Siena Heights University Chapters 9, 10 & 11 Dr. S.Talbot.

Siena Heights UniversityChapters 9, 10 & 11

Dr. S.Talbot

Memory Construction

Perception v. Sensation◦ Sensation:◦ Perception:

Construction(constructive processing):Re-organizing or updating long-term memories on the basis of _______, _____or ______ new information

Long – Term Memory Storage Processes

◦ Selection/ Attention – takes the information from sensory to STM.

◦ Rehearsal – ______repeating something over and over. Elaborative rehearsal - Recitation –

◦ __________Learning – information that is meaningful is stored more readily. What makes it to long term memory?

◦ __________Organization – does it makes sense? Info with internal connection and organization is remembered more readily. Changes in the Catholic Mass.

◦ Elaboration - using prior knowledge in the storage and perception of new information.

Long – Term Memory Storage Processes

◦ Selection – takes the information from sensory to STM.◦ Rehearsal – silently repeating something over and over.

Elaborative rehearsal - Look for connections to existing knowledge

Recitation – Repeating out loud.◦ Meaningful Learning – information that is meaningful is

stored more readily. What makes it to long term memory?◦ Internal Organization – does it makes sense? Info with

internal connection and organization is remembered more readily. Changes in the Catholic Mass.

◦ Elaboration - using prior knowledge in the storage and perception of new information.

◦ Visual Imagery – information presented in verbal and visual terms is remembered more readily.

Procedural Knowledge

◦ How is procedural knowledge acquired?

New Knowledge and Consolidation

◦ Consolidation – the time required for memory formation to become __________. Retrograde Amnesia:

Anterograde Amnesia:

Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS): Mild electrical shock passed through the brain, causing a convulsion; one way to prevent consolidation

Factors Affecting Long – Term Storage

◦ Working memory◦ Prior knowledge & misconceptions◦ New information (misinformation effect)◦ Expectations (can’t find your own typos?)

Halo effect Richard Stanz

◦ Verbalization◦ Enactment – Do it.◦ Repetition & Review

Spacing Effects Overlearning

Chapter 10 Long – Term Memory: The Nature of Knowledge

◦ Define?◦ Declarative knowledge – what we know we know or

the nature of how things are, were or will be. Episodic – Semantic –

◦ Procedural knowledge – knowing how to do. Conditional knowledge – Conceptual knowledge –

Explicit v. Implicit Knowldge

◦ Explicit – knowledge that is…◦ Implicit – knowledge that…

How do we encode?

◦ Physical characteristics◦ Actions◦ Symbols – verbal codes◦ Meaning – remembering the “gist”

◦ Are these forms mutually exclusive?

The organization of memory

◦ Is it associations?◦ Is it a hierarchy?◦ Is it a network?◦ Is it a paralleled distribution?

◦ Why do we care?

Thinking with concepts.◦ Concept: Generalized idea representing a class of related

objects or events Concept Formation - Process of classifying world into

meaningful categories◦ Positive Instance:

◦ Negative Instance:

Conceptual Rule: Prototypes/ Ideal Models Can lead to schemas and scripts about our world.

Our theories about our world v. Reality

◦ World views – a general set of beliefs and assumptions about reality that influence understanding of a wide variety of phenomena.

◦ What affects these world views?

◦ Should we encourage the development of theories?

Once theories and concepts have developed conceptual change is affected.

◦ Existing beliefs affect the interpretation of new information.

◦ Most people experience confirmation bias.◦ Existing beliefs are often consistent with daily

experiences and supported by the environment.◦ People may fail to see inconsistency between

current and past beliefs.◦ There may be an emotion or personal investment

in maintaining current beliefs.

So how do we promote conceptual change?

◦ Understand what beliefs exist and why they exist.◦ Learn information at a meaningful rather than

emotional level.◦ Individuals must believe that revision of beliefs or

theories is appropriate or beneficial.◦ Change behavior first. (Development of a

problem). Can you legislate morality?

◦ We must want to learn what is real.

Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice.

Prejudice:

Discrimination:

Personal Prejudice:

Group Prejudice:

Chapter 11 – Retrieval and Forgetting

◦ Retrieval Cues or Cue dependent learning

◦ State Dependent Learning __________State __________State

Construction in Retrieval

Flashbulb Memories:

Includes both positive and negative events

Not always accurate

Great confidence is placed in them even though they may be inaccurate

Implications?

1. .2. .3. .

Forgetting

◦ How permanent is long term memory?

◦ Decay◦ Interference

Retroactive Interference:

Proactive Interference:

More on Forgetting

◦ Repression

◦ Failure to Retrieve – ◦ Construction at retrieval –

◦ Failure to encode, store or consolidate

◦ Infantile Amnesia

Implications?

◦ School?

◦ Your current job or future job?