantas spots
at the limbus.
9)CORTICAL SIGNS Astearognosis, Apraxia, Alexia, Acalculia
Blindness (Cortical) Cortical Thumb, Clonus, Discrimination
(Two-Point), Dysarthria Extensor (Plantar Reflex) Fundal Changes
Growth Retardation(-In Infantile Hemiplegia),Glabellar Reflex
Hypertonia, Intelligence decreased Jerks -Exaggerated, Judgement
impaired Mentation, Memory affected Neonatal Reflexes Orofacial
Apraxia, Orientation- Affected. Palmomental Reflex, Perseveration
Snout Reflex, Sucking ReflexCORTICAL SYMPTOMS Aphasia Bladder
disturbances Convulsions(D)1) SIGNS OF SEVERE DEHYDRATION-
- Depressed fontanella - Dry tongue,
- Sunken eyes,- Skin turgor- decreased
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- Sign of ridge-when the skin is pinched and released the ridge
formed will disappear very slowly.,2) SIGNS OF DISLOCATION Sulcus
sign a radiological sign in inferior dislocation of shoulder ,where
the head of the humeruslies below the glenoid.(E)1) SUB ACUTE
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
Anemia Clubbing- -acute, Tender Oslers nodes- Painful, Pea sized
intradermal nodes In the Pads of fingers and toes Janeway
lesions-painless, small erythematous, hemorrhagic lesionsin palms
and soles Splinter hemorrhages-beneath the nails Petechiae
Tender splenomegaly Microscopic hematuria
Roth spots(F)1) False localizing signs- Increased intracranial
tension will result in lateral rectus palsy due to the stretching
of theabducent nerve.2) Signs of Avascular necrosis of femoral head
a) Positive Trendelenberg s sign b) Sectoral sign3) Signs of fetal
death-
- Roberts sign- Spalding sign- Balls sign- Duels or halos
sign
- Trager sign4) Signs of fracture
a) Crepitusb) Deformityc) Local bony tendernessd) Abnormal
mobilitye) Shortening of a segment of limb
5) Basilar skull fractureFour classical signs of basilar skull
fracture a) Racoon eyes- Periorbital ecchymosis in anterior basilar
fracture. b) Battles sign c) Hemotympanum (Fracture of the petrous
ridge ) d) CSF otorrhoea /Rhinorrhea. (Fracture cribrifirm plate
)(G)SIGNS IN GASTRIC ULCER- a) Carmans sign- is seen in malignant
gastric ulcer. Meniscus shaped gastric ulcer with theconcavity
pointed towards the gastric lumen b) Penetrating sign-The ulcer
crater should project from the contrast filled lumen and erode in
tothe stomach wall rather than in to the mass in the stomach
wall.(H )
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1) Signs of congenital dysplasia of hip joint - Allis sign
- Galeazzi sign-- Trendelenburgs sign.
2) Signs of hydronephrosis- Rim sign3) SIGNS IN HYPERTROPHIC
PYLORIC STENOSIS. a) Target sign
b) Tram track sign-c) String signd) Beak signe) Shoulder
sign
4) SIGNS OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM-a) Trousseau's sign-b) Chvosteks
sign
5) EARLY SIGNS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM-Prolonged physiological
jaundice,Hypothermia,Hypotonia,Mottled skin,
(I )1) INTUSSUSCEPTION - Signs of intussusception are
a) Claw signb) Pitch fork sign in barium enemac) oiled spring
deformity
(K)1) EARLY SIGNS OF KERNICTERUS- Poor feeding Lethargy Altered
cry Altered behaviour2) SIGNS OF KNEE JOINT EFFUSION a) Patellar
tap sign- b) Bulge sign(L )1) Lateralizing signsIn coma it will be
difficult to recognize the focal neurological signs .The following
features wil indicatethe side of the lesion
a) Menace reflex (Asymmetric hemianopia)b) Facial weaknessc)
Abnormal toned) Response to painful stimulie) Asymmetry in plantar
responsef) Asymmetry in tendon reflexesg) Asymmetry in decerebrate
and decorticate positioning.
2) SIGNS IN LIVER FAILURE- - Alopecia-Hair loss (loss of pubic
and axillary hair)
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- Parotid swelling - Jaundice - Abdominal distention -
Ecchymoses
- Paper money skin., spider nevi, - White brittle nails -
Pruritis - Foetor Hepaticus
- Palmar erythema,- Duputryens contracture- Gynaecomastia
- Caput medusa - Gastrointestinal bleeds- Haematemesis - Ascites
- Oedema
- Testicular atrophy- Neurological signs- Asterixis
(M )1) SIGNS IN MARFANS SYNDROME a) Arachnodactyly-long and
slender fingers and toes .
b) Steinbergs sign or thumb sign -The thumb may be adducted
across the narrow palm.c) Wrist sign-
(N )1) SIGNS OF NERVE PARESIS
Ulnar nerve paresisa) Froments signb) Paper test for
interosseous musclesc) Claw hand
Median nerve- paresis . Median nerve is paralysed in Carpel
tunnel syndrome a) Pointing index-Ask the patient to close the fist
.The index finger will be pointing. b) Simian or Ape like hand (Ape
thumb deformity)The thumb lies in the plane of the handdue to
paralysis of the opponens and the short flexor muscles. c)
Inability ot flex the interphalangeal joints due to paralysis of
flexor Pollicis Longus.
Radial nerve- paresis a) Saturday night palsy b) Wrist drop. c)
Finger drop, thumb drop.
Winging of scapula- Paralysis of serratus anterior (Nerve of
Bell-Nerve to serratus anterior)2) SIGNS OF NECK RIGIDITY a)
Kernig's sign b) Brudzinski sign Neck sign Leg sign c) Lassigue
sign d) Lhermitte 's sign e) Tripod sign-in poliomyelitis3)
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS Pneumatosis intestinalis Foot ball sign-
if Pneumoperitoneum is present.(O)
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1) OPTIC ATROPHYSigns of Optic atrophy Uthoffs phenomenon-
Worsening of vision during fever in hot weather or after exercise
.centralconduction is slowed by increase in the body temperature(P
)1)PANCREAS SIGNS IN ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS.
a) Cullen signb) Grey turner sign
CARCINOMA HEAD OF PANCREAS a) Frostbergs inverted 3 sign b) Rose
thorning of duodenum c) Scrambled egg appearance d) Double duct
sign2) SIGNS IN PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
- Dresslers sign- Rotchs sign-Dullness over the right sternal
border.- Friedreichs sign-Rapid y descent- Kussmauls sign- Pulsus
paradoxus- Ewarts sign- Gerhards dullness- Dullness over the second
left intercostal space.- Ewing sign
3) SIGNS IN PLEURAL EFFUSION- Ewarts sign
4) Signs of PNEUMOPERITONIUM - Football sign - Rigler sign -
Telltale triangle 5) SIGNS IN POLIOMYELITIS - Tripod sign - Rope
sign-
- Head drop sign- - Kiss the-knee sign- Ask the child to sit and
kiss the knee. In the presence of Nuchal rigidity,the child cannot
kiss the knee without bending the knee. - Phantom hernia-Bulge seen
in the abdominal wall due weakness of abdominal muscles. 6) SIGNS
IN PREGNANCY a) Hegars sign softening of cervix in pregnancy b)
Osianders sign (Vaginal sign) increased pulsations through lateral
fornices .this occurs by 8weeks of gestation. c) Goodells sign
(Cervical sign) Softening of the cervix with bluish discoloration
by 6 weeks of gestation d) Jacquemiers sign (Ghadwicks sign) dusky
hue of the vestibule and the anterior vaginal walloccurs by 8 weeks
of gestation e) Placental sign- Cyclical bleeding occurs up to 12
weeks of pregnancy. f) Braxton Hicks sign- g) Ladins sign 7) SIGNS
IN A PRETERM-
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a) Scarf sign The elbow crosses the midline when the arm is
crossed across the chest.b) Hip sign - The lower limb can be
abducted for more than 160 degrees
(S )1) THE SIGNS OF RECENT SCARLET FEVER a) Desquamation of
palms and soles b) Pastias sign-2) Signs in scoliosis Reisser s
sign-iliac apophysis fuses with the iliac bone at maturity .This
indicates a completion ofgrowth. 3) SIGNS IN SPONDYLOLISTHESIS-
Beheaded scottish terrior sign- Scotty dog with collar sign
Incomplete ring sign Inverted Napoleon hat sign is seen in
Spondylolisthesis- of the L5 vertebral body. 4) SYPHILISSigns of
congenital syphilis Wimberger signX-ray knee bilateral erosion in
upper medial end of tibia(T )1) SIGNS OF LATENT TETANY- It can be
elicited by the following signs a) Trousseau's sign-Ischemia of the
upper limb is caused by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuffabove the
arterial pressure. This will precipitate the carpopedal spasm. b)
Chvostek's sign-The facial nerve is tapped at its exit from the
stylomastoid foramen. This leadsto brief twitching of the facial
muscles. c) Peroneal sign- d) Erbs sign e) Hyperventilation will
precipitate latent tetany.2) THALASSEMIA Hair on end appearance in
X-ray skull3) SIGNS OF THYROTOXICOSIS- a) Von Graefe sign- Lag of
the upper lid on downward gaze. b) Stellwag sign-Infrequent
blinking c) Dalrymple sign-(Lid retraction) Staring appearance d)
Joffroys sign-Absence of wrinkling on the forehead on looking
upwards
e) Moebius sign Lack of convergence of the eye ball f) Widening
of palpebral fissures g) Jellinek sign- Hyperpigmented lid skin h)
Kochers sign- Frightened ,staring look.4) TUBERCULOSISSign in
ileocecal tuberculosis a) Fleischner sign- Inverted umbrella defect
due to a wide gap between the thickened patulousileicecal valve and
narrowed ulcerated terminal ileum . b) Stierlins sign- Th e
terminal ileum empties in to the stenotic ascending colon with
non-opacification of the fibrotic and contracted caecum. (V)1)
SIGNS IN DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS a) Moses sign-On pressing the calf
muscles directly ,tenderness will be present
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b) Pratts sign-Calf tenderness on squeezing the calf from the
sides. c) Homans sign-Calf tenderness on forced ankle dorsiflexion.
d) Phlegmasia alba dolens-Painful white leg. e) Phlegmasia cerula
dolens-Painful blue leg2) SIGNS OF VITAMIN DEFICIENCIESa) Signs of
Vitamin A deficiency Bitots spots Xerosis (Corneal &
conjunctival) Keratomalacia
Toad skin-Phrynodermab) Signs of Vitamin D
deficiency-Rickets-Bossing of skull, Rachitic rosary, Harrison
sulcus, genuvarum ,genu valgus, Genu recurvatumHot cross bun
appearance of skull, widening of wrists, double malleoli,
CraniotabesX ray signs in Rickets X-ray wrists - Cupping and
fraying - saucer like epiphyseal endc) Signs of Vitamin K
deficiency-Petechiae, purpurad) Signs of Vitamin E
deficiency-Anemia (hemolytic)e) Signs of Vitamin B deficiency -
Angular stomatitis,cheilosis-PellagraBeri Beri-Thiamine,
Edema-Wet beri beri, neuritis Dry Beri beriDermatitis Niacin-Casal
necklaceGlossitisJerks- Ankle jerk (Vitamin B12 )Tongue Magenta red
tongue-in riboflavin deficiency
Beefy red tongue(Red ,painful ,swollen)-Niacin deficiency Bald
tongue- Vitamin B 12 deficiency.Vascularisation of cornea , Angular
stomatitis ,Angular blepharitis- Riboflavin deficiency .
KeratitisSeborrhoeic dermatitis -Face ,Scrotum.
f) Signs of Vitamin C deficiency-Bleeding gums, woody leg SIGNS
IN SCURVY-Bony changes are more around the knee joint a) Corner
sign Projection of the white line laterally away from the limit of
the shaft will lead toformation of spur or marginal cleft.
b) Pelkens sign-Pelken spur- due to fracture of the Metaphyseal
corner.c) Wimbergers signd) White line of Frenkel Thickened
provisional zone (The zone of provisional calcification at the
epiphyseal ends of long bones.) White line of Frenkel is due to
increased density at the ends of longbones.
e) Pseudoparalysis of parrotf) Signet ring sign- Signet ring
appearance of epiphysis. ( Ring like epiphysis ) The rarefied
epiphyseal centres may be sharply outlined which is termed
signet ring.g) Trummer feld zone (fragmented metaphysis)-
Trummefeld zone is rarefaction proximal to the
white line.h) Ground glass appearance of the shaft (Due to
rarefaction)i) Pencil cortex-Thinning of the cortex
MISCELLANEOUS-1) Soft neurological signs - Buttoning cloths,
tying shoes, movements of hands.2) Conditions associated with
cherry red spot-
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Sphingolipidoses (Tay sachs disease GM 2 type 1, Sandhoff
variant)Niemann-Pick diseaseMetachromatic
leucodystrophyMucolipidoses.
3) Tension signs in lumbar disc herniationLasegues testBow
string signSitting root test
4) Babinskis sign - By stroking the lateral aspect of the dorsum
of the footPositive response - There is contraction of Tibialis
anterior, hamstrings, and tensor fascia lata.Components 1)
Dorsiflexion of great toe 2) Extension and fanning of other toes 3)
Dorsiflexion of their ankle 4) Flexion of the knee 5) Flexion of
the hipThe other methods of eliciting plantar extensor reflex- In
pyramidal tract lesions, there is an increase in the reflexogenic
area. Hence the reflex may be elicitedeven by stroking the skin
high above in the leg.
a) Oppenheims sign Heavy pressure is applied by the thumb and
index finger from above downwards to anterior surface of tibia (to
its medial side). The extensor response usually occurs towardsthe
end of the stimulation. b) Gordons reflex Squeezing or applying
deep pressure to calf muscles or tendo-achillesproduce extensor
plantar response.
c) Chadocks sign Extensor response is seen after striking the
skin around the lateral malleolusin a circular fashion.
d) Bing sign Pricking the dorsum of foot by a pin produces
extensor response. e) Moniz sign Extensor response is seen after
forceful passive plantar flexion of ankle. f) Gonda sign Extensor
response is elicited after forceful stretching or snapping of
distalphalanx of either of the 2nd or 4th toe. g) Brissauds reflex
In patients with absent toe or amputated toe the plantar extensor
responsecannot be seen by observing the great toe since such cases
look for the contraction of the tensor fascialata.PSEUDO-BABINSKI'S
SIGN The plantar extensor response may be seen in the absence of
pyramidal tract lesions inn thefollowing conditions 1) Voluntary
withdrawal 2) In plantar hyperaesthesia 3) Strong or painful
stimulus, 4) In extrapyramidal lesions5) Release reflexesa)
Hoffmans sign The terminal phalanx of middle finger to be grasped
by the examiner.The hand to be pronated. Sharp flickering movement
of terminal phalanx will produce adduction andflexion of the thumb
and flexion of the other fingers signifies pyramidal lesion.b)
Rossolimos Sign-Plantar surface of the Great toe is tapped with a
hammer or flick the distal phalangesof the toes into extension and
then allow them to fall back to their normal position. In pyramidal
tractlesions, there will be plantar flexion of all the other toes
including the Great toe. (This is equivalent ofHoffmans sign of the
upper limbs)
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X-RAY SIGNSThe X-ray changes (in the skull) in increased
intracranial tension Widened sutures Erosion of posterior glenoids
Silver beaten appearance, Deep sella turcica- Air crescent
(Meniscus) sign- when an intracavitary body is surrounded by a
crescent of air.(In fungalball aspergilloma )- Bare area sign- is
seen in pleural effusion .The peritoneal ligament prevents ascitic
fluid fromextending over the entire posterior surface of the liver,
where as in pleural space, the pleural fluid mayextend over the
entire posterior costophrenic recess behind the liver.- Double
bubble sign- Duodenal atresia- Double decidual sign-in normal
intrauterine pregnancy- Goldens sign-hilar mass with collapse.-
Hoffman Riglers sign-to assess the left ventricular enlargement in
a lateral film . ?he distance fromthe posterior aspect of the
inferior vena cava to the posterior border of the heart
horizontally at a level 2cm above the intersection of diaphragm and
inferior vena cava.- Interface sign- is seen in pleural effusion
.interface between the spleen and the pleural fluid will beless
sharp than that of between the liver spleen and ascites.-
Nicoladonis or Branhams sign- in proximal AV fistula.- pencil in
cup deformity -Psoriatic arthritis-X ray shows pencil in cup
deformity of distal interphalangeal joints.- Rail road
calcification- Struge Weber syndrome- Westermarks sign - an area of
pulmonary under perfusion in acute massive pulmonary embolism.There
is focal oligemia in the embolised zone. ANGIOGRAPHY- Sting of
beads Segmental irregularity of medium and small sized arteries in
fibromuscular dysplasia.PYELOGRAM-- Ring sign- papillary
necrosis.BARIUM MEAL- Frostbergs inverted 3 sign- in carcinoma head
of pancreasERCP- Double duct sign in carcinoma head of
pancreas.BARIUM ENEMA-
- Claw sign (Pitch fork sign) in intussusception.FIRST SIGNS1)
First sign of puberty in males Testicular growth EARLIEST SIGNSa)
Earliest radiological sign of rickets is widening of epiphysisb)
Earliest clinical sign of rickets in 6 months old child is
Craniotabes.c) Earliest clinical sign of Volkman ischemic
contracture Passive stretch pain.- Ortalanis sign of jerk is the
earliest sign of congenital dislocation of hip.- Earliest sign of
clubbing- increased fluctuation of the nail bed. (loss of normal
onychodermal angle is areliable sign)- Early sign in scurvy is seen
around the knees The following are some conditions with their early
signs.-- Ectropion- Visible punctum
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- Retrolental fibroplasia- New vessel formation- Siderosis-
Radial opacities in the lens- Sympathetic ophthalmitis- Keratic
precipitates- Glaucoma- Ring of blind spot- Encephalitis
lethargica- Ptosis- Basal cell carcinoma- Field defect- Myositis
ossificans- Limitation of movement, firm lump in front of the
elbow.DEFINITE SIGNOsteomyelitis-Periosteal new bone
formation.(appears by the end of second week )Fracture- presence of
a deformity in a long bone after injury